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Lecture 2

The document discusses digital I/O port operations in AVR microcontrollers, detailing pin configurations and the function of various registers like DDRx, PORTx, and PINx. It provides example code for blinking an LED using different methods, including direct register manipulation and Arduino processing. The content serves as an introduction to handling GPIO pins for input and output operations in embedded systems.

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iftekharjahid1999
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14 views14 pages

Lecture 2

The document discusses digital I/O port operations in AVR microcontrollers, detailing pin configurations and the function of various registers like DDRx, PORTx, and PINx. It provides example code for blinking an LED using different methods, including direct register manipulation and Arduino processing. The content serves as an introduction to handling GPIO pins for input and output operations in embedded systems.

Uploaded by

iftekharjahid1999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MCU Lecture 2

Digital I/O Port Operations in AVR


Pin Configuration
● Pins are
organized into
8-bit “Ports”
● PORTB 8 bit
“Ports”
● PORTC 7 bits /
Ports
● PORTD 8 bit
“Ports”
Register
● A processor register is a memory space within
the CPU itself so that they can be accessed
very frequently and fast.
● These registers are linked with the operation of
the MCU.
Port Operation Registers
● DDRx – Data Direction Register
● PORTx – Pin Output Register
● PINx – Pin Input Register
● where x = GPIO port name ( B, C or D)
DDRx - Data Direction Register
● The GPIO pins are the digital I/O pins i.e. they can act as both
input and output.
● Now, how do we know that the pin is an output pin or input?
● The DDRx (Data Direction Register) controls one pin with each
bit.
● 1 stands for output and 0 stands for input.
PORTx - Pin Output Register
● Also one pin per bit
● If configured as an output:
– 0 -> the pin is held at 0 V
– 1 -> the pin is held at +5 V
PINx - Pin Input Register
● One pin per bit
● Reading from the register:
– 0 -> the voltage of the pin is near 0 V
– 1 -> the voltage of the pin is near +5 V
● If nothing is connected to the pin, then the pin
will appear to be in a random state
Hello World
● It's customary to write hello world whenever we
are learning something new.
● In case of embedded system.. BLINK a Light
Emitting Diode (L.E.D.)...
The Circuit
Blink v. 1.00
#include <avr/io.h> // for register name
#include <util/delay.h> //for _delay_ms built-in
function

int main(void)
{
DDRB = 0b00100000; // Set PB5 as ouput
PORTB = 0x00; //clear PortB
while(1) //Run for-ever
{
PORTB = 0b00100000; // Turn on
_delay_ms(1000); //wait for 1 second
PORTB =0b00000000;// Turn off
_delay_ms(1000);//wait for 1 second
}
}
Blink v. 1.10
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
int main(void)
{
DDRB |= 1<<DDB5;//PB5 as output
PORTB = 0x00;
while(1)
{
PORTB|=1<<PORTB5; //turn on
_delay_ms(5000);
PORTB&=~(1<<PORTB5);//turn off
_delay_ms(5000);
}
}
//Good tutorial on bit shift operations
//
http://www.robotplatform.com/howto/blinker/blinker_8
.html
Blink v. 1.20
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>

int main(void)
{

DDRB |= _BV(DDB5)//PB5 as output


PORTB = 0x00;
while(1)
{
PORTB|=_BV(PORTB5); //turn on
_delay_ms(5000);
PORTB&=~_BV(PORTB5);//turn off
_delay_ms(5000);
}
}
Blink in Arduino Processing

// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.


// give it a name:
int led = 13;

// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:


void setup() {
pinMode(led, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin as an output.
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:


void loop() {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

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