MATHEMATICS

AS A
TOOL
DATA MANAGEMENT
PART 1
 INTRODUCTION
01 BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS

02 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

03 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

04 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
 LEARNING OUTCOME:
1. Organize and present data in forms that are both meaningful and
useful to decisions makers;
2. Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical
data;
3. Use the methods of linear regression and correlations to predict the
value of a variable given certain conditions; and
4. Advocate the use of statistical data in making important decisions.
 BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
 Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with
the theory and method of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data.

 Statistical Investigation classified into two sub-areas:

 Descriptive Statistics
 Inferential Statistic
 SAMPLE AND POPULATION

 Population is a collection of all possible members

of a set of individuals, objects, or measurements. It
refers to groups or aggregates of people, objects or
things of any form.

 A population can either be finite or infinite.

 Finite Population
 Finite population are data sets from which the numbers
can be determined or counted immediately through
certain delimitation or putting into a certain scope and
coverage of subjects of study.

Infinite Population

 Infinite population are data sets from which the numbers

cannot be determined or counted immediately.
 Infinite Population
Example:

If the researcher is • School principals;

dealing with infinite • All government employees;
population for research or • All presidents of State Universities
for investigation purposes, and Colleges;
it is necessary to delimit its
scope and coverage so
• All students;
that its number can be • All faculty and staff;
determined immediately
thus, making infinite
population into a finite
 Finite Population
Example:
• School Principals in the Philippines;
• School Principals in Region XI;
• School Principals in province of
This is shows how to Davao del Sur;
delimit population of • School Principals in Digos City
subjects of study in
order to determine the
population
immediately, thus, a
finite population.
 SAMPLE AND POPULATION

 Sample is a part or portion of population.

 When you select only a subset of the total
population of interest for inference purposes, then
the set of your chosen individuals from the
population or universe is known as sample.
 SAMPLE AND POPULATION
The computation of the sample size, relative to the population size
has this formula:
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
Where:
𝑁 = the population size
𝑒 2 = the margin of error
𝑛 = the sample size
Note:
It is not advisable to seta certain percentage; instead, the margin of
error which is from 1% − 10% in social science researches
should be considered.
Example 1:
Find the sample size if the population size is 2,500 at 95% accuracy.
Solution: At 95% accuracy, the corresponding percentage margin of
error is 5% or 0.05 using the formula
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
2500
=
1 + 2,500(0.05)2
2500
=
1 + 2,500(0.0025)
2500
=
1 + 6.25
2,500
=
7.25
𝑛 = 344.83 𝑜𝑟 345
Example 2: A researcher is conducting an investigation regarding the factors
affecting the performance of 200 teachers in the 1st district of Digos City. If the
margin of error is 3%, how many of the teachers should be taken as respondents?

Solution: At 97% accuracy, the corresponding percentage margin of

error is 3% or 0.03 using the formula
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
200
=
1 + 200(0.03)2
200
=
1 + 200(0.0009)
200
=
1 + 0.18
200
=
1.18
𝑛 = 169.49 𝑜𝑟 𝟏𝟔𝟗
 Descriptive Statistics
 Methods of collecting, classifying, graphing, and
averaging data.

 The task of Statistician is to select a few procedures, do

some averaging, identify significant features of the
given data.
 Inferential Statistics
 Demands a higher degree of critical judgment and
advanced mathematical models.

 It is concerned with drawing conclusions or

generalizations from organized data.

 The task of Statistician is to test the significance of the

results.
 VARIABLES
 Variables it refers to observable characteristic or
phenomena of a person or object whereby the
members of the group or set vary from one another.

 Examples: weight, height, sex, year level, age, IQ,

Achievement test scores, etc.
 VARIABLES
Two kinds of variable:
 Qualitative Variables are variables that can be
placed into distinct categories, according to some
characteristic or attribute.

For example: If subjects are classified according to

sex (Male or Female), then the variable gender is
qualitative.
 VARIABLES
Two kinds of variable:
 Quantitative Variables are numerical and can be
ordered or ranked.

For example: The variable age is numerical, and

people can be ranked according to their ages.
 VARIABLES
Two groups of Quantitative Variables:
 Discrete Variables refer to variables that can be
obtained through counting like the number of deaths,
births, students, and marriages.
 Continuous Variables can never be exact no matter
what we do in getting the measurement. For example
are age, height, weight, temperature, volumes, areas,
and time.
 FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL LEVEL is the lowest level of data
measurement. The numbers representing nominal
data are used only for identification or classification.

Example:
ID number of a student, numbers on the uniform
jerseys of basketball players, and plate numbers of
vehicles.
 FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• ORDINAL LEVEL the numbers are used not only to
classify items but also to reflect some rank or order of
the individuals or objects.

Example:
Winners in a singing contest, hotel classifications,
military ranks.
 FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• INTERVAL LEVEL the measurements have all the
properties of ordinal data; in addition they also
measure the degree of differences between any two
classes.

Example:
Temperature reading in Celsius, Scores in
Intelligence tests, and Scholastic Grades of students.
 FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
• RATIO LEVEL has the same properties as interval level
but the zero point value of this level is absolute.

