Complete Outline Composed Notes

Major:
Physics

Semester:
III

Subject:
Expository Writing

Course Code:
GENG-201

1.​ Introduction to Expository Writing

●​ Understanding Expository Writing

(definition, types, purpose and applications):

✍️ Expository Writing
🔹 Definition
Expository writing is a form of writing that explains, describes, informs, or clarifies an idea in a
clear and straightforward manner. It presents facts, logical reasoning, and evidence, without
personal opinions or emotional language.
🔹 Types of Expository Writing
1.​ Descriptive​

○​ Describes a person, place, thing, or event in detail.​

○​ Focus: Sensory details and clear imagery.​

2.​ Process (How-to)​

○​ Explains the steps in a process or how something works.​

○​ Focus: Clear instructions in chronological order.​

3.​ Comparison and Contrast​

○​ Shows similarities and differences between two or more things.​

○​ Focus: Organizational patterns (block or point-by-point).​

4.​ Cause and Effect​

○​ Explains reasons something happened and its outcomes.​

○​ Focus: Logical connections and consequences.​

5.​ Problem and Solution​

○​ Identifies a problem and suggests one or more solutions.​

○​ Focus: Analytical thinking and possible outcomes.​

6.​ Classification​

○​ Organizes ideas or items into categories or groups.​

○​ Focus: Shared characteristics and clear categorization.​

🔹 Purpose of Expository Writing

 ●​ To inform or educate the reader.​

●​ To explain how something works.​

●​ To clarify complex topics.​

●​ To analyze and present facts logically.​

●​ To define or classify concepts.​

🔹 Applications of Expository Writing

●​ Academic Writing​
Essays, reports, textbooks, research papers.​

●​ Journalism​
News articles, feature stories, investigative reports.​

●​ Instructional Materials​
Manuals, user guides, how-to articles.​

●​ Business Communication​
Reports, memos, white papers.​

●​ Technical Writing​
Product documentation, technical specifications.​

●​ Characteristics of Effective Expository Writing​

(Focusing on clarity, coherence, and organization):

1. Clarity

●​ Definition: Clear writing ensures the reader understands the information without
confusion.​
 ●​ Key Features:​

○​ Uses precise and specific language.​

○​ Avoids jargon or explains technical terms.​

○​ Breaks down complex ideas into simple, understandable parts.​

○​ Focuses on factual, objective information.​

2. Coherence

●​ Definition: Coherence means the ideas are logically connected and easy to follow.​

●​ Key Features:​

○​ Smooth transitions between sentences and paragraphs.​

○​ Consistent point of view and tone throughout the text.​

○​ Logical order of ideas (e.g., cause-effect, chronological, or comparison).​

○​ Each paragraph focuses on a single idea that supports the thesis.​

3. Organization

●​ Definition: Good organization helps the reader follow the structure of the essay or
article.​

●​ Key Features:​

○​ Clear introduction with a thesis or main idea.​

○​ Well-developed body paragraphs, each supporting the thesis.​

○​ Topic sentences at the beginning of paragraphs.​

○​ Conclusion that summarizes key points and reinforces the main idea.​
 ●​ Introduction to Paragraph Writing
Introduction to Paragraph Writing:

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop a single main idea. It is a basic
building block of writing and is used to organize thoughts clearly and logically. Every good
paragraph shares three essential parts: the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a
concluding sentence.

Parts of a Paragraph:

1.​ Topic Sentence​

○​ Introduces the main idea of the paragraph.​

○​ It is usually the first sentence.​

○​ Example: "Regular exercise is important for maintaining good health."​

2.​ Supporting Sentences​

○​ Provide details, examples, and explanations that support the topic sentence.​

○​ They help develop the idea introduced.​

○​ Example: "It strengthens the heart, improves circulation, and helps control
weight."​

3.​ Concluding Sentence​

○​ Wraps up the paragraph and reinforces the main idea.​

○​ It may also lead into the next paragraph.​

○​ Example: "Because of these benefits, exercise should be a part of everyone’s

daily routine."​
Tips for Writing a Good Paragraph:

●​ Focus on one main idea.​

●​ Keep sentences clear and concise.​

●​ Use transition words (e.g., "first," "also," "in addition") for coherence.​

●​ Make sure all supporting details are relevant to the topic.​

2. The Writing Process

●​ Pre-writing techniques
(brainstorming, free-writing, mind-mapping,
listing,questioning and outlining etc.)
Pre-Writing Techniques:

Pre-writing is the first step in the writing process. It involves generating and organizing ideas
before beginning a draft. Effective pre-writing helps writers clarify their thoughts, focus their
topics, and plan the structure of their writing. Here are some commonly used pre-writing
techniques:

1. Brainstorming

●​ What it is: Rapidly listing all ideas that come to mind about a topic.​

●​ Purpose: To generate a wide range of possible points or angles to write about.​

●​ Tip: Don’t worry about organization or quality—just get ideas down.​

2. Free-Writing
 ●​ What it is: Writing non-stop for a set period (e.g., 5–10 minutes) without editing or
correcting.​

●​ Purpose: To unlock ideas and overcome writer’s block.​

●​ Tip: Write whatever comes to mind, even if it seems off-topic.​

3. Mind-Mapping

●​ What it is: Creating a visual diagram that connects related ideas around a central topic.​

●​ Purpose: To see how ideas are linked and organized.​

●​ Tip: Use circles or boxes for main ideas and lines to connect them to related points.​

4. Listing

●​ What it is: Making a bullet-point or numbered list of ideas, facts, or examples.​

●​ Purpose: To collect and organize ideas quickly.​

●​ Tip: Group similar items together to reveal categories or subtopics.​

5. Questioning (The 5 Ws and H)

●​ What it is: Asking questions like Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?​

●​ Purpose: To develop details and explore the topic more deeply.​

●​ Tip: Answer each question to uncover different angles for writing.​

6. Outlining
 ●​ What it is: Creating a structured plan for your writing with main points and supporting
details.​

●​ Purpose: To organize ideas logically before writing the full piece.​

●​ Tip: Start with an introduction, followed by main points (with supporting details), and end
with a conclusion.​

●​ Drafting (three
stage process of drafting techniques)
Drafting: The Three-Stage Process:

Drafting is the second step of the writing process, following pre-writing. It involves putting your
ideas into complete sentences and paragraphs. The goal is not perfection, but to develop your
ideas into a structured format that you can revise and improve later.

