Fundamentals of Fiber To The Home (FTTH)

Training

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 Agenda
 Introduction to Access Network
 Telecom User Requirement
 What is Access Network
 What is Passive Optical Network (PON)

 Introduction to GPON
 Architectures of PON
 What is GPON?
 Components of GPON System
 Different Types of T-CONT and their Bandwidths
 Key Technologies used in GPON

 FTTH Network
 Need for FTTH
 Characteristics of FTTH Network
 Design Layers of FTTH Network
 Designing Ideal FTTH Network Area Location
 FTTH Network Designing Flow Diagram

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 Agenda
 Optical Splitters
 Function of Optical Splitter
 Optical Splitter Loss Calculation
 Different Types of Splitter Configuration in the Network
 Splitting Ratio Design in FTTH Network

 FTTH Network Link Budget

 Optical Interfaces Parameters of FTTH Network Elements
 Design Criteria for Optical Receive Power
 Power Budgeting of FTTH Link
 Calculating Receive Power at ONT

 Fiber Cable Designing in FTTH Network

 Fiber Cable Standards used in FTTH Network
 Fiber Cable Sections in FTTH Network
 Characteristics of Feeder, Distribution and Drop Cable
 Indoor Riser Cable

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 Agenda
 FTTH Network in Rural Area
 Distribution Splitter in RuralArea
 Suggestions for FTTH Design in RuralArea
 Cascaded Splitter with Fiber Re-use
 Cascaded Splitter with Fiber Indexing

 Maintenance of FTTH Network

 Main Causes of FTTH Network Failure
 Testing Fiber with PON-OTDR
 Optical Power Measurement by PON-meter
 Possible Fault Scenario in FTTH Network

 Tender Requirement
 Tender SoR
 GPON Specificaiton
 Design of FDMS (Type 1A and 3B)
 Planning of one Block
 PSVP Requirement & Design
 AT Test Case

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 Introduction to Access Network

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 Today, The Telecom User Requirement

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 Typical Bandwidth Requirements at Home
Service Bandwidth required
HDTV 24 Mbps
Internet 8 Mbps
Voice 250 Kbps
Video telephony 5 Mbps
Only broadband connection
Total 37.250 Mbps can provide this much
Bandwidth.

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 Important Points for the Broadband User
• What is important to a user while taking a broadband connection?
– One operator should provide all the services (Voice, Video and Data) required by a user.

– Many services on one connection/infrastructure with lower cost to user.

– User should pay only for services what he is using.

– User should have choice to choose for services.

Access Network is designed to fulfill the user’s requirements

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 Access Network
• Part of a telecommunications network which connect users to the
immediate service provider for voice, video and data communication.

Service
Provider

Telecom
Network
Layers

Users
Voice, Data and Video services

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 Access Network Classification
• Wireless Access Network
– Fixed wireless access network
 Microwave Link
– Mobile access network
 Wi-Fi
 Cellular mobile phone

• Wired Access Network

– Copper Cable access network
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
– Optical access network
 Passive Optical Network (PON)

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 Copper Cable Access Network: DSL
• Provide broadband (Internet, Video and Voice) services over the same
telephone wires of a local telephone network.

• Disadvantages
– High loss of copper cable
– Low Bandwidth capacity Copper cable
– Small distance
– Point to Point connection

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 DSL Technology Development: (xDSL)
Name Meaning Data Rate Connection Distance to Applications
Type exchange
DSL Digital subscriber line 160 Kbps Symmetrical 5 Kms ISDN, Voice and
Data Commn.

HDSL High Data Rate Digital 2 Mbps Symmetrical 4 to 5 Kms E1, LAN/WAN
Subscriber Line

SDSL Symmetric Digital 2 Mbps Symmetrical 3 to 4 Kms Same as HDSL

Subscriber Line +POTS

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Down: 1.5 to 8 Mbps Asymmetrical 3 to 6 Kms Video on demand,
Subscriber Line Up: 128 Kbps to 768 Simplex video,
Kbps Remote LAN
access, Multimedia

VDSL Very High Data Rate Down: 13 to 52 Mbps Asymmetrical 0.3 to 1.5 Kms Same as ADSL+
Digital Subscriber Line Up: 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps HDTV

As the data rate increases the distance decreases.

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 Optical Cable Access Network: PON
• Passive Optical Network (PON) is a form of fiber-optic access network.

• This network uses passive optical splitters to serve multiple customers.

• It is a point to multipoint access network.

• Reduces the amount of fiber and central office equipment compared with
point to point architectures.

• FTTH Network uses PON architecture.

Fibers Fibers

PON Access Network is based on

Optical Fiber Communication
Technology

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 Introduction to GPON

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 Architecture of PON: FTTX
• Depending upon the Fiber distance from central office, PON is designed
as FTTH, FTTB, FTTC etc.

• PON technology developed the following standards.

– ATM PON (APON)
– Broadband PON (BPON)
– Ethernet PON (EPON)
– Gigabit PON (GPON)

GPON is most preferably used

Technology in FTTX networks.