Example:
Height, Weight, Time, and Volume.
 PRESENTATION OF DATA
1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
- presents data in a paragraph form which combines text and numerical
facts in statistical report.
Example:
Data in business, Finance, Economics, or Industries
2. TABULAR PRESENTATION
- presents data in tables. It gives more precise, systematic, and orderly
presentation of data in rows and columns.

3. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
- is an effective method of presenting statistical results and can present
clear pictures of the data. There are several kinds of graphs, and some of these
are as follows:
 PRESENTATION OF DATA
a. Bar Graph consists of bars either vertically or horizontally and
usually constructed for comparative purposes. The lengths of the
bars represent the frequencies or magnitudes of the quantities
being compared.

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64
 PRESENTATION OF DATA
b. Line Graph shows the relationship between two or more sets of
quantities. It may show the relationship between two variables, and
it is best used to establish trends.

30

25

20

15

10

0
25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64
 PRESENTATION OF DATA
c. Pie Chart is used to represent quantities that make up a whole .
It is a circular diagram cut into subdivisions. It can be constructed
using percents or the actual figures.
INFO. TECH
6%

RAD TECH NURSING

27% 37%

CRIMINOLOGY
30%
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
 One type of measure being used to describe a data
set which yields information about the center or
majority of a group of numbers.

 The most common measures are the arithmetic

mean, median, and mode.
 Arithmetic Mean
 Arithmetic mean denoted by 𝑥.
 Mean is the sum of all values in a data set divided by the number of values that are
summed.
 It is written mathematically as
𝑥
𝑥= 𝑛
Where: 𝑥 = individual value, and
𝑛 = total number of values.
 Arithmetic Mean
 Example:
The following are the scores in a quiz by ten students in Algebra.
Find the mean score of the data set.
5, 12, 20, 16, 15, 23, 10, 18, 7, 11
Solution:
From the given data set, 𝑛 = 10.
Solve for the mean.
5+12+20+16+15+23+10+18+7+11 137
𝑥= 10
= 10
𝑥 = 13.7
 Weighted Mean
 The weighted mean denoted by 𝑥𝑤 .
 A set of values can be computed by multiplying each value with its
corresponding weight and taking the sum of the products and then divided by
the total number of weights written as
𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑥= 𝑛 𝑤
𝑖=1 𝑖
where:
𝑥𝑖 = individual value
𝑤𝑖 = weight of each value
 Weighted Mean
 Example:
The final grades of a student in six courses were taken and are shown
below. Compute the student’s weighted mean grade.
Course No. of Units Final Grade
Math 3 2.5
English 6 2.0
History 3 1.5
Filipino 3 1.4
Chemistry 5 2.4
Physical Education 2 1.1
 Course No. of
Units
Final Grade
Weighted Mean
Math 3 2.5
English 6 2.0
History 3 1.5
Solution:
Filipino 3 1.4
Solve for the weighted grade of each course.
Chemistry 5 2.4
Physical 2 1.1
Education
Course No. of Final Grade (𝒘 ∗ 𝒙)
Units (𝒘) (𝒙)
Thus, the weighted mean is Math 3 2.5 𝟕. 𝟓𝟎
English 6 2.0 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑥𝑖 History 3 1.5 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎
𝑥= 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 Filipino 3 1.4 𝟒. 𝟐𝟎
Chemistry 5 2.4 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟎
42.40
= Physical Education 2 1.1 𝟐. 𝟐𝟎
22
𝒘 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒙 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟎
𝑥𝑤 = 1.93
 MEDIAN
 The median denoted by 𝑥 .

 It is the middlemost value in the data set. It is found between the highest and the lowest
value in a rank order distribution and divides the distribution into two equal parts.

 Example:
Find the median of the following set of measurements.
25, 41, 56, 34, 28, 67, 49, 37, 52
Solution:
Arrange the data in ascending order
25, 28, 34, 37, 41, 49, 52, 56, 67
Locate the middlemost value. The middlemost value is the median.

25, 28, 34, 37, 41, 49, 52, 56, 67

𝑥 = 41
 MEDIAN
Example:
Find the median of the given data set.
4.5, 2.8, 5.6, 9.2, 3.5, 6.7, 3.9, 8.4
Solution:
Arrange the data in ascending order
2.8, 3.5, 3.9, 4.5, 5.6, 6.7, 8.4, 9.2
Locate the middlemost value. The middlemost value is the median.

2.8, 3.5, 3.9, 4.5, 5.6, 6.7, 8.4, 9.2

In this case, there are two middle values in the distribution. Obtain the mean of
the middle values and the mean is the median of the distributions.
4.5 + 5.6
𝑥=
2
𝑥 = 5.05
 MODE
 The mode denoted by 𝑥 .
 It is the value which occurs most frequently or has the highest frequency in the data set.

 Example:

Find the mode of the following data sets.