📝 The Three Stages of Drafting

1. Early Draft (Rough Draft)

●​ Purpose: To get your ideas down on paper based on your pre-writing.​

●​ What to do:​

○​ Focus on content more than grammar or spelling.​

○​ Use your outline or plan to guide the structure.​

○​ Don’t worry about making it perfect—just write freely.​

●​ Tip: Start with any part of the essay you feel comfortable with (intro, body, or
conclusion).​
2. Middle Draft (Refining)

●​ Purpose: To improve the structure, clarity, and flow of your writing.​

●​ What to do:​

○​ Check for coherence between ideas and paragraphs.​

○​ Make sure each paragraph has a clear topic sentence and stays on topic.​

○​ Add transitions between ideas and improve word choice.​

●​ Tip: Read your work aloud to catch awkward phrasing or unclear points.​

3. Final Draft (Polishing)

●​ Purpose: To prepare your writing for submission or sharing.​

●​ What to do:​

○​ Correct grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors.​

○​ Ensure formatting (titles, spacing, citations) follows the required style.​

○​ Double-check that the thesis is clear and fully supported.​

●​ Tip: Ask someone else to review your draft for feedback if possible.​

Summary Table:

Stage Focus Goal

Early Draft Ideas and structure Get your thoughts on paper

 Middle Draft Content and organization Improve clarity and coherence

Final Draft Mechanics and Make it polished and error-free

presentation

●​ Revising and editing

(ensuring correct grammar,clarity,coherence,conciseness
etc.)
Revising and Editing in the Writing Process:

After drafting, the next important steps are revising and editing. Though often confused, they
focus on different aspects of writing:

🔄 1. Revising
Focus: Improving the content, organization, and clarity of your writing.

What to Look For When Revising:

●​ ✅ Clarity: Are your ideas easy to understand?​

●​ ✅ Coherence: Do sentences and paragraphs flow logically?​
●​ ✅ Structure: Does your writing have a strong introduction, body, and conclusion?​
●​ ✅ Content: Are your ideas fully developed with enough evidence and examples?​
●​ ✅ Conciseness: Have you removed unnecessary words or repetition?​
●​ ✅ Audience Awareness: Is the tone appropriate for your reader?​
Tips for Revising:
 ●​ Read your writing aloud to hear awkward phrasing or unclear ideas.​

●​ Ask: Does each paragraph support my main idea or thesis?​

●​ Be willing to reorganize, rewrite, or remove parts if needed.​

✏️ 2. Editing
Focus: Correcting grammar, punctuation, spelling, and sentence structure.

What to Check When Editing:

●​ ✅ Grammar: Subject-verb agreement, verb tenses, correct use of parts of speech.​

●​ ✅ Punctuation: Commas, periods, quotation marks, etc.​
●​ ✅ Spelling: Use spell check and double-check tricky words.​
●​ ✅ Sentence Structure: Avoid run-ons and fragments.​
●​ ✅ Formatting: Check margins, font, line spacing, headings, citations, etc.​
Tips for Editing:

●​ Edit after revising—don’t waste time fixing grammar in parts you might delete.​

●​ Use grammar check tools, but don’t rely on them completely.​

●​ Read backward (sentence by sentence) to focus on errors.​

✅ Summary: Revising vs. Editing

Aspect Revising Editing

Focus Ideas, clarity, organization Grammar, punctuation, spelling

 Goal Improve the message Fix technical errors

When to do it First (after drafting) Second (after revising)

Key Questions Is it clear? Logical? Complete? Is this correct? Properly

formatted?

●​ Proofreading
(fine-tuning of the draft)
✅ Proofreading: The Final Step in the Writing Process:
Proofreading is the final stage before submitting or publishing your writing. It involves
fine-tuning your draft by checking for minor errors and polishing the text to ensure it is clean,
professional, and ready for the reader.

🔍 Purpose of Proofreading
To catch and correct:

●​ Spelling mistakes​

●​ Punctuation errors​

●​ Typographical errors​

●​ Formatting issues​

●​ Inconsistencies in style (e.g., capitalizations, fonts, headings)​

✏️ What to Look for When Proofreading
Area What to Check

Spelling Commonly confused words (e.g., their/there)

Punctuation Commas, periods, apostrophes, quotation marks

Capitalization Sentence beginnings, names, titles

Spacing Extra or missing spaces between

words/sentences

Formatting Font size, margins, heading styles

Consistency Verb tense, numbering, bullet points, etc.

🛠️ Tips for Effective Proofreading

●​ 📄 Print it out or change the font to see the text with fresh eyes.​
●​ 🕒 Take a break before proofreading—distance helps you spot errors.​
●​ 🔄 Read slowly and carefully, line by line.​
●​ 🔁 Read backward (from the end to the beginning) to focus on surface errors.​
●​ 🧑‍💻 Use tools like spell check—but always double-check manually.​
🧾 Proofreading Checklist
●​ All words are spelled correctly​

●​ Punctuation is used properly​

●​ Sentences are grammatically correct​

●​ Capitalization is consistent​

●​ Formatting meets the assignment or publication guidelines​

●​ No repeated or missing words​

●​ Page numbers, headers, and footers are correct​

🔚 Remember: Proofreading is your last chance to make a good impression—don't skip it!

●​ Peer Review and Feedback

(providing and receiving critique)
🤝 Peer Review and Feedback: Giving and Receiving Critique:
Peer review is the process of giving and receiving feedback on writing from classmates,
colleagues, or other writers. It helps improve the quality of writing by offering fresh perspectives,
identifying issues the writer may have missed, and encouraging revision.

✅ Benefits of Peer Review

●​ Helps catch errors the writer might overlook​

●​ Offers new ideas or suggestions​

●​ Strengthens writing clarity, structure, and argument​

●​ Encourages collaboration and learning from others​

✍️ How to Give Effective Feedback
Focus on being constructive, specific, and respectful.

🔍 What to Comment On:

1.​ Content: Is the main idea clear and well-supported?​

2.​ Organization: Does the text follow a logical structure?​

3.​ Clarity: Are the sentences and ideas easy to understand?​

4.​ Tone and Style: Is it appropriate for the intended audience?​

5.​ Grammar and Mechanics: Are there noticeable errors?​

💬 Examples of Constructive Feedback:

●​ ✅ “Your introduction is strong, but the thesis could be clearer.”​

●​ ✅ “Consider adding an example to support this point.”​

●​ ❌ Avoid vague or unhelpful comments like “It’s good” or “I don’t like it.”​

👂 How to Receive Feedback

1.​ Be open-minded: Understand that feedback helps you improve.​

2.​ Listen actively: Don’t interrupt or defend your work immediately.​

3.​ Ask questions: If something is unclear, ask for clarification.​

4.​ Reflect before changing: Think about the feedback before revising.​

5.​ Say thank you: Appreciate the time and effort others give.​
🧾 Peer Review Checklist (for Giving Feedback)
Question Yes/No Comments

Is the main idea/thesis clear?

