CS 362 : Computer Design
January 28th – Electrical Systems
Announcements
• Lab 01 was due Yesterday (Monday 1/27)
• Demo through Thursday : 25% deduction
• Demo by next Monday : 50% deduction
• Lab 2: due Monday 2/3
• 3-bit Counter
• Uses Input (pushbuttons) and Output (LEDs)
CS 362 : Computer Design
More Announcements
• Milestone 1: due Friday 1/31
• Post individual project idea in reply to piazza post
• Link post and submit to Gradescope
• Homework 1: due Friday 2/7
• Out this week
• Ohm’s Law
• Series and Parallel Circuits
• Milestone 2: due Friday 2/14
• Have Teams Determine
• Have Project Idea Determined
CS 362 Group Project Requirements
● Groups of 3-4 people
● Must utilize One Arduino per person
○ minimum of 3-4 arduinos
● Must utilize Two external device types per person
○ minimum of 6-8 external device types
○ As many of each external device type as needed
● Must utilize some communication mechanism between Arduinos
○ ethernet, bluetooth, serial, wifi, etc
● Must involve some original work
3
Group Project Deliverables/Milestones
1. Project ideas - 1 paragraph per idea (individual) – Fri. 1/31
2. Determine Team & Project Concept – Fri. 2/14
3. Initial Design Document – Mon. 3/3
4. Slides of Design Presentation – Sun. 3/16
5. Design Presentation of Project – Mon. 3/17
6. Critique of Design Presentation (individual) – Mon. 3/17
7. Updated Design Document – Fri. 4/4
8. Project Demonstration – Mon. 4/28
9. Project Final Report – Wed. 4/30
10.Team Assessment (individual) – Fri. 5/2
4
CS 362 Group Project Requirements
Who is currently NOT in a Group of 3-4 people?
● Raise your hands
● Look around to see who might be a teammate
○ Who has lab at: 8am? 10am? 12pm? 2pm? 4pm?
● Teams of 3 – Can you use a 4th person?
Having teammates who share the same lab time is good!
● During lab you can hold team meetings
● Have entire group go to the most common Lab Room
● Biggest challenge most teams faced was finding time to meet
● This helps solve that challenge 5
CS 362 : Computer Design
Reading
From Vol IV – Digital Circuits in All About Circuits
• Chapter 11: Sequential Circuits
Voltage, Current, and Resistance
Voltage (V) - the potential for charge to move
• measured in Volts – Unit symbol: V
• Note: E is sometimes used instead of V
• E = electromotive force (old-school term)
Current (I) - the amount of charge flow
• measured in Amperes – Unit symbol: A
Resistance (R) - a wire's opposition to flow
• measured in Ohms – Unit symbol: Ω
Ohm's Law : V = IR (could be E = IR)
Voltage (V), Current (I), and Resistance (R)
V = IR When we need to find Voltage
I = V/R When we need to find Current
R = V/R When we need to find Resistance
Water analogy
● Water = Charge
● Pressure = Voltage
● Flow = Current
Water analogy
● Water = Charge
● Pressure = Voltage
● Flow = Current
● Tap Width = Resistance
How is the relationship between Resistance
and Current?
A. Direct Relationship: If one decreases, the other decreases.
B. Inverse Relationship: If one increases, the other decreases.
C. Both
D. None, these are unrelated
● Water = Charge
● Pressure = Voltage
● Flow = Current
● Tap Width = Resistance
Relationship between variables
A. Direct Relationship
• Resistance and Current Inverse Relationship B. Inverse Relationship
• Voltage and Current ??? C. Neither
D. Both
Direct Relationships are written as A = kB where k is a nonzero constant.
Inverse Relationships are written as where k is a nonzero constant.
Conductivity
• Property of materials
• Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of the electrical resistivity
More conductive
Less conductive
Which of these materials is electrically
conductive?
A. Copper
B. Glass
C. Plastic
D. Wood
Drawing Circuits
Positive
Negative
https://www.brainpop.com/games/circuitconstructionkitdc/?topic_id=9ad519c
116b87b84
Circuits
Closed circuit
● A closed circuit is one that is complete, with good continuity throughout.
● Electricity will flow from positive to negative as long as there is a connection (a path)
V=IR
Open circuit
An open circuit is one where the continuity has been broken by an interruption in
the path for current to flow.
Switch Resistor
https://www.brainpop.com/games/circuitconstructionkitdc/?topic_id=9ad519c116b87b84
Circuits with a switch
7 Difference between Open Circuit and Closed Circuit | Example
iClicker - Find the current in the following circuit
(don’t forget to type the unit)
I=?
Exercise 1 - Find the current in the following
circuit (don’t forget to type the unit)
V = IR
I = V/R
I = 5v / 5Ω
I=1A
Exercise 2 - Find the current in the following
circuit (don’t forget to type the unit)
I=?
OFF
Ground
Exercise 2 - Find the current in the following
circuit (don’t forget to type the unit)
I=?
OFF
Switch is open
- no current flowing
I = 0V / 5Ω
Ground
I=0A
Exercise 3 - Find the total current (current in the
battery) in the following circuit
(don’t forget to type the unit)
I=?
Exercise 3 - Find the total current (current in the
battery) in the following circuit
(don’t forget to type the unit)
I=?
Short Circuit
- No Resistance
I = 5V / 0Ω
I=ꚙA
Exercise 4 - Find the current in the following
circuit (don’t forget to type the unit)
I=?
220Ω
12v
Exercise 4 - Find the current in the following
circuit (don’t forget to type the unit)
I=?
I = V/R
220Ω
I = 12V / 220Ω
I = 0.05454545 A
12v
Series Circuit
Electrical components connected in a single path
• Same current at all points along the path
• Different voltages at each point between the resistors
What is the total resistance?