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 Gigabit Passive Optical Network (G-PON)
• It is a PON technology which is able to transport Gigabit data rate over a
single fiber to provide Voice, Video and Internet services to users.

• There are four main components in this GPON system

– Optical line terminal (OLT)
– Transmitting media (Fiber cabling and components)
– Optical splitter
– Optical network terminal (ONT) or Optical network unit (ONU).

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 Characteristics of GPON
• It is an ITU GPON Standard G.984

• It is an evolution of the BPON standard.

• It supports higher rates, enhanced security, and choice of Layer 2

protocol (ATM, GEM, Ethernet).

• 2.5 Gbps downstream (1490nm) Fiber cable

• 1.25 Gbps upstream (1310nm) Splitter

• RF Video, Cable TV downstream (1550 nm)

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 Advantages of GPON
• To fulfill the Higher Bandwidth requirements of users.
– Fast internet, high-definition video services, IPTV and video-rich gaming.

• To overcome the shortcomings of the copper network i.e. distance,

attenuation and Bandwidth by using optical fiber.

• Longer reach than xDSL, upto 20kms

• Less power consumption by using

passive devices.

• Less numbers of fibers and electronics equipment are required at central

office than point to point network, low cost.

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 Components of GPON System

Single Family Unit

(SFU)
FE, POTS, RF
Core N/W Residential

Services Multi Dwelling Unit-

apartment
Buildings (MDU)
GPON Splitters FE, POTS, RF, xDSL
1:8
1:32
1:64

PSTN
Small Business Unit
(SBU)
FE, POTS, RF
Internet Business

Multi Tenant Unit

CATV (MTU)
FE, xDSL

OLT ODN ONUs/ONTs

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 Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
• OLT provides the interface between ODN and core network.

• Optical to electrical and vice versa is carried out in it.

• It is located in the central office.

• Most economical location for a CO or node is near

dense or exactly in the middle of the area it serves.
Core Network

ODN

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 Functions of OLT
• It performs routing functions to provide all services demanded by users.

• The OLT is responsible for allocating bandwidth to all ONUs or ONTs.

• Actual bandwidth allocated to each customer depend on

– Link capacity from OLT to splitter
– Number of customers connected to splitter
Example:
With a 2.5Gbps OLT port capacity fiber connected to 64
customers by 1:64 splitter, each customer may receive
about 39Mbps dedicated bandwidth.

1490nm

1310nm

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 ONT/ONU
• It is installed in the users premises or near to them.

• Optical to electrical and vice versa is carried out in it.

• Connected with splitter side fiber cable.

• Optical Network Unit (ONU)

– ONU serves multiple users
– Which terminates the PON and can have
xDSL or multiservice Ethernet interfaces toward the users.

• Optical Network Termination (ONT)

– ONT serves single user.
– Provides the separate, native service interfaces
directly to the user. Interfaces my be
 LAN port for Internet service
 POTS port for Phone service
 RF Video port for TV service
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 Copper Cable Termination from ONU to Customer
• Copper cable is laid from ONU toward customers premises.
• Copper cable CAT 6 cable with RJ45 connectivity.
• The length of cable should not exceed about 100m.
• Horizontal pathways (conduits, sleeves, cable trays, etc.) are used for
laying.
ONU
Fiber cable
• All cables should be labeled.

Copper cable
• Keep away from sources of EMI:
– Power cables, photocopy equipment,
electric motors, transformers,
fluorescent lighting, arc welders and
induction heaters, etc.

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 Features of ONU/ONT
• Type of ONU/ONT depends on combination of upstream/downstream bit-
rate, and optical path loss Class (Class A, B, or C).

• Class ‘A’ ONU path loss: 5 to 20db

• Class ‘B’ ONU path loss: 10 to 25db
• Class ‘C’ ONU path loss: 15 to 30db
• Class ‘C+’ ONU path loss: 17 to 32db

• Operating wavelength
– Downstream direction on single fibre systems shall be 1490nm.
– Upstream direction shall be 1310nm.
– RF video downstream direction shall be 1550nm.

• Physical reach
– Maximum physical distance that can be achieved in GPON is 20 km.

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 ONT Power Leveling Modes
• Power leveling is the process whereby the ONT changes its transmit
power in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the OLT.

• To perform power leveling mechanism, ONT output power can have three
modes.
– Mode 0: Normal mean launched power (MIN/MAX)
– Mode 1: Normal –3 dB
– Mode 2: Normal – 6dB

• Example:
A Class ‘B’ ONT for 1244 Mbit/s with power leveling capability will comply
to the following output power ranges:
 Mode 0: MIN = –2 dBm ≤ mean launched power ≤ MAX = +3 dBm

 Mode 1: MIN = –5 dBm ≤ mean launched power ≤ MAX = 0 dBm

 Mode 2: MIN = –8 dBm ≤ mean launched power ≤ MAX = –3 dBm

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 RF Video Distribution over GPON Network
• Transport of RF signals over Passive Optical Networking for Television.
• The analog RF signal is converted into Optical wavelength of 1550nm,
amplified and combined with the downlink optical wavelength of 1490nm
and sent toward users.
• At the ONT the 1550nm signal is converted to RF signal for TV programs.