Are ideas organized logically?

Are transitions smooth between

paragraphs?

Are examples and evidence used

effectively?

Are there grammar/spelling issues?

What is one strength of writing?

What is one area to improve?

3. Essay Organization and Structure

●​ Introduction and Hook
(engaging readers and introducing the topic)

✨ Introduction and Hook: Engaging Readers and Introducing the Topic:

A strong introduction is essential for grabbing the reader’s attention and clearly presenting the
topic of your writing. It sets the tone and prepares the reader for what’s to come.

📌 What Is a Hook?
A hook is the first sentence (or few sentences) of an introduction designed to grab the reader’s
attention.

🔑 Types of Hooks:
1.​ Question – "Have you ever wondered why we need sleep?"​

2.​ Interesting Fact or Statistic – "More than 60% of adults don't get enough sleep."​

3.​ Anecdote (short personal story) – "Last year, I stayed awake for 36 hours during finals
week..."​

4.​ Quote – "‘Sleep is the best meditation.’ – Dalai Lama"​

5.​ Bold Statement – "Without sleep, your brain starts to shut down—literally."​

🧱 Parts of a Strong Introduction:

1.​ Hook – Grabs the reader's attention.​

2.​ Background Information – Briefly introduces the topic and gives context.​

3.​ Thesis Statement – Clearly states the main idea or argument of the piece.​

📝 Example Introduction:
Hook: Have you ever tried to function on just three hours of sleep?​
Background: Sleep is often sacrificed in today’s busy world, especially by students
and professionals.​
Thesis: This essay explores why sleep is essential for mental health, learning, and
physical well-being.
✅ Tips for Writing a Great Introduction:
●​ Keep it clear and focused.​

●​ Match the tone to the audience and purpose.​

●​ Make sure the thesis connects directly to the body of the writing.​

●​ Thesis Statement
(crafting, clear and focused central idea)
🎯 Thesis Statement: Crafting a Clear and Focused Central Idea:
A thesis statement is the most important sentence in your essay. It clearly expresses the main
idea and tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the text. Think of it as the roadmap for
your writing.

🧱 Characteristics of a Strong Thesis Statement:

●​ ✅ Clear – Easy to understand with no vague language​
●​ ✅ Focused – Covers only what you will discuss​
●​ ✅ Specific – Gives a precise idea, not too broad​
●​ ✅ Arguable – Can be supported with evidence, not just a fact​
●​ ✅ Placed Early – Usually found at the end of the introduction​

📝 Examples of Thesis Statements:

❌ Weak:
"Pollution is bad for the environment."​
(Too general and obvious)

✅ Stronger:
"Air pollution caused by traffic and factories harms public health, damages ecosystems, and
accelerates climate change."​
(Clear, specific, and sets up the main points)

📌 Formula to Build a Thesis Statement:

Topic + Your Opinion/Claim + Main Points

➡️ "Online learning is an effective alternative to traditional classrooms because it offers

flexibility, personalized pacing, and broader access to resources."

🔍 Tips for Writing Your Thesis:

●​ Brainstorm your main idea and key points first.​

●​ Avoid announcing ("In this essay, I will...”).​

●​ Be direct and confident.​

●​ Revisit and revise your thesis after writing the body—it may need refining.​

●​ Body Paragraphs
(topic sentences,supporting evidence and transitional
devices)

🧱 Body Paragraphs: Building the Core of Your Writing:

Body paragraphs are where you develop your main ideas and support your thesis. Each
paragraph should focus on one clear point, backed by evidence, and connected smoothly to
the rest of the text.
🧩 1. Topic Sentence
●​ Introduces the main idea of the paragraph.​

●​ It tells the reader what the paragraph will be about.​

●​ Usually the first sentence of the paragraph.​

Example:​
“One major benefit of exercise is its positive effect on mental health.”

🧾 2. Supporting Evidence
●​ These are the details that explain, prove, or illustrate the topic sentence.​

●​ Includes:​

○​ Facts or statistics​

○​ Examples​

○​ Explanations​

○​ Quotes from reliable sources​

○​ Personal observations (if appropriate)​

Example:​
“Studies show that regular physical activity reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety by
increasing endorphin levels.”

🔗 3. Transitional Devices
●​ Words or phrases that create smooth connections between sentences and
paragraphs.​
 ●​ Help maintain coherence and flow.​

Common Transitional Words/Phrases:

Purpose Examples

Adding Furthermore, In addition, Also

Contrasting However, On the other hand, Yet

Explaining For example, For instance,

Namely

Concluding Therefore, Thus, As a result

Sequencin First, Then, Next, Finally

g

📘 Example Body Paragraph:

(Topic Sentence) Regular exercise improves mental well-being in several
important ways.​
(Supporting Detail 1) It boosts the release of endorphins, chemicals in the brain
that enhance mood.​
(Supporting Detail 2) For example, a study by the Mayo Clinic found that people
who exercise regularly experience lower levels of stress and anxiety.​
(Transitional Phrase + Supporting Detail 3) In addition, exercise can improve
sleep, which is closely linked to emotional health.​
(Closing Sentence) Clearly, staying active is a natural and effective way to
support mental wellness.
 ●​ Conclusion
(types of concluding paragraphs and leaving an impact)

🔚 Conclusion: Wrapping Up with Impact:

The conclusion paragraph is the final part of your writing. It brings your ideas together,
reinforces your main point, and leaves the reader with a lasting impression. A strong
conclusion does not repeat the introduction word-for-word but rephrases the thesis and
reflects on the significance of your message.

🧱 Parts of a Good Conclusion:

1.​ Restated Thesis – Reword your main idea without repeating it exactly.​

2.​ Summary of Main Points – Briefly remind the reader of the key ideas from the body.​

3.​ Closing Sentence – A final thought that leaves an impact (e.g., a call to action,
prediction, or reflection).​

✨ Types of Concluding Paragraphs:

Type Description Example Closing Technique

Summary Restates thesis and reviews “In conclusion, recycling reduces waste,
Conclusion main points. saves energy, and protects the
environment.”

Reflective Shows why the topic matters or “Ultimately, how we treat our planet
Conclusion reflects on its broader meaning. reflects who we are as a society.”

