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Python OOPS Concept

The document explains key concepts in object-oriented programming: encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, along with exception handling. It provides definitions, code examples, and explanations for each concept, including the use of try-except blocks and custom exceptions. Additionally, it illustrates how to handle errors and manage program flow during execution.

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Alex Any
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12 views34 pages

Python OOPS Concept

The document explains key concepts in object-oriented programming: encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, along with exception handling. It provides definitions, code examples, and explanations for each concept, including the use of try-except blocks and custom exceptions. Additionally, it illustrates how to handle errors and manage program flow during execution.

Uploaded by

Alex Any
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Encapsulation

Definition:

•Hiding internal details of objects

•Using private variables (prefix _ or __)

class BankAccount:
def __init__(self):
self.__balance = 0

def deposit(self, amount):


self.__balance += amount

def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance

account = BankAccount()
account.deposit(100)
print(account.get_balance()) # Output: 100
Inheritance

Definition:

•One class (child) inherits from another (parent)

class Vehicle:
def move(self):
print("Vehicle is moving")

class Car(Vehicle):
def honk(self):
print("Car is honking")

my_car = Car()
my_car.move()
my_car.honk()

Explanation:
•Car inherits move() from Vehicle
•Adds new behavior: honk()
Polymorphism

Definition:

•Same method name, different behaviours


class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Some sound")

class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Woof!")

class Cat(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Meow!")

for pet in [Dog(), Cat()]:


pet.speak()
Explanation:
•speak() behaves differently based on the object
What is an Exception?

•Definition: An error that occurs during program execution and disrupts the normal flow.

•Examples:
•Division by zero (ZeroDivisionError)
•File not found (FileNotFoundError)
•Invalid type (TypeError)

The try-except Block

try:
# Code that may raise an exception

except ExceptionType:

# Code that runs if exception occurs


Multiple except Blocks

try:
num = int(input("Enter number: "))
result = 10 / num
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input!")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Division by zero!")
Using else and finally

try:
x = int(input("Enter number: "))
print(10 / x)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
else:
print("Division successful.")
finally:
print("This block always executes.")

•else: Runs if no exception occurs


•finally: Runs regardless of exception
Raising Exceptions

Use raise to trigger exceptions manually.

def set_age(age):
if age < 0:
raise ValueError("Age cannot be
negative")
print(f"Age set to {age}")
Custom Exceptions
Create your own exception classes:

class MyError(Exception):
pass

try:
raise MyError("Something went wrong")
except MyError as e:
print(e)

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