Coupler

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 Nominal Line Rates for GPON
• 155.52 Mbit/s up, 1.24416 Gbit/s down

• 622.08 Mbit/s up, 1.24416 Gbit/s down

• 1.24416 Gbit/s up, 1.24416 Gbit/s down

• 155.52 Mbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s down

• 622.08 Mbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s down

• 1.24416 Gbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s down

• 2.48832 Gbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s down

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 Downstream Data Flow (OLT to ONU)
• Signals for different users are time division multiplexed (TDM) and
broadcast to all ONTs.

• ONTs recognize and receive their own data while they block the rest.

• Encryption is used to prevent data of custmer.

Broadcast

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 Upstream Data Flow (ONU to OLT)
• Upstream data are combined using time division multiple access (TDMA).

• ONU sends packets turn wise in T-CONT’s timeslots granted by OLT.

TDMA

GPON using key technologies: Ranging, DBA and Encryption

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 Ranging
• It is a process done in the OLT to prevent upstream transmission collision
between many ONUs at different distances from OLT.

• During ranging process, distance and equalizing delay of each ONU is

calculated so that their data are sent in their respective allotted time slots.

• Ranging is done when an ONU registers for the first time.

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 DBA (Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation)
• OLT grant the bandwidth to T-CONTs in the form of time slots as per the
data waiting for upstream transmission.

• Bandwidth that is not consumed by some ONT’s T-CONT is allocated to

other T-CONTs.

• The BWmap is dynamically re-calculated every few milliseconds at OLT.

OLT DBA report ONU
DBA algorithm
logic Control
BW Map platform

Data
platform T-CONT

T-CONT
Time slot
Scheduler T-CONT

If bandwidth allocation is static, each ONT would get its CIR at any given time, whether utilized or not.

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 Encryption
• Due to down stream data broadcast, an ONU can steal the data of other.

• The GPON system uses AES128 line encryption technology to solve the
security issues.

• OLT sends a key exchange request to ONU and ONU generates and
sends the key to the OLT three times repeatedly.

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 Typical GPON Alarms
• If ONU has some alarm, it goes into POP-UP state.
– OLT detects LOS alarm at ONT.
– It stops sending traffic from ONT.
– If there is a backup fiber then switch-over.

• Examples of some Alarms

– ONTi: ONT off line, not switched on
– DGi: Dying-gasp, ONT sudden power supply loss
– LOA: Loss of Acknowledgement from ONT to OLT
– LOAM: Loss of PLOAM channel (Physical Layer Operations,
Administration and Maintenance)
– LOKi: Loss of Key synchronizing
– LINK-DN: Fiber cut
– NotConn: Connection not established with ONT
– SFP-OUT: SFP is pulled out from optical port
– Unit Mismatch: Pre-config and actual unit is not same

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 Service Configuration Steps
• ONU creation
• Creating T-CONTs
• Adding GEM (GPON Encapsulation
Method) ports
• Mapping of service to GEM port
• Mapping of GEM ports with T-CONTs ONT

• DBA profile creation

Bandwidth type for type of T-CONTs

• Creating S.No. and password of ONU NOC is able to
configure and monitor
• Creating VLAN for service at GEM port. FTTH Network
• Alarm profile to set threshold for parameters remotely through OLT
for alarms connection.
– Signal loss threshold for power
– Error threshold

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 GPON Network Connectivity: Case-1
• MDU (Multi Dwelling Unit), SFU (Single Family Unit) and
SBU (Single Business Unit) connectivity.
• OLT to OLT connectivity.

MDU

SBU

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 GPON Network Connectivity: Case-2
• FTTO, FTTH, FTTB/C
• RF Cable TV connection.

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 GPON Network Connectivity: Case-3
• GPON mobile backhaul: Chosen to replace the old microwave backhaul.

Pseudo Wire Emulation

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 FTTH Network

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 FTTH Network Overview
• Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Network is consisting of OLT, ONT and Out-
Side Plant (OSP).

• Outside plant refers to all outdoor Fiber cabling and splitters along with
associated hardware such as conduit, cabinets, or poles etc.

Splitter

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 Why FTTH?
• FTTH Network can provides following services to the customers at their
premises.
– Telephony
– High speed internet
– Video on demand
– HDTV

• FTTH is used because of:

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 Characteristics of FTTH

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 Drivers for FTTH
• DSL access operator who want to migrate to fiber
– Low quality of existing networks DSL
– Lesser Bandwidth and distance

• Cable TV operator

• Real estate developers

– Single connection point of triple play
 Telephony
 High speed internet
 Video on demand
 HDTV

• Cellular operators
– Fiber in the backhauls

Low maintenance cost due to passive infrastructure

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 Types of Customers for FTTH Services
• Residential
– Typical residential services include
 Basic telephony
 Internet access
 IPTV

• Business
– Requires high bandwidth, high reliability,
uptime guarantees, low latency and high security than residential.
– In addition to residential services they requires
 Video conferencing and telepresence
 Cloud services
 Stock exchange connectivity

• Public Sector
– Schools, libraries, hospitals, doctors surgeries and other government organization, all
require internet connectivity.