Call to Action Urges the reader to do “It’s time for individuals to make
something or change their eco-conscious choices every day.”
thinking.
 Prediction Suggests what could happen in “If action isn’t taken soon, pollution will
the future. only continue to worsen.”

Quotation-Bas Ends with a relevant quote to “As Gandhi once said, ‘Be the change
ed reinforce the message. you wish to see in the world.’”

🚫 What to Avoid in a Conclusion:

●​ Introducing new information or arguments​

●​ Using phrases like “In conclusion” too often​

●​ Simply repeating the introduction​

●​ Ending too abruptly​

✅ Example Conclusion Paragraph:

Regular physical activity not only improves mental health but also enhances overall
quality of life. By reducing stress, boosting mood, and promoting better sleep,
exercise offers a natural way to support emotional well-being. As our lives grow
busier, making time to move our bodies becomes not just a choice—but a necessity
for a healthier future.

●​ Ensuring Cohesion and Coherence

(creating seamless connections between paragraphs)

🔗 Ensuring Cohesion and Coherence in Writing:

Cohesion and coherence are essential qualities of effective writing. They help your ideas flow
smoothly and make your text easy to follow and understand.
📘 1. What Is Coherence?
●​ Coherence refers to the logical order and clarity of ideas in your writing.​

●​ A coherent text ensures that each paragraph supports the main idea, and each sentence
flows logically from the previous one.​

✅ Tips for Coherence:

●​ Stick to one main idea per paragraph.​

●​ Arrange ideas in a logical order (e.g., chronological, cause-effect, problem-solution).​

●​ Make sure each paragraph supports your thesis statement.​

●​ Use clear topic sentences to guide the reader.​

📎 2. What Is Cohesion?
●​ Cohesion is about how sentences and paragraphs are connected through language.​

●​ It involves using words and devices that link your ideas together.​

✅ Techniques to Create Cohesion:

Technique Example

Transitional words Therefore, However, In addition, For example, As a result

Pronoun referencing Maria loves hiking. She goes every weekend.

Repetition of key Climate change is a major issue. Tackling climate change requires
terms global effort.

Parallel structure We need to reduce waste, recycle more, and use less plastic.

Synonyms The film was amazing. The movie left a lasting impression.

🧱 How to Ensure Paragraph-to-Paragraph Flow

1.​ Use Transition Sentences​

○​ End one paragraph by hinting at what’s coming next.​

○​ Example: “While eating healthy is crucial, regular physical activity is equally

important.”​

2.​ Link Paragraph Ideas​

○​ Show how each paragraph builds on or contrasts with the previous one.​

○​ Example:​

■​ Para 1: Importance of recycling​

■​ Para 2: “In contrast to recycling, reducing consumption tackles the

problem at its source.”​

3.​ Keep a Consistent Tone and Focus​

○​ Avoid sudden shifts in topic or style.​

○​ Revisit your thesis to stay aligned with your purpose.​

✅ Summary:
 Feature Focus Goal

Coherenc Logical order of ideas Makes writing easy to

e understand

Cohesion Connections between Makes writing flow smoothly

sentences

3. Different Types of Expository Writing

●​ Description

📝 Different Types of Expository Writing:

Expository writing is used to inform, explain, or describe something clearly and logically.
There are several types of expository writing, and each serves a specific purpose. One key type
is description.

📌 1. Description (Descriptive Expository Writing)

Purpose:​
To paint a picture with words by describing a person, place, thing, or event in detail so that
the reader can visualize it clearly.

🧱 Characteristics of Descriptive Writing:

●​ ✅ Sensory Details: Uses the five senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste).​
→ “The freshly baked bread filled the room with a warm, buttery aroma.”​
 ●​ ✅ Vivid Language: Uses strong adjectives and verbs to create imagery.​
→ “The icy wind sliced through my jacket like a knife.”​

●​ ✅ Spatial Organization: Describes things in a specific order (left to right, top to bottom,
near to far, etc.).​
→ “At the front of the room stood a tall bookshelf, and beside it, a cozy reading chair.”​

●​ ✅ Focus on Specifics: Instead of general statements, it gives concrete, precise

details.​
→ Instead of "a nice house," write "a white cottage with green shutters and a brick
path."​

✨ Example of Descriptive Expository Paragraph:

The beach at sunrise was breathtaking. The sky blushed with shades of orange and
pink as the first light touched the water. Waves rolled gently onto the shore,
whispering against the sand. Seagulls circled overhead, calling out as they
searched for food. The cool breeze carried the salty scent of the ocean, and the
sand was still cool beneath my feet.

●​ Illustration

🖼️ Illustration (Illustrative Expository Writing):

Illustration writing (also called example writing) is a type of expository writing that explains or
supports a general idea using specific examples. Its purpose is to help readers understand
an abstract or broad concept by "illustrating" it with real-life situations, facts, or scenarios.

🧱 Key Features of Illustration Writing:

Feature Description
Main Idea or Point A clear, general statement or opinion

Supporting Several specific, relevant examples that explain or prove the main
Examples point

Transitions Words like, for example, such as, for instance, to illustrate, etc.

Clarity and Examples are directly related and easy to understand

Relevance

📝 Structure of an Illustration Paragraph:

1.​ Topic Sentence (states the main idea)​

2.​ Supporting Sentences (give examples to explain or prove the idea)​

3.​ Concluding Sentence (wraps up the point)​

✨ Example of an Illustration Paragraph:

Many people underestimate the importance of time management. For example,
students who plan their study time often perform better on exams than those who
cram at the last minute. In addition, employees who schedule their tasks in advance
tend to be more productive and less stressed. To illustrate further, athletes follow
strict training routines that allow them to balance practice, rest, and nutrition. These
examples show that managing time effectively can lead to greater success in nearly
any area of life.

🧠 Common Transitions in Illustration Writing:

 ●​ For example​

●​ For instance​

●​ Such as​

●​ To illustrate​

●​ One case is​

●​ Specifically​

●​ Classification

📚 Classification (Classificatory Expository Writing):

Classification writing is a type of expository writing that involves grouping ideas, items, or
information into categories based on shared characteristics. Its purpose is to help readers
understand complex topics by organizing them into simpler, logical groups.

