DATA RESOURCE MANAGEMENTS

 CLASS TEACHER: Abhijit Kumar Saha, FCA

Data Resource Management

 Data Resource Management

1. A managerial activity
2. Applies information systems technology to managing data resources
What is a Data Base?
Database – A collection of related data organized in a way to
facilitate data processing (i.e. searches).
DBMS – Database Management Systems
A database management system (DBMS) is a software designed to manage a large
body of information. It aids in the storage, manipulation, reporting,
management, and control of data.
Some of the Data Base Management Systems are Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server,
Oracle RDBMS, SQL, My SQL etc.
 Foundation Data Concepts

 Data Elements:
Character:
Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol
Field:
Groupings of characters
Represents an attribute of some entity
Records:
Related fields of data
Collection of attributes that describe an entity
Fixed-length or variable-length
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

 Files (table)
A group of related records
Classified by
Primary use
Type of data
permanence
 Field: Group of words or a complete number
 Record: Group of related fields
 File: Group of records of same type
 Database: Group of related files
Bit:
A bit is the basic unit of information in computing and digital communications. A
bit can have only one of two values and may therefore be physically
implemented with a two-state device. The most common representation of these
values is 0and1. The term bit is a contraction of binary digit.
Byte:
Group of bits that represents a single character
Data Hierarchy: in a Computer System
 Entity: Person, place, thing, event about which information is maintained
 Attribute: Description of a particular entity
 Key field: Identifier field used to retrieve, update, sort a record
Foundation Data Concepts (continued)

 Data Elements
 Types of Database Structure

There are five fundamental database structural described in database

management systems:

 Hierarchical databases.
 Network databases.
 Relational databases.
 Object-oriented databases
 Multidimensional models.
 Types of Database Structure

Hierarchical structure:
Early mainframe DBMS packages used the hierarchical structure, in which the
relationships between records form a hierarchy or treelike structure. In the
traditional hierarchical model, all records are dependent and arranged in
multilevel structures, consisting of one root record and any number of
subordinate levels.
Thus, all of the relationships among records are one-to-many because each data
element is related to only one element above it.
 Types of Database Structure
 Hierarchical structure:
 Organizes data in a tree-like structure
 Supports one-to-many parent-child relationships
 Prevalent in large legacy systems
 Types of Database Structure

Hierarchical DBMS
 Types of Database Structure

Network structure:
The network structure can represent more complex logical relationships and is
still used by some mainframe DBMS packages.
It allows many-to-many relationships among records; that is, the network model
can access a data element by following one of several paths because any data
element or record can be related to any number of other data elements.
For example, in Figure 5.4, departmental records can be related to more than
one employee record, and employee records can be related to more than one
project record.
Thus, you could locate all employee records for a particular department or all
project records related to a particular employee
 Types of Database Structure

Network DBMS
Depicts data logically as many-to-many relationships

Network DBMS
 Types of Database Structure

Relational model:
The relational model is the most widely used of the three database structures.
It is used by most microcomputer DBMS packages, as well as by most midrange
and mainframe systems.
In the relational model, all data elements within the database are viewed as
being stored in the form of simple two-dimensional tables sometimes referred to
as relations
The tables in a relational database are flat files that have rows and columns.
Each row represents a single record in the file, and each column represents a
field.
The major difference between a flat file and a database is that a flat file can
only have data attributes specified for one file.
Database Management
 Types of Database Structure

 Three Basic Operations in a Relational Database

Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteria
Join: Combines relational tables to provide users with
information
Project: Enables users to create new tables containing only relevant
information
Types of Database Structure

Object-oriented model:
The object-oriented model is considered one of the key technologies of a new
generation of multimedia Web-based applications.
An object consists of data values describing the attributes of an entity plus the
operations that can be performed upon the data.
This encapsulation capability allows the object-oriented model to handle
complex types of data (graphics, pictures, voice, and text) more easily than
other database structures.
Object-Oriented Databases

Object-oriented DBMS:
Stores data and procedures as objects that can be retrieved and shared
automatically
Relational DBMS:
Provides capabilities of both object-oriented and relational DBMS
 Types of Database Structure

 Applications
 Banking:
loan/credit card approval
predict good customers based on old customers
 Customer relationship management:
identify those who are likely to leave for a competitor.
 Targeted marketing:
identify likely responders to promotions
 Fraud detection:
telecommunications, financial transactions
from an online stream of event identify fraudulent events
 Manufacturing and production:
automatically adjust knobs when process parameter changes
 Types of Database Structure

 Medicine:
disease outcome, effectiveness of treatments
analyze patient disease history
find relationship between diseases
 Molecular/Pharmaceutical:
identify new drugs
 Scientific data analysis:
identify new galaxies by searching for sub clusters
 Web site/store design and promotion:
find affinity of visitor to pages and modify layout
 Types of Database Structure

Multidimensional model
The multidimensional model is a variation of the relational model that uses
multidimensional structures to organize data and express the relationships
between data.
You can visualize multidimensional structures as cubes of data and cubes within
cubes of data.
Each side of the cube is considered a dimension of the data.
Figure 5.6 is an example that shows that each dimension can represent a
different category, such as product type, region, sales channel, and time.
 Types of Database Structure

Database Management
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Types of Database Structure
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