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 Challenges for FTTH Network

Challenge Impact

Manpower need to be competent to Insufficient skilled manpower will delay

deploy and maintain the network deployment thus increasing project cost
New civil construction may required to New users afraid of subscribing to the
deploy fiber upto the customer FTTH services due to extensive civil
premises work required
Customer equipment is to be updated If it is not updated, customers will fail to
from DSL to fully enjoy benefits of experience benefits of FTTH over DSL
FTTH
Customers are unknown of the new So customers are reluctant to adopt
capabilities of FTTH FTTH services
Obtaining permissions for installation Delay the project, affect the cost
new infrastructure and removing of
legacy infrastructure like copper wire

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 FTTH Network Route Survey
• Route survey is to be conducted before installing outside plant devices.

• Route survey is done to identify the hazards and obstructions in the fiber
route path.

• Route Survey includes:

– Survey of the fiber cable for outside routes and inside buildings route.
– Building/road/street location.
– If there are questions regarding local building codes or
regulations, they should be addressed to the
Govt. Authority.
– Survey of fiber cable route for new and existing ducts.
– Check the underground water levels.
– Fiber length calculation
– Survey to define the Splitters/FDH/Drop-box locations and termination points.
– Survey of customers density.

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 Design Layers of FTTH Network
• Designing of followings are required

Density of Subscribers

Types of Services to be
delivered as per types of
subscribers

Types of OLT and ONT

required as per ports

Types of fiber and laying

method, types of splitters
and terminating devices
required at ODN

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 Parameters for FTTH Network Design
• Following parameters are required to design a FTTH Network.
– Maximum transmission distance
– Optical attenuation for the system
– Fiber type
– Attenuation for connectors
– Attenuation by splice
– Connector types
– Network location for OLT, Splitters housing and ONT

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 Designing ideal FTTH Network Area Location
• Target
– Placing Central office/node and OSP elements with less network cost in the field.
• Ideal Serving Network Area
– Area with uniform customer density divided in square blocks having streets arranged
around square boundaries. One square is one PON area having 32 homes.
– Total Homes: 8x8x32 = 2048 homes

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 Possible CO Locations with ideal Network Area
• Moving the CO around the area to study the effects of its position on total
network costs with different fiber routes, cable sizes and capacities.

• Variation found in outside plant cost only not the OLT or ONT cost.

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 Location for a CO in ideal Network (Uniform Density)
• For a square area with uniform density throughout, the ideal OLT
location is in the middle of the area it serves.
– Provide less network cost
– Give low optical power loss

• This is called Geographic Economical Location (GEL).

But not all areas have this characteristic of uniform density.

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 Location for a CO in ideal Network (Uneven Density)
• Density plays a role in CO or node location.

• With uneven density, the ideal location of

CO moves from the center of the serving
area to closer to the denser area.

• Denser area has more customers, can give OLT

more revenue.

• Other areas’ costs increase as CO or node

is moved further away.
Density of 64 homes instead of 32

• This is called Density Economical Location (DEL).

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 Designing for Locating CO/OLT in FTTH
• Firstly, locate the GEL point considering the uniform area.
– Locate the OLT at center of the serving area.
–
• Then adjust it for DEL point considering number of customers location.
– Shift the OLT toward higher density of customers.

• After establishing the DEL, the designer can examine the area to locate
appropriate land or rights-of-way.

• Access to a road network is needed for placing cables.

- Because not many towns or cities are ideal, the planner must make
adjustments to fit actual city or area layouts.

- Experience is important in meshing the ideal with the actual.

- Planners should make every effort to come as close as possible to the ideal.

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 FTTH Network Designing Flow Diagram

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 Optical Splitter

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 Function of Optical Fiber Splitter
• Optical Fiber splitter can split one input optical signal into two or more
equal output optical signals and also combine multiple input optical
signals to make one output optical signal.

• Splitter is a bidirectional passive device, consume no power, it is immune

to EMI, does not add noise to system design.

• It is independent of wavelength and not sensitive to temperature .

• Used in FTTH network to expand the access network.

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 Split Ratio
• Fiber splitters have input and output configurations defined as M : N
called splitting ratio.
– M is the number of input ports, generally 1.
– N is the number of output ports, generally 2,4,8,16,32,64,128.

In Port Out Ports

• Splitting ratio 1:8 means, 01 input and 08 equal outputs.

01 Input 08 outputs

As the split ratio increases, the distance from OLT to ONT reduces.

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Typical Splitter Loss

Splitter Ratio Ideal Loss / Port (dB) Excess Loss (dB, max) Typical Loss (dB)
1:2 3 1 4
1:4 6 1 7
1:8 9 2 11
1:16 12 3 15
1:32 15 4 19
 Example of a ODN Splitter 2:32

Optical Splitter 2:32

Used in case of Protection

Centralized or Cascaded splitter configuration can be used.

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 Centralized Splitting (S1)
• Fiber from OLT is connected to First level splitter (S1) then to each
subscriber location ONT.

• Easier to test and troubleshoot. May have a lower failure rate due to fewer
splitter devices in field.

