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We also change these modal verbs
Relative clauses which give us extra information are called can ) could 'l can 5he said she cou/d
non-defining relative clauses: understand understand German
German, but I but she couldn't
My doctor, who belongs to the same tennis club as you,
can't speak it.' speak it.
vaccinated me yesterday.
may ) might 'l may give the Sam suggested he
We already know which doctor (it's my doctor); who belongs book to John.' might give the book
to the same tennis club as you does not tell us which doctor to John.
we are talking about; it just adds extra information.
must ) had to 'l must cook Tanya said she had to
There are differences in grammar: dinner.' cook dtnner.
We do not change these modal verbs in reported speech:
could, would, should, might, ought to and used to:
. Don't have commas. ¡ Use commas (or 'l would prefer to study tn London.'+ She said that she
¡ Use the following relative pauses in spoken would prefer to study in London.
pronouns: who, which, whose, English).
must can change to had to:
where, when and why. ¡ Use the following
'You must read this text for the next /esson.' ) My teacher
¡ Can use that instead of who or relative pronouns:
told me I had to read the text for the following /esson.
which. who, which, whose,
. who, whích or that can be where and when. But we don't change rnust when:
omitted when they are the . Don't use that. . it's negative:
object of the clause: The ¡ The relative 'You mustn't tell Katya our secret.'
medicine (- / which / that) pronoun cannot be ) Ana told Stefan he mustn't tell Katya their secret.
the doctor gave me should be omitted. . it expresses a deduction:
taken twice a day (the doctor is 'Arturo must sti// be asleep.'
the subject and - / which / that -) She said that Arturo must sti// be as/eep.
the object of the clause).
Note: If the reporting verb is in a present tense, no tense
changes are necessary 'l'll help you with your homework.'
.) She says she'llhelp me with my homework.
Reported speech
lf the reporting verb (said, told, admitted, warned, etc.) is in To report a question, we make the following changes.
the past, we tend to change the original verb to a past form . We change the word order in the question to the same as
as well. Here are some changes we make: a normal sentence.
. We make the same tense changes as in reported speech
present simple 'l live in Berlin. She said she líved in (see above).
+ past simple Berlin. o We use the same question words (when, how, etc.).
present 'l'm watching He said he was o We use a fullstop (.), not a question mark (?):
continuous ) TV.' watchíng TV. 'How long have you been livingin London?') She asked
past continuous me how long lhad been living tn London.
present perfect 'l've seen the She said she had seen 'When can I phone you?' ) Abdullah asked Magdi when
) past perfect film already.' the film already. he could phone him.
past simple ) 'l missed the He told me he had
¡ We do not use the auxiliary verbs do, does and did; the
past perfect concert.' missed the concert. question has the same form as a normal sentence:
'What time does the /esson start?') Ludmila asked what
will+ would 'l'll phone you She promised she
tirne the /esson started.
soon.' would phone me ¡ We use if or whetherwith Yes/No questions:
soon.
'Can I come to your party?' ) Aniela wanted to know
whether she could come to our party.
We often use these verbs and phrases to introduce reported
questions: ask, wonder, want to know, enqutre.
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