🧱 Key Features of Classification Writing:

Feature Description

Topic Sentence Introduces the subject and states that it will be divided into categories

Clear Categories Each category should be distinct and based on a clear, consistent
principle

Supporting Each category is explained with examples or descriptions

Details
Logical Order Categories are arranged in a logical sequence (e.g., from common to
rare)

Transitions Words and phrases to guide the reader (e.g., first, another, finally)

🔄 Steps to Write a Classification Paragraph:

1.​ Choose a topic with at least 3 clear categories​

2.​ Decide on the principle of classification (how you'll group the items)​

3.​ Explain each category with examples​

4.​ Use transition words to connect ideas​

5.​ Conclude by summarizing the groups or stating why this classification matters​

✨ Example of a Classification Paragraph:

People use different types of social media platforms depending on their
needs and preferences. First, there are networking platforms like LinkedIn,
which help professionals connect and build careers. Next, visual platforms such
as Instagram and TikTok focus on sharing photos and short videos, attracting
creative users. Finally, discussion-based platforms like Reddit and Twitter allow
users to engage in conversations and share opinions. Each type of platform serves
a unique purpose and appeals to different audiences.

🧠 Common Transition Words in Classification:

●​ First / Second / Third​

●​ One type / Another type / A final type​

 ●​ For example / For instance​

●​ In contrast / Similarly​

●​ Overall / In conclusion​

●​ Cause and Effect

(exploring causal relationships and outcomes)

🔄 Cause and Effect in Expository Writing:

Cause and effect writing is a type of expository writing that explains why something happens
(cause) and what happens as a result (effect). This type of writing helps readers understand
the relationships between events, actions, or conditions.

🧱 Key Features of Cause-and-Effect Writing

Feature Description

Clear Focus Clearly states what is being explained—causes, effects, or both

Logical Structure Organized in a way that shows how causes lead to effects or vice
versa

Specific Uses real-life examples or data to support each cause or effect

Examples

Transitions Uses linking words to signal causes or results

🔁 Two Common Structures:
1.​ Cause → Effect​
Explains the reasons something happened, followed by the results.​
Example: “Because of heavy rainfall, the streets were flooded.”​

2.​ Effect → Cause​

Starts with a result and traces back to its causes.​
Example: “The power outage was caused by a fallen tree during the storm.”​

🔗 Common Transition Words:

To Show To Show Effect
Cause

Because Therefore

Since As a result

Due to Consequently

As Thus

The reason for Leads to / Results

in

📝 Example Paragraph (Cause → Effect):

Too much screen time can have serious effects on children’s health. First,
staring at screens for long hours can cause eye strain and headaches. Second,
excessive screen use is often linked to sleep problems, especially when children
 use devices before bedtime. Finally, it may lead to reduced physical activity,
increasing the risk of obesity. Therefore, limiting screen time is essential for
promoting healthy growth and development.

✅ Tips for Cause-and-Effect Writing:

●​ Be clear about whether you're explaining a cause, an effect, or both.​

●​ Use examples and evidence to support each point.​

●​ Avoid oversimplifying: often, one effect has multiple causes, or one cause leads to
many effects.​

●​ Process analysis
(explaining step-by-step procedures)

🔧 Process Analysis in Expository Writing:

(Explaining Step-by-Step Procedures)

Process analysis writing explains how something is done, how something works, or how
to do something—step by step. It’s like giving the reader a clear set of instructions or guiding
them through a process.

🎯 Purpose of Process Analysis:

●​ To inform the reader how something happens.​

●​ To explain a procedure or task in a logical order.​

●​ To ensure the reader can follow and repeat the process on their own.​
🧱 Key Features of Process Analysis:
Feature Description

Clear Topic Explains what process is being described

Logical Steps Presented in the correct chronological or functional order

Transitional Words Guides the reader smoothly from step to step

Detailed Instructions Includes tools, materials, or conditions needed to complete each

step

Consistent Voice Uses a neutral, informative tone

🔗 Common Transition Words for Steps:

●​ First​

●​ Next​

●​ Then​

●​ After that​

●​ Finally​

●​ At this point​

●​ Make sure to...​

●​ Be careful not to...​

🧾 Example Process Analysis Paragraph:
Baking a chocolate cake is a simple but rewarding process. First, gather all
necessary ingredients, including flour, sugar, eggs, butter, cocoa powder, and
baking powder. Next, preheat the oven to 350°F and grease your cake pan. Then,
in a large bowl, mix the dry ingredients and, in a separate bowl, beat the wet
ingredients together. After that, combine the two mixtures and stir until smooth.
Pour the batter into the prepared pan and place it in the oven for 30–35 minutes.
Finally, let the cake cool before serving. Following these steps ensures a delicious
and fluffy chocolate cake every time.

✅ Tips for Writing a Good Process Analysis:

●​ Use command verbs (if it's instructional), e.g., "Mix the batter," "Place the dish..."​

●​ Mention warnings or tips where necessary (e.g., "Don’t overmix the batter.")​

●​ Be precise and specific—avoid vague instructions​

●​ Assume the reader may be unfamiliar with the process​

●​ Comparative Analysis
(analyzing similarities and differences)

⚖️ Comparative Analysis in Expository Writing:

(Analyzing Similarities and Differences)

Comparative analysis is a type of expository writing that examines the similarities and/or
differences between two or more subjects. Its purpose is to help readers understand,
evaluate, or draw conclusions by comparing aspects of the topics side by side.

🧱 Key Features of Comparative Analysis Writing:

 Feature Description

Clear Subjects Identifies two or more items being compared

Focused Criteria Uses specific points or categories for comparison (e.g., cost,
function)

Organized Structure Follows a consistent pattern: point-by-point or block format

Balanced Discussion Gives equal attention to each subject

Transitions and Uses comparison/contrast words to guide the reader

Connectors

📋 Two Common Structures:

1. Point-by-Point Method

Each paragraph compares both subjects on a single point.

Example:

●​ Topic: Online vs. Traditional Education​

●​ Para 1: Compare learning environment​

●​ Para 2: Compare cost​

●​ Para 3: Compare flexibility​

2. Block Method

One subject is discussed fully first, then the other.

Example:

●​ Para 1: Discuss online education​

●​ Para 2: Discuss traditional education​

●​ Para 3: Analyze similarities/differences​

🔗 Common Transition Words:

To Show Similarity To Show
Difference

Similarly However

Likewise In contrast

Both / All On the other hand

Just like / As While / Whereas

In the same way Unlike

✨ Example Comparative Analysis Paragraph (Point-by-Point):

Although both e-books and printed books provide access to reading
materials, they differ significantly in terms of convenience and experience.
First, e-books are more convenient because they can be stored and read on digital
devices, making it easy to carry multiple books at once. In contrast, printed books
require physical space and are less portable. Second, many readers argue that
printed books offer a more satisfying sensory experience—the feel of the paper and
 the smell of the pages enhance reading pleasure. While e-books are practical,
printed books provide a traditional experience that digital screens can't fully
replicate.

