ANKOHANICAR, DADATAIEN AUREPNCRE EL SBME /STRENG TH OB MATERIALS LAR MANUAL, EXPERIMENT No, 12 SIVE TEST ON CUBE COMPRES! AAMte Lostualy the bohavtor ofthe piven mnaterlal andor Comprowstve fond and to fatbow tit + Navin Compressive strongly ar altinnate stress # Dowentage Dectoase in length + Vowentage noroave it ate US: ARRARS Compression testing machine , Vernier caper, mUoRY: Duotite materiats attain a Bulge ora Narel shape afer reacting the maxtnn compression toad No facture takes place andl there is change in erosseseetion and compression value remains the came on reaching the masini Fond as shown in the fig. L, Bor brittle Materials, there will he ne hang in the crosssseetions or height of the specimen die to the compression fond, On reaching the maxinnum compression load, the specimen suddenly faetures as shown in the Bip } Vy sence ; | 1] . h, b wo Tf \ | | i i nt : dy ie \ | Borrot or Bulga shape F | - at maximum Jou Fg 71 ona tied 1 Alter teat Botone west Alor teat le materia Fig. 2 Baitle material og Mid Steel, Brass, Aluminium, ote 39. (wa Gast on) Jon test isjust opposite to tension test, with regard to direction, However, there ate es whieh may induce error in this test, ‘They are Ditticulty in apply aways a tendeney of the specimen to bend in addition to Contraction, The compe certain practicnl difficult truly axial load, There is Page 46MECHANICAL, DEPARTMENT. 11 B.TECH II SEM /STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB ‘MANUAL EXPERIMENT No. 12 COMPRESSIVE TEST ON CUBE AIM: To study the behavior of the given material under Compressive load and to following ‘¢ Maximum Compressive strength or ultimate stress + Percentage Decrease in length © Percentage Increase in area APPARATUS: Compression testing machine , Vernier caliper. THEORY: Ductile materials attain a Bulge ora Barrel shape after reaching the maximum compression load. No fracture takes place and there is change in cross-section and compression value remains the same on reaching the maximum load as shown in the fig.1. For brittle Materials, there will be no change in the cross-sections or eight ofthe specimen due tothe compression load, On reaching the maximum compression load, the specimen suddenly fractures as shown in the Fig2 in, gare! at maximum jou’ cael Ascule ‘ petore:te} sMertest Before test After test Fig bustle materi (e.g ila Steel, Brass, Alum Fig.2 Baile materiat (@.0 Cast Iron) “The compression tes is just opposite to tension test, with regard to direction, However, there are certain practical difficulties which may induce error in this test. They are Difficulty in applying truly axal load. There isalwaysa tendency of the specimen to bend in addition to Contraction.—— — IB.TECH II SEM /STRENGTH OF MATI RIALS LAB MANUAL. MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT ‘To avoid these errors, usually the specimen for this test shall be short in length (not more than 2 me the diameter) In a compression test, stress ~ strain curve is drawn up to the elastic limit of compressive load (or stress) plastic deformation elastic ——> compressian(or strain) deformation proportionality. Metals have approximately the same modulus of elast curve, for ductile materials, continues almost without limit as thgre is no fracture of the material due to its ductility and cross sectional area increases continuously with inerease in load. The specimen will shorten and bulge out. Compres: mainly used for testing brittle materials such as cast iron, conerete etc. Brittle materials commonly fail along a diagonal plane due to shearing ry as in tension test. The n test11 B.TECH II SEM /STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB MANUAL MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT TABULAR COLUMN: SNo]Load (PyinN [Arey (A) ]Swess(9 [b= 5 mm? strain CALCULATIONS: ¢ Stress= area A © Strain = ¢ =change in length = original length © Young’s modulus= E = ss... strain © % Decrease in Length =!“ x 100= iy © % Increase in area= “—"' x 100 AL © Ultimate Compressive strength ultimate Load initial area RESULTS: 1. Modulus of elasticity = E N/mm 2. Maximum Compressive strength or ultimate stress = % 3, Percentage Decrease in length 4, Percentage Increase in area Page 48TENSION TEST AIM: Determine tensile Strength of a given specimen using UTM OBJEC Fo conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following: () Limit of proportionality i) Gil) Gii) Yield strength Elastic limit (iv) iv) Ultimate strength (¥)—(¥) Young's modulus of elasticity (vi) (vi) Percentage elongation (vii) (vii) Percentage reduetion in area, APPARATUS: (i) Universal Testing Machine (UTM) (i) (ii) Mild steel specimens (iii) (iv) (iv) Seale (iii) Graph paper (v) — (v) Vernier Caliper DIAGRAM: Upper cross Head Space for Tensile spacemen ‘Movable Cross Head Space for Compressive sspacemen Load Indicatorsess Young's Modulus slope ress/strain : 7 & ok forcrios | roy fF \Ehstie\——plastiestein Strain teoldlla Toad Strain THEORY: ‘The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is ‘small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically deformed solid ‘will return to its original form as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of the curve which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic, The stress below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During Plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a maximum and then begins to decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength” which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original cross- sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’ formation and rupture, About of UTM The tensile testis conducted on UTM, It is hydraulically operates a pump, oil in oil sump, load dial indicator and central buttons. The left has upper, middle and lower cross heads ie; specimen grips's connecting the Hi nt. ‘The pip Iule cross head can be moved up and down for adjustm (or ja and right parts are oil pipes through which the pumped oil under pressure flows on left parts to heads, more the ery IFICATION: SPE 1, Load capacity = 400 KN 2, Least count = 2 KN 3. Overall dimension, 4, Power supply = 440 V PROCEDURI 1, Measure the oi inal length and diameter of the specimen, The length may either be length of marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the gauge section which specimen of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it 2. Insert the specimen into gi 3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data. 4, Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached. |. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler. 6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and 7 diameter of specimen. OBSEVATION: (a) Initial diameter of specimen di= (b) Initial gauge length of specimen Lis AL= (c) Initial cross-section area of specimen (d) Load of yield point (e) Ultimate load after specimen breaking ( Final length after specimen breaking l= yen at breaking place (g) Diameter of speci place (h) Cross section area at brea ON TABLI OBESERVA'