• Lower signal loss.

• A splitter port and dedicated fiber for every subscriber.

S1

ONT

OLT

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 Centralized Splitting Level Design
• In Urban areas, the number of homes (ONT) should be defined, where
the splitters will be installed.

• A centralized approach typically uses one 1:32 or 1:64 splitter level1,

located in a fiber distribution hub (FDH).

• The splitter is directly connected via a single fiber to a OLT.

• Other side of the splitter, fibers are routed to 32 or 64 customers ONT.

• Usually Deployed in Crowded city or Town areas.

FDH
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 Distributed or Cascaded Splitting (S1, S2..)
• Multiple smaller splitters (1:2, 1:4 and 1:8) can be distributed In network.

• Lower distribution cable fiber count.

• Reduces the requirements for big splitter cabinet, closure may be used.

• May have a higher failure rate due to more splitter devices in field.

• Higher overall splitter loss.

S2
S1

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 Cascaded Splitting Level Design
• This design may use a more than one 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16 splitter levels
(S1, S2..) connected in the cascaded form, residing in an OSP enclosure.

• First level of splitter (S1) is directly connected to a fiber at an OLT port.

• Last level of splitter (S2) is connected to customers home ONTs.

• Cascaded splitting design is

used in rural areas.

• Cover widely spread area, ONTs

conserve resources and
save the money OLT

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 Splitting Ratio Design in FTTH Network
• For the Centralized splitting design, 1:32 or 1:64 splitter is used.

• In Cascaded splitting design, 1:4 and 1:8 splitter may be used more often.

• To ensure a reliable signal transmission, the longer the transmission

distance, the lower splitting ratio should be used.
– Splitting ratio 1:32 can be considered upto 20 km.
– Distance upto 5 km, 1:64 split ratio can be considered.

Case: One OLT contains 16 GPON line

cards. One card has 8 GPON ports. One port can
serve 64 subscribers by using 1:64 splitting ratio.
Then, 16 ports (two cards) are sufficient to serve
1024 subscribers in FTTH network.

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 Which is Better Design?
• Calculate OLT to any ONT loss
OLT OLT

ONT ONT

No difference

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 Which is Better Design?
• Calculate OLT to different colored ONT loss
OLT OLT
Fiber: 0.3db/km

ONT ONT
“A” “A”

ONT
ONT

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 FTTH Network Link Budget

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 Example of Optical Interfaces Parameters
• Varies as per data rate and type of OLT and ONT
Items Unit Single fibre

OLT: OLT

•Mean launched power MIN dBm +1.5

•Mean launched power MAX dBm 5

•Minimum sensitivity dBm -28

•Minimum overload dBm -8

•Downstream optical penalty dB 0.5

ONT: ONT

•Mean launched power MIN dBm 0.5

•Mean launched power MAX dBm 5

•Minimum sensitivity dBm -27

•Minimum overload dBm -8

•Upstream optical penalty dB 0.5

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 Design Criteria for Optical Receive Power
• Transmitter output power = X dBm
• Receiver sensitivity = Y dBm
• Receiver overload = B dBm

Recommended Receiving Power Range: Y+3(dBm) to B-5(dBm)

• Basic elements to determine total link loss.

– Fiber loss ONT
– OLT trans power
– ONT receive sensitivity
– Number of splices loss ONT

– Number of connectors loss

– Splitter loss ONT

– Margin

ONT

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 Power Budget
• It is end to end total loss of Fiber, Splitter, Connectors and Splices.
• P is power budget, total end to end loss
• FCA is Fiber Cable Attenuation in dB/km,
P (Total end to end loss) = FCA x L + SL + Penalties • L is a distance
• SL is a splitter loss.
• Penalties are the losses at splices and connectors.

(L)

• Power budget is used to calculate the receive optical power at ONT.

ONT Receive Power = OLT Trans Power – Total Link Loss It should be > ONT Receive sensitivity

SL FCA dB/km

1:32

Splices

Connectors
L

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 Example: Power Budget
• Power Budget for different Splitters, Distance, Wavelengths.

Example:
• P is power budget, total end to end loss
• FCA is Fiber Cable Attenuation in dB/km,
• L is a distance
• SL is a splitter loss.
• Penalties are the losses at splices and
connectors.

SL FCA dB/km

1:32

Splices

Connectors
L

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 Calculate Receive Power at ONT With Given Planning Data

Total
Parameter Value Values

Laser Power from OLT +2dBm

Receiver Sensitivity at ONT -28dBm
Link Distance 20 kms
Fiber Attenuation 0.4dB/km at 1310nm 8dB
No. of Connectors 4 (loss: 0.4dB per connector) 1.6dB
No. of Splices 15 (loss: 0.1dB per splice) 1.5dB
Splitter used 1:32 17.5dB 17.5dB
Total Loss 28.6dB

Receive Power at ONT =?+2dBm– 28.6dB = -26.6dBm Link Margin = 1.4dB

Which Type of ONT will be used: ?Class “C”

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 Fiber Cable Design of FTTH Network

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 ITU Fiber Standards
• G.652 Dispersion un-shifted single-mode optical fibre.