Rtotal = ?
Assume:
R1 is 5 Ohms
R2 is 3 Ohms
R3 is 2 Ohms
Battery is 5 V
What is the total resistance?
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3
Assume: R total = 5Ω + 3Ω + 2Ω
R total = 10Ω
R1 is 5 Ohms
R2 is 3 Ohms
R3 is 2 Ohms
Battery is 5 V
What is the current?
I=?
Assume:
R1 is 5 Ohms
R2 is 3 Ohms
R3 is 2 Ohms
Battery is 5 V
What is the current?
I=?
Assume:
V = IR
R1 is 5 Ohms I = V/R
R2 is 3 Ohms
R3 is 2 Ohms Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3
R total = 5Ω + 3Ω + 2Ω
Battery is 5 V
R total = 10Ω
I = V/R
I = 5V / 10Ω
I = 0.5 A
We add resistors to lower the current to
avoid burning out the LED.
Where should we wire the the resistor?
A. Before the LED
B. After the LED
C. Either, before or after the LED
D. Neither, no resistor is needed
We add resistors to lower the current to
avoid burning out the LED.
Where should we wire the the resistor?
A. Before the LED Current will always be
B. After the LED the same along any
C. Either, before or after the LED single path of a circuit.
D. Neither, no resistor is needed
Series Circuit
Electrical components connected in a single path
• Same current at all points along the path
• Different voltages at each point between the resistors
Series Circuit
Electrical components connected in a single path
• Same current at all points along the path
• Different voltages at each point between the resistors
Voltage at Different Points Along a Circuit
• Reference point A has the voltage of the baterry. 5V in this case.
• Reference point C is known as ground (or GND) and carries a
voltage of 0V
• The total sum of all voltage drops must be equal to the total voltage
Voltmeter shows a
Voltage Drop of 2.5V
across the 1k-ohm
resistor labeled R1.
This reference point is known as ground (or
GND) and carries a voltage of 0V
At Point A: 5V (Power)
A
At Point C: 0V (Ground)
R1
Voltage Drop across
B resistor R1 is 2.5V
R2
Voltage After =
C Voltage Before –
Voltage Drop
At Point B: 2.5V
• 2.5V = 5V – 2.5V
This reference point is known as ground (or
GND) and carries a voltage of 0V
At Point A: 5V (Power)
A At Point B: 2.5V
At Point C: 0V (Ground)
R1
Series Circuit Same Current!
B Rtotal = 1kΩ + 1kΩ = 2000Ω
R2 I = V/Rtotal = 5V/2000Ω
I = 0.0025 A
C
To Calculate the Voltage Drop:
VDropR1 = I•R1
VDropR1 = 0.0025A•1000Ω
VDropR1 = 2.5V
What is the Voltage at each point?
VA = ?
Assume: VB = ?
B
VC = ?
R1 is 5 Ohms VD = ?
C R2 is 3 Ohms
A R3 is 2 Ohms
Battery is 5 V
D
What is the Voltage at each point?
VA = 5V
Assume: VB = ?
B
VC = ?
R1 is 5 Ohms VD = 0V
C R2 is 3 Ohms
For VB and VC, we need to
A R3 is 2 Ohms
• determine the Voltage Drop
Battery is 5 V at each Resistor and
• subtract that value from
previous Voltage
D
VB = VA - VDR1
VC = VB - VDR2
What is the Voltage at each point?
VA = 5V
Assume: VB = ? = VA - VDR1
B
VC = ? = VB - VDR2
R1 is 5 Ohms VD = 0V = VC - VDR3
C R2 is 3 Ohms
A R3 is 2 Ohms First: we need Current:
Battery is 5 V Rtotal = 5Ω + 3Ω + 2Ω = 10Ω
I = V/Rtotal = 5V/10Ω
I = 0.5 A
D
Next: we need Voltage Drop
at each Resistor: VDR1, VDR2, VDR3
What is the Voltage at each point?
VA = 5V
Assume: VB = ? = VA - VDR1
B
VC = ? = VB - VDR2
R1 is 5 Ohms VD = 0V = VC - VDR3
C R2 is 3 Ohms
A R3 is 2 Ohms First: we need Current: I = 0.5A
Battery is 5 V Next: Voltage Drops
VDR1 = I•R1 = 0.5A • 5Ω = 2.5V
VDR2 = I•R2 = 0.5A • 3Ω = 1.5V
D
VDR3 = I•R3 = 0.5A • 2Ω = 1.0V
Last: Determine Voltages
What is the Voltage at each point?
VA = 5V
Assume: VB = ? = VA - VDR1
B
VC = ? = VB - VDR2
R1 is 5 Ohms VD = 0V = VC - VDR3
C R2 is 3 Ohms
A R3 is 2 Ohms Next: VDR1 = 2.5V, VDR2 = 1.5V,
Battery is 5 V VDR3 = 1.0V
Voltages:
D
VB = VA - VDR1 = 5v – 2.5V = 2.5V
VC = VB - VDR2 = 2.5V - 1.5V = 1.0V
VD = VC - VDR3 = 1.0V - 1.0V = 0V
What is the Voltage at each point?
VA = 5V
Assume: VB = 2.5V = VA - VDR1
B
VC = 1.0V = VB - VDR2
R1 is 5 Ohms VD = 0V = VC - VDR3
C R2 is 3 Ohms
A R3 is 2 Ohms Next: VDR1 = 2.5V, VDR2 = 1.5V,
Battery is 5 V VDR3 = 1.0V
Voltages:
D
VB = VA - VDR1 = 5v – 2.5V = 2.5V
VC = VB - VDR2 = 2.5V - 1.5V = 1.0V
VD = VC - VDR3 = 1.0V - 1.0V = 0V