✅ Tips for Comparative Analysis Writing:

●​ Choose subjects that are comparable (e.g., two novels, two technologies).​

●​ Stay objective—focus on analysis, not personal opinion.​

●​ Clearly define the basis of comparison early on.​

●​ Maintain logical flow with transitions.​

5. Writing for Specific Purposes and

Audiences
●​ Different types of Purposes (to
inform,to analyze,to persuade,to entertain etc.)

🎯 Different Types of Purposes in Writing:

Understanding your purpose is essential before you start writing. It shapes your tone,
structure, word choice, and how you present your ideas. Here are the main types of writing
purposes:

1. ✅ To Inform
●​ Goal: To provide facts, data, or instructions clearly and objectively.​

●​ Tone: Neutral, factual, straightforward.​

 ●​ Common Forms:​

○​ Reports​

○​ News articles​

○​ Textbooks​

○​ How-to guides​

Example:​
“The heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells.”

2. 🧠 To Analyze
●​ Goal: To break down a topic into parts and examine it in detail.​

●​ Tone: Logical, thoughtful, objective.​

●​ Common Forms:​

○​ Essays​

○​ Literary or film analysis​

○​ Research papers​

○​ Case studies​

Example:​
“In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the theme of ambition is shown through the protagonist’s moral
decline.”

3. 🗣️ To Persuade
●​ Goal: To convince the reader to agree with a viewpoint or take action.​

●​ Tone: Assertive, emotional, or logical depending on the audience.​

 ●​ Common Forms:​

○​ Opinion pieces​

○​ Editorials​

○​ Advertisements​

○​ Speeches​

Example:​
“Students should not be required to wear uniforms because it limits their self-expression.”

4. 🎭 To Entertain
●​ Goal: To amuse, engage, or tell a story.​

●​ Tone: Creative, playful, emotional, or dramatic.​

●​ Common Forms:​

○​ Short stories​

○​ Poems​

○​ Novels​

○​ Scripts or plays​

Example:​
“The dragon soared above the village, casting a golden shadow over the rooftops.”

5. 🧾 To Describe
●​ Goal: To create a vivid image or sensory experience.​

●​ Tone: Imaginative, detailed, expressive.​

 ●​ Common Forms:​

○​ Descriptive essays​

○​ Travel writing​

○​ Nature writing​

Example:​
“The garden buzzed with life—bright petals dancing in the breeze, and bees humming among
the lavender.”

🧠 Summary Table
Purpose Main Goal Common Writing Types

To Inform Share facts or knowledge Reports, articles, instructions

To Analyze Break down and evaluate Essays, reviews, research

papers

To Influence opinion or behavior Ads, debates, opinion essays

Persuade

To Entertain Amuse or engage the reader Stories, poems, comics, plays

To Describe Create vivid mental images Descriptive writing, travel blogs

●​ Writing for Academic Audiences

(formality, objectivity, and academic conventions)
🎓 Writing for Academic Audiences:
When writing for school, college, or scholarly publication, it’s important to follow academic
writing conventions. This ensures your work is clear, credible, and respected in academic
settings.

🧱 Key Characteristics of Academic Writing:

1. ✅ Formality
●​ What it means: Use a professional and respectful tone.​

●​ How to achieve it:​

○​ Avoid contractions (use “do not” instead of “don’t”).​

○​ Use precise vocabulary instead of slang or casual language.​

○​ Avoid overly emotional or exaggerated language (“very bad” → “inadequate”).​

○​ Avoid personal language like “I think” or “you should” unless allowed.​

❌
Example:​

✅
“This is a cool experiment.”​
“This experiment produced significant results.”

2. 🎯 Objectivity
●​ What it means: Present information and arguments fairly and without bias.​

●​ How to achieve it:​

○​ Focus on facts, evidence, and logical reasoning.​

○​ Avoid emotional appeals or personal opinions unless supported by research.​

○​ Use third-person point of view (e.g., “researchers found” instead of “I found”).​

❌
Example:​

✅
“I believe climate change is a big problem.”​
“Recent studies indicate that climate change has accelerated in the past decade.”

3. 📚 Academic Conventions
These are the standard rules and expectations for academic writing.

🔹 Structure
●​ Introduction with a clear thesis​

●​ Body paragraphs with evidence and analysis​

●​ Conclusion that summarizes and reflects​

🔹 Referencing
●​ Use citations to credit sources (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).​

●​ Include a bibliography or reference list.​

🔹 Evidence-Based Arguments
●​ Support ideas with data, quotes, or examples from credible sources.​

🔹 Clarity and Precision

●​ Define technical terms.​

●​ Avoid vague words like “stuff,” “things,” or “a lot.”​

📝 Example Rewrite (Informal → Academic):

Informal:​
"I think the internet has changed our lives a lot."
Academic:​
"The internet has significantly transformed modern communication, education, and commerce."

✅ Summary Table
Feature What to Do What to Avoid

Formality Use academic tone and vocabulary Slang, contractions, casual words

Objectivity Focus on facts and evidence Personal opinions, emotional bias

Convention Follow academic structure and citation Ignoring format, missing

s styles references

●​ Writing for Public Audiences

(engaging,informative and persuasive language)

🗞️ Writing for Public Audiences:

Writing for a public audience means writing for a broad group of people—often
non-specialists—such as blog readers, magazine subscribers, online followers, or the general
public. This type of writing should be engaging, easy to understand, informative, and
sometimes persuasive.

🧱 Key Features of Writing for Public Audiences

1. 🎯 Clear Purpose
●​ Decide whether you want to inform, entertain, persuade, or raise awareness.​
 ●​ Stay focused on your goal throughout the piece.​

2. 💬 Engaging Language
●​ Use a friendly and accessible tone.​

●​ Write as if you're speaking to a curious person who wants to understand—but may know
little about the topic.​

●​ Use rhetorical questions, analogies, stories, and vivid descriptions to make your
writing lively.​

Example:​
"Imagine scrolling through your phone—and every ad seems to know exactly what you want.
Spooky? That’s data tracking in action."

3. 🧠 Informative but Simple

●​ Explain terms or concepts in plain language.​

●​ Avoid jargon or explain it clearly.​

●​ Use real-world examples to help people relate.​

Too technical:​
"Blockchain utilizes distributed ledger technology to ensure transactional immutability."

Public-friendly:​
"Blockchain is like a shared digital notebook that records transactions—once written, no one
can erase or change it."