• G.653 Dispersion shifted single-mode optical fibre

• G.654 Cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre

• G.655 Non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre

• G.656 Non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode fibre for wideband optical

transport

• G.657 Bending loss insensitive single-mode optical fibre

Mainly used Fibers in FTTH Network:

G.652 and G.657

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 Fiber Cable Sections in FTTH
• Feeder Cable

• Distribution Cable Splitter

Level 1

• Drop Cable

OLT

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 Feeder Cable in FTTH
• The feeder cabling runs from OLT to the level-1 splitter to provide
connections to one or more distribution cables.

• Feeder cable may be a high count cable, hundreds of fibers.

• The feeder cabling may cover a distance up to few kilometers specially

in case of Rural area.

• For underground, suitably sized ducts (40 mm HDPE ) will be required.

High-count fibre cable

(Loose tubes)

Modular cable (duct system)

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13
 Distributed Cable in FTTH
• It connects splitter-level1 to the next splitter
level or the subscribers premises.

• They are intermediate link connecting the

feeder cable subsystem and the drop cable
subsystem.

• Medium-sized fiber counts about 48 to 192

fibers, cover lesser distance than feeder cable.

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13
 Outdoor Feeder/ Distribution Cable
• Generally, G.652D standard single mode loose tube fiber cable is used.

• Maximum attenuation
– At 1310nm: 0.36dB/km
– At 1550nm: 0.22dB/km

• As per requirement, 8F, 16F, 24F, 48F, 96F.... cable with central strength
member of Reinforced Plastic, and steel armor is used.

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13
 Drop Fiber
• Residential area drop cable may use G.657A/B fibers. Two fibers drop cable

– 0.45/0.30db/km loss at 1310/1550nm respectively

– Drop cable may be Aerial, Direct Buried, Underground in Conduit
– Ribbon fiber or non-ribbon fiber
• One fiber drop cable

• Bending criteria of drop cable is more important.

• Install the ONT near the building entry or a cable riser,

if possible.

• Select short and straight route for fiber to avoid sharp bend.

• Cleats and straps restricted to < 500m and not to be over tightened.
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13
 Indoor Riser Cable in Case of Multi-dwelling building
• Installed through vertical PVC pipe riser.

• Riser Cable is a mini-breakout cable.

• It contains fibers called pico-breakouts.

• Pico breakouts can be pulled through

a pipe/tube (50mm).

• Outer sheath of LSZH.

• OTB is used to break out necessary fibers

and splice to branch connection given to OTB
each floor.

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13
 Indoor Riser Fiber Cable Laying: Example
Low Rise Building
- Splice closure at basement
- At each floor OTB
- Drop fibers from OTB run horizontally to each subscriber

Horizontal cable

OTB
Optical
Termination OTB
Box

SC/APC or

Connectorized Spliced

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13
 Example: Indoor Drop Cabling Design-1
Low Rise Building
- Splicing closure at basement
- Individual fiber to each floor/subscriber through riser

Splice Box

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13
 Example: Indoor Drop Cabling Design-2
High Rise Building
- ODF at Basement
- 02 fibers to each flat (ONT term box)

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13
 Example: Indoor Drop Cabling Design-3
Medium Rise Building
Each terminal box (OTB) has
- One trunk fiber
- One splitter for 3 or 4 floors

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13
 FTTH Ring Configuration
• To provide uninterrupted service in case of failure in feeder fiber line.

• Two ports of OLT is used,

configured as Main and Stand-by.

• 2:N Type splitters are used in ring.

• In case of any feeder fiber at

splitters or OLT port is faulty,
standby port becomes active and
feed the required splitters.

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13
 FTTH Network in Rural Areas

17
 Main issue in Rural Area FTTH Network
• With scattered customers in rural areas, Where should the optical splitter
be placed?

• There are three options:

At Central Office

In the Cabinet at Field

In the multiple Closures at field

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17
 Which is Better Option
• Home Run is not economical:
– One fiber from OLT to each home Requires
large size cables for long distances and
extensive splicing.

• Splitter Cabinet is not economical:

– Requires a cabinet, long distances fibers
and splicing. Bring more cost.

• Distributed Splitting is most

economical for rural areas
– Significantly reduces cable sizes
– Significantly reduces splicing requirements
– Eliminates need for splitter cabinets

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17
 Distributed/Cascaded Splitter in Field
• Good for widely scattered rural areas, no need of OLT at each village.

• Splitters located in FDT and FAT locations and spliced.

• Smaller numbers of FDT and larger numbers of FATs are needed.

• Minimize the amount of feeder fibers.

• Use of fusion spliced splitter in rural areas reduces optical loss and also
reduces the problem causes by dirty connectors.

(FDT)

ONT

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17
 Suggestions for FTTH Design in Rural Areas
• By moving the splitter closer to the homes in a rural area we can
– Minimize the lengths of the 32 output drop fibers in case of 1:32 splitter.
– By placing splitters in Splice-Cases closure with drop fibers can eliminate the need for
separate housing like cabinet which increase the cost and has loss giving connectors.