4. ✍️ Persuasive Techniques (if applicable)

●​ Use emotional appeals (pathos): Connect with readers’ values or experiences.​
 ●​ Use credible sources or facts (logos) to build trust.​

●​ Establish your voice or character (ethos) by being fair, informed, and relatable.​

Example:​
"Every year, millions of tons of plastic end up in the ocean. It’s not just harming marine life—it’s
threatening our food chain."

5. 🔗 Structure for Readability

●​ Use short paragraphs.​

●​ Include subheadings, lists, and bold/italic emphasis if in digital format.​

●​ End with a call to action, question, or thought-provoking idea.​

✅ Summary Table
Element Academic Writing Public Writing

Audience Specialists, professors General readers, online users

Tone Formal, objective Friendly, engaging, often personal

Languag Technical, precise Simple, conversational

e

Purpose Inform/analyze Inform, entertain, persuade,

inspire
 Structure Thesis-driven, Flexible, reader-friendly layout
structured

📝 Sample Public Audience Opening:

"Plastic is everywhere—from our grocery bags to the fish we eat. But do we
really understand the damage it's doing?"

●​ Different Tones and Styles for Specific Purposes and

Audiences

🎭 Different Tones and Styles for Specific Purposes and Audiences:

The tone and style of your writing must match your purpose and audience. Choosing the right
tone ensures your message is received the way you intend—whether you're informing,
persuading, entertaining, or analyzing.

📚 What Is Tone?
Tone is the attitude or emotional quality of your writing.​
It can be formal, casual, serious, humorous, optimistic, critical, etc.

🖋️ What Is Style?
Style refers to how you express your ideas—your choice of words, sentence structure, and
level of detail.

🎯 Matching Tone and Style to Purpose and Audience

 Purpose Audience Tone Style

To Inform General public Clear, neutral, Simple, factual, concise

objective

To Inform Academic/scholarly Formal, precise Structured, technical,

referenced

To General public Confident, assertive Emotional appeal, rhetorical

Persuade questions

To Experts/policymakers Logical, respectful Evidence-based,

Persuade well-organized

To General readers Humorous, creative, Vivid descriptions, personal

Entertain dramatic tone

To Analyze Academic or critical Objective, serious Logical, structured,

reader citation-heavy

To Creative Sensory, expressive Detailed, metaphorical,

Describe reader/audience visual

✨ Examples of Tone for the Same Topic:

Topic: Climate Change

●​ Formal/Academic:​
“Climate change is a global environmental crisis, largely driven by anthropogenic
activities such as fossil fuel consumption and deforestation.”​
 ●​ Informative/Public:​
“Climate change means the Earth is getting warmer because of human actions, like
burning fuel for energy.”​

●​ Persuasive:​
“If we don’t act now, rising sea levels and extreme weather will affect millions of lives.”​

●​ Humorous:​
“At this rate, our grandkids will be attending beach parties in Antarctica.”​

✅ Tips for Choosing the Right Tone and Style:

1.​ Know your audience: Who are they? What do they care about?​

2.​ Clarify your purpose: What do you want your writing to achieve?​

3.​ Adjust formality: Use contractions and casual language only when appropriate.​

4.​ Use tone consistently: Avoid mixing casual and formal tones in the same piece.​

5.​ Use style to enhance understanding: Match your vocabulary and examples to the
reader’s level.​

6. Ethical Considerations
●​ Ensuring Original Writing
(finding credible sources,evaluating information etc.)

✍️ Ensuring Original Writing:

(Finding credible sources, evaluating information, and avoiding plagiarism)

Original writing means creating your own work while properly integrating and referencing the
ideas of others. In academic and professional settings, originality is essential for credibility,
integrity, and trust.
🔍 1. Finding Credible Sources
Using reliable, accurate, and trustworthy sources strengthens your writing and helps you
avoid misinformation.

✅ What Makes a Source Credible?

Feature Credible Source Example

Author expertise Written by a scholar, journalist, or specialist

Publication Published by a university press, journal, or news outlet (e.g., Nature,

source BBC, Harvard)

Date of Recent or relevant to the topic

publication

Evidence Includes citations, data, or logical support

provided

Bias and balance Fair, objective, not overly emotional

🔗 Examples of Credible Sources:

●​ Peer-reviewed academic journals​

●​ Government and university websites​

●​ Books by experts in the field​

●​ Established newspapers and magazines​

 ●​ Google Scholar, JSTOR, PubMed​

🧠 2. Evaluating Information
Use the CRAAP Test to check the quality of a source:

Letter Stands Questions to Ask

for

C Currency Is the information up to date?

R Relevanc Does it directly relate to your topic?

e

A Authority Who is the author? Are they credible?

A Accuracy Is the information supported by evidence?

P Purpose Is it to inform, persuade, or sell? Is there

bias?

🛑 3. Avoiding Plagiarism and Ensuring Originality

Plagiarism means using someone else’s ideas, words, or data without giving credit. Avoid it
by:

✅ Practicing Proper Research Techniques:

 ●​ Summarize: Restate key ideas in your own words.​

●​ Paraphrase: Rewrite someone’s idea with new wording and structure.​

●​ Quote: Use exact words with quotation marks and citation.​

✅ Always Cite Your Sources:

Use a consistent citation style:

●​ APA (social sciences)​

●​ MLA (humanities)​

●​ Chicago (history and general writing)​

🧪 4. Tools to Support Original Writing:

●​ Citation generators: Zotero, EasyBib, CiteThisForMe​

●​ Plagiarism checkers: Grammarly, Turnitin, Quillbot​

●​ Research databases: JSTOR, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost​

📝 Example:
❌ Plagiarized:​
"Climate change is mainly caused by human activity like burning fossil fuels."

✅ Original with citation:​

According to NASA, human activities such as burning fossil fuels are the leading cause of
global climate change (NASA, 2023).

●​ Proper Citation and Referencing

(APA,MLA,or other citation styles)
📚 Proper Citation and Referencing:
When you use someone else's ideas, data, or words in your writing, you must cite the source.
This gives credit to the original author and helps you avoid plagiarism. The way you cite
depends on the citation style you're using—like APA, MLA, or Chicago.

🔍 Why Citation Matters

●​ ✅ Gives credit to original authors​
●​ ✅ Strengthens your credibility​
●​ ✅ Helps readers locate your sources​
●​ ✅ Prevents plagiarism​

✏️ Common Citation Styles Overview

Style Common In In-text Citation Example Reference Page
Title

APA Social sciences, (Smith, 2021, p. 12) References

psychology

MLA Humanities, literature (Smith 12) Works Cited

Chicago History, philosophy Footnote: ¹John Smith, Book Bibliography

Title, 12.