• Use 1:32 PLC splitters as first level splitter and 1:4 or 1:8 PLC splitters at
next levels toward customers, also one spare fiber for each location.

• Distributed splitters are better for accommodating unplanned growth.

• Use fast connectors and ATB box( Socket panel) at each house for fast
connection.

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17
 Cascaded Splitter using Closure in Rural Areas
• It can be installed 1pcs 1x32 PLC splitter or 2pcs 1x16 PLC splitter.

• Wall-mounting or pole mounting.

• IP safety rate is IP68.

Next Closure

or FAT

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17
 Cascaded Splitter with Fiber Reuse Architecture
• Fiber reuse method for 12-fiber cable with 1:32 split ratio: fiber-efficient.
– In the same cable, fiber 1 to 8 are feeder fibers and 9 to 12 fibers are distribution fibers.
– fibers 9 to 12 do not connect to central office, they are “reused” in each local area.
– Effective in large rural area and because of small components like Fiber, Closure,
Terminals having less impact to buildings.
– Extremely efficient in terms of fiber usage, equipment costs, ease-of-installation but
more difficult to design.

OLT

Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1

Splitter Splitter Splitter Splitter

Level 2 Splitter Level 2 Splitter Level 2 Splitter

Level 2 Splitter
1:8 1:8 1:8
1:8
(Each splitter Serving only local area)

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17
 Example: FAT Connectivity in Rural area
• Fiber Access Terminal consists of splitters.

• Distribution fibers are spliced into the

splitter inputs.

• Pre-connected adapters on the splitter

outputs to allow fast connections with
pre-connectorized drop cables.

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17
 Example: Block to Grampanchayat Connectivity

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17
 Fiber Distribution and Management System (FDMS)
• FDMS is a modular design that is used to terminate the two ends fiber
cables, having sub-racks with splicing cum patching shelf.

• Able to accommodate all types of fiber cable: ribbon or loose tube.

• It shall provide well engineered bend

radius control throughout the system. Sub-rack

Example:

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17
 Maintenance of FTTH Network

18
 Main Causes of FTTH Network Failure
• Laser Transmitted Power
– Abnormal launch power, temperature and aging

• Optical Receiver Power

– Receiver sensitivity, overload power and safety margin

• Fiber Connections
– Dirty connectors, fiber bending and splices loss

• Fiber Cable
– Fibre loss

• Others
– Card or port faulty

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19
 Multiple Testing Points in FTTH Network
• Anywhere at the Splitter or Patch-panel optical connector

• Anywhere at the Drop Terminal Optical Connector

• At OLT and ONU Optical Connector

- On a live FTTH network, a PON Power Meter must be used to

investigate when signals are out of tolerance.

- To pinpoint any fiber breaks, macro-bending, faulty splices or

connectors, an OTDR with a live testing port must be usedfrom
the customer’s location.
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19
 Fiber Testing by OTDR.
• Used to measure losses at splices, connectors, splitters losses and total
end-to end fiber loss via more than one splitters.

• Enable to test faulty fiber by blocking incoming transmission signals

• Testing wavelengths are 1310nm, 1490nm, 1550nm, 1625nm.

• Out-of-band wavelength (1625/1650nm) will not interfere in the network.

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19
 Fiber Testing by OTDR.
• Used to measure losses at splices, connectors, splitters losses and total
end-to end fiber loss via more than one splitters.

• Enable to test faulty fiber by blocking incoming transmission signals

• Testing wavelengths are 1310nm, 1490nm, 1550nm, 1625nm.

• Out-of-band wavelength (1625/1650nm) will not interfere in the network.

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19
 Fiber Trace at OTDR
Near End
Reflection And
Dead Zone

A B

Reflective Event End Of

B/Scatter Fiber
(Mech. Splice Or
Connector)

dB
Fresnel Refl.
None
Reflective
Event (Fusion
Splice Or
Bend)

Distance

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19
 Optical Power Measurement by Dual-port PON Meter
• The PON power meter allows users to simultaneously measure optical
receive power on upstream (1310nm) from the ONT and downstream
(1490nm & 1550nm) from the OLT.

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19
 Fiber Loss Measurement by PON Optical Meter-Sets
• Measurement of insertion loss (IL) and optical return loss (ORL) using
transmitting power at one end and receiving at another end.

• At both sites engineers are required.

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19
 Possible Fault Scenario
• PON Case 1: Simple PON - Only One Customer isAffected
– Possible faults may be
 Fault in the fiber between the customer and
the closest splitter
 Fault in the ONT optical port
 Fault in the customer’s home wiring

• PON Case 2: Cascaded PON and all Affected Customers are Connected
to the Same Splitter
– Possible faults may be
 Fault at the last splitter
 Fault in the fiber link between the cascaded
splitters

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19
 Possible Fault Scenario
• PON Case 3: All Customers are Affected (at the OLT level)
– Possible fault may be
 Fault in the splitter closest to the OLT
 Fault in the feeder cable of the fiber network
 Fault in the optical port or connector of OLT line card