Harvard Sciences, business (UK) (Smith 2021, p. 12) Reference List

🧠 APA Style (7th Edition)
●​ In-text citation: (Author, Year, p. #)​

●​ Reference entry:​
Book:​
Smith, J. (2021). *Understanding psychology*. Random House.​
Website:​
World Health Organization. (2022). *Mental health*.
https://www.who.int/mental-health​

📘 MLA Style (9th Edition)

●​ In-text citation: (Author Page Number)​

●​ Works Cited entry:​

Book:​
Smith, John. *Understanding Psychology*. Random House, 2021.​
Website:​
“Mental Health.” *World Health Organization*, 2022,
www.who.int/mental-health.​

🏛️ Chicago Style (Notes and Bibliography)

●​ Footnote:​
1. John Smith, *Understanding Psychology* (New York: Random
House, 2021), 12.​

●​ Bibliography entry:​
Smith, John. *Understanding Psychology*. New York: Random House,
2021.​
✅ Best Practices for Citation
●​ Choose one style and use it consistently.​

●​ Include a bibliography/reference list at the end.​

●​ Double-check punctuation and formatting.​

●​ Use tools like Zotero, CiteThisForMe, or Google Docs citation tool for help.​

●​ Integrating Quotes and Evidences

(quoting,paraphrasing,and summarizing)

🧩 Integrating Quotes and Evidence in Writing:

To strengthen your arguments, it's
important to include evidence from credible sources. You can do this through quoting,
paraphrasing, or summarizing. Each method has a specific purpose and should be integrated
smoothly into your writing.

🔧 1. Quoting
Using the exact words from a source enclosed in quotation marks.

✅ When to Use:
●​ The wording is powerful, precise, or notable.​

●​ You want to emphasize the author’s original phrasing.​

📌 How to Integrate:
 ●​ Use signal phrases like:​
According to..., Smith writes..., As stated by...​

🔍 Example (APA):
According to Green (2022), “climate anxiety is becoming a global mental health
issue” (p. 45).

🔁 2. Paraphrasing
Restating the idea in your own words without changing the meaning.

✅ When to Use:
●​ To simplify or clarify complex information.​

●​ To keep your voice consistent throughout the text.​

📌 How to Integrate:
●​ Completely reword the sentence, not just swap a few words.​

🔍 Example:
Green (2022) suggests that people around the world are increasingly experiencing
anxiety related to climate change.

🧾 3. Summarizing
Condensing the main ideas of a larger section into a brief overview.

✅ When to Use:
●​ To give a broad overview of an article, book, or argument.​
 ●​ When the exact words are less important than the general idea.​

🔍 Example:
In her article, Green (2022) explores the emotional impact of climate change,
focusing on how environmental fears affect young people’s mental health.

✍️ Signal Phrases to Introduce Evidence

Purpose Signal Phrases

To present a “According to...”, “As [Author] states...”

quote

To paraphrase “[Author] explains that…”, “The study suggests…”

To summarize “In summary, [Author] argues…”, “The article outlines…”

✅ Tips for Effective Integration

●​ Introduce the evidence with context.​

●​ Cite properly using APA, MLA, etc.​

●​ Comment after the evidence: explain its relevance or meaning.​

●​ Avoid “dropped quotes” (quotes without explanation or setup).​

🔗 Example Paragraph with All Three:

 Climate change is affecting not only the environment but also public health. Green
(2022) notes that “climate anxiety is becoming a global mental health issue” (p. 45).
In other words, people worldwide are increasingly stressed about environmental
destruction. In her article, Green provides numerous examples of how this anxiety
is especially severe in younger generations, linking it to feelings of helplessness
and fear about the future.

●​ Avoiding plagiarism
(ethical considerations and best practices)

🛡️ Avoiding Plagiarism: Ethical Considerations and Best Practices:

Plagiarism is the unethical act of using someone else’s words, ideas, or work without giving
proper credit. Whether intentional or accidental, plagiarism is considered a serious academic
offense and can damage your reputation and credibility.

⚖️ Ethical Considerations
●​ 🔹 Integrity: Honesty in using and citing sources reflects your character and academic
values.​

●​ 🔹 Respect for Intellectual Property: Writers, researchers, and creators deserve

recognition for their ideas.​

●​ 🔹 Accountability: Academic and professional communities rely on trust and

transparency.​

●​ 🔹 Consequences: Plagiarism can result in failing grades, disciplinary actions, or legal

penalties.​

🚫 What Counts as Plagiarism?

 Action Is it plagiarism?

Copying text without citation ✅ Yes

Paraphrasing someone’s idea without credit ✅ Yes
Submitting someone else's work as your own ✅ Yes
Forgetting to use quotation marks for direct quotes ✅ Yes
Using common knowledge (e.g., “The Earth orbits the sun”) ❌ No
Properly citing a source ❌ No

✅ Best Practices to Avoid Plagiarism

1. 🔍 Understand What Needs to Be Cited
●​ Cite facts, statistics, quotes, ideas, theories, visuals, and data unless they are common
knowledge.​

2. ✍️ Use Your Own Words

●​ When paraphrasing, fully rephrase and restructure the original—not just swap a few
words.​

●​ Combine your own analysis or commentary with the cited material.​

3. ✏️ Use Quotes When Needed

 ●​ Use quotation marks for direct words from a source and include an in-text citation.​

4. 📚 Always Credit Your Sources

●​ Use proper in-text citations and a works cited or reference page.​

●​ Use consistent formatting (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).​

5. 🛠️ Use Plagiarism Checkers

●​ Tools like Grammarly, Quillbot, Turnitin, and PlagScan can help detect unintentional
plagiarism.​

6. 🧠 Keep Track of Your Sources

●​ While researching, record full citation details (author, title, URL, page numbers, date).​

🧾 Example (APA Style)

Original source:​
“Climate anxiety is on the rise, especially among younger generations” (Green, 2022, p. 45).

❌ Poor paraphrase (plagiarism):​

Climate anxiety is increasing, especially with younger people.

✅ Correct paraphrase:​
Green (2022) reports that young people are increasingly experiencing anxiety due to the
worsening climate crisis.

✅ Summary: How to Stay Safe

Tip Why It Helps
Cite all sources Shows honesty and credibility

Paraphrase carefully Avoids copying too closely

Use quotation marks for quotes Distinguishes your words from others

Include a bibliography/reference Gives full credit to all sources

page

Plan your time Prevents last-minute copying

The End
Congratulations You’ve Completed
Your Preparation!
Best Regards:
Mr Malix’s