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19
 Tender Requirement

18
 Tender SoR

S. No. Description UoM OEM Qty. P2 Qty. P3

Active Infrastructure
1 OLT No. Alphion 34 37
2 ONT No. Alphion 1523 1677
3 Misc. item per OLT No. 3rd Party 34 37
4 LCT No. Alphion 16 18
Radio Infrasturcture
1 RF equipment at GP incl. Pole & Access. No. Maksat 16 17
2 RF equipment at Block incl. Pole & Access. No. Maksat 16 17
Power Infrastructure
1 SPV System No. Fujiyama 1523 1677
Services (active Infrastructure) - EMS NOC

1 EMS Hardware & Software No. Alphion 1 1

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19
 GPON OLT Spec asked in the tender

Reliability Requirement:
• Interface and power supplies in the OLT should be in 1+1 hot standby mode. All the cards
in OLT rack should be in hot swappable mode.
• Control Cards shall work in Active-Active or Active-Hot Standby fashion.
• Fan Modules shall be in provided in N+N configuration.
• Backplane shall have redundant architecture for connectivity between LT & NT ports.

Line Termination Requirement

• OLT Chassis should support various line cards having 4/ 8/ 16 or more PON ports
• The line interface slots in the devices shall be universal.

Network Termination Requirement

• OLT must support network side cards with 1G ports or 10G ports.
• The uplink interface must support link aggregation (IEEE 802.3ad) with Load sharing and
Active/standby configurations.
• Two Network termination cards should be provided per OLT in redundancy/ load sharing
configuration.
• Each network termination card equipped with Four (4) 1 GigE uplink interfaces
• Network termination card equipped with two (2) 10 GigE uplink shall be optional and may
be used in future.

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19
Alphion OLT look and feel

• 9 RU, ETSI 515 mm hole to hole rack mount,

• Supports card hot swap
• Redundant 1+1 controller and 1+1
• aggregation switch card options
• 1+1 (from different cards) uplink
• protection option
• 1:1 (same card) uplink protection option
• Stable GPON
• 2.488Gbps downstream and 1.244Gbps
• upstream
• 128 bit AES encryption and FEC
• 802.3ad LAG and 802.3ad LACP (option)
• G.8031 linear and G.8032 ring ERPS V1/v2
• Downlink interface: 4+4 GPONs (SFPs)
• per GLCPx10
• Uplink interface: 8 x 1GbE (SFP) and 2 x 10GbE
(XFP) per SWT x2
 GPON ONT Spec asked in the tender

• One Uplink PON Port

• Four (4) Ethernet ports with 10/100/1000 Base-T interface
• IEEE 802.11n Wi-Fi Interface with in-built implementation.
• 1 USB 2.0 ports (or better) for interfacing with SPV power systems for online monitoring purposes
and other similar management functions
• 2 POTs ports

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19
 FDMS TYPE – 1
As per TEC GR No. GR/FDM-01/02. APR 2007 with Amendment Dated 02.05.2012, with latest amendments if any.

42
41
42 40
41 39
40 38
39 37
36
38
48F S&P – 6 Nos. 37
35
34
36
33
35
32
34
31
24F S&P – 4 Nos 33
30
32
29
31
28
30
27
29 26
SM 192F 28 25
27 24
26 23
25 22
24
Open 23
21
20
22 19
21 18
20 17
Splitter Box 19 16
18 15

• It will be installed at OLT locations. 17

16
14
13
15 12
FMS
• Splicing capacity will be decided as per site requirement. 14
13
11
10

• Positiong of FDMS is important and should be planned such that installation of 12

11
9
8

IN-OUT fiber and patch cords from OLT can be easily installed and well Open 10 7
6
9
manageable. 8
5
4
7
3
6
2
Open 5
1
4
3
2
1
 FDMS TYPE – 3B
As per TEC GR No. GR/FDM-01/02. APR 2007 with Amendment Dated 02.05.2012, with latest amendments if any.

• It will be installed at ONT locations.

• Splicing capacity will be decided as per site requirement.
• Positiong of FDMS is critical and should be planned such that
installation of incoming fiber, earthing arrangement and power source
should be closer as much as possible.
 Solar Power Equipment
As per TEC GR No GR/SPV-02/03 May 2008, with latest amendments if any

FDMS - TYPE 3B
SOLAR
PANEL
ONT

CCU
GRID
POWER
12V, 17AH USB Interface
Battery

• It will be installed at ONT locations and provide 12V DC to ONT

• Installation of Solar Panel is critical, there should not be any clutter between solar panel and
sunlight.
• CCU & 12V Battery will be housed inside Type 3B FDMS.
 GP SITE ARRANGEMENT OF FDMS, SPV,ONT & SPLITTER

BIDDER 1 HFCL Proposed FDMS BIDDER 3

 Discussion on BSNL AT Test Cases

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19
  What is Access Network?
 Optical Fiber Communication
 Different Optical Connectors
 What is GPON Technology?
 Different Configuration of Optical Splitters
 FTTH Network Power Budget
 Fiber Cable Designing in FTTH Network
 FTTH Network in Rural Area
 Maintenance of FTTH Network

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 THANK YOU
THANK YOU

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