` a. 12, 15, 13, 12, 14, 17, 16, 12, 13, 19
b. 3.4, 2.2, 3.5, 3.4, 2.2, 2.6, 2.1, 3.9, 2.2, 3.4
c. 105, 200, 159, 110, 225, 170, 115, 250, 285, 190

Solution:
a. In the first data set , 12 has the highest frequency in the distribution;
therefore, the mode is
𝑥 = 12
 MODE
Example:
Find the mode of the following data sets.
b. 3.4, 2.2, 3.5, 3.4, 2.2, 2.6, 2.1, 3.9, 2.2, 3.4

Solution:

b. In the second data set , two values have the highest frequency;
therefore , there are two modes and the distribution is called bimodal.
The modes are:

𝑥 = 3.4 and 𝑥 = 2.2

 MODE
Example:
Find the mode of the following data sets.
c. 105, 200, 159, 110, 225, 170, 115, 250, 285, 190

Solution:
c. In the third data set , there is no value that occurs most often; therefore, there is
No mode in the distribution.

𝑥 = 𝐷𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

 It describes how spread the individual values are from the

average.
Among these measures are the range, variance, and standard
deviation.
 RANGE
 The range is the simplest and the easiest to compute
among the measures of dispersion, but it is also the most
unstable and most unreliable measure because it can
easily be affected by the extreme values.

 It is the difference between the highest and the lowest

values in the distribution.

 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑉 − 𝐿𝑉
 RANGE
Set A: 81, 83, 87, 90, 94
Set B: 84, 86, 87, , 88, 90
Set C: 85, 86, 87, 88, 89

Solution:
Set A: Range = HV – LV Set B: Range = HV – LV
= 94 – 81 = 90 – 84
= 13 =6
Set C: Range = HV – LV
= 89 – 85
=4

Based on the computed range for sets, A, B, and C, it can be

concluded that A has greater variability as compared to B, and C.
 VARIANCE
 The variance is the average of the squared deviation of the values
about the arithmetic mean.
 The population variance (𝜎 2 ) and can be obtained using the
2 𝑥−𝜇 2
formula: 𝜎 =
𝑁
Where: 𝑥 = individual value, 𝜇 =population mean, and 𝑁 = population
size.
 The sample variance (𝑠 2 ) and can be obtained using the formula:
2 𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑠 = 𝑛−1
Where: 𝑥 = individual value, 𝑥 = sample mean, and 𝑛 = sample size
 STANDARD DEVIATION
 The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

 It is popular, and it is the most reliable measure of variability

expressed in the same units as the raw data, unlike the variance,
which is expressed in squared units.

 The population standard deviation (𝜎), and can be computed as follows:

𝑥−𝜇 2
𝜎= 𝜎2=
𝑁
 The sample standard deviation (𝑠), and can be computed as:
𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑠= 𝑠2 =
𝑛−1
Example:
The distribution of School A in the hourly rate of teachers.

𝒙 𝒙−𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒙)𝟐

77 −14 196
84 −7 49
91 0 0
98 7 49
105 14 196
Total
(𝑥 − 𝑥 )2 = 490
 𝒙 𝒙−𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒙)𝟐

77 −14 196
84 −7 49
91 0 0
98 7 49
105 14 196
Total
(𝑥 − 𝑥 )2 = 490
 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
- The normal distribution was proposed by C.F. Gauss (1777 – 1855),
thus this was named Gaussian distribution, a model for relative
frequency distribution of errors such as errors of measurement.

- The normal distribution or Gaussian

distribution is an extremely important
concept because it occurs so often in
the data we collect from the natural
world.

- Every normal distribution has a bell-shaped curve that is symmetric about a

vertical line through the mean of the distribution.
 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The Normal Curve has the following characteristics:
- The graph has a single peak at the center that occur at
the mean (𝜇).
- The mean, median, and mode are equal.
- The graph is symmetrical about the mean (𝜇).
- The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis
but never touching it. Thus, the curve is asymptotic to
the line.
- The width of the curve is determined by the standard
deviation of the distribution 86 89 92 95 98 101 104

- The area under the graph is equal to 1 or 100%.

 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
A specific proportion of the area of the region under the curve can be
calculated manually using the formula

1 𝑋−𝜇
𝑒 − 2 ( 𝜎 )2
𝑌=
𝜎 2𝜋

Where:
𝑌 = represents the height of the curve at a particular value of X
𝑋 = represents any score in the distribution
𝜎 = represents the standard deviation of the population
𝜇 = represents the population mean
𝜋 = 3.1416
𝑒 = 2.7183
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
 Four-Step Process in Finding the Areas
Under the Normal Curve Given a 𝑧 −Value
Step 1. Express the given 𝑧 −value into a three-digit form.
Step 2. Using the 𝑧 −Table, find the first two digits on the left
column.
Step 3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the
right.
Step 4. Read the area at the intersection of the row and the column.
This is the required area.
 Example 1
Find the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = 2.
Finding the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = 2 is the same as finding the
area between 𝑧 = 0
and 𝑧 = 2.

STEPS SOLUTION
Express the given z-value to a 3 digit number z = 2 becomes z = 2.00
In the table, find the first two digit number on the first (2.0)
column
Find the third digit on the first row (.00)
Read the probability at the intersection of row 2.0 and The area at the intersection is 0.4772.
column .00
 Example 2
Find the area that corresponds to 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓.
Finding the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = 1.45 is the same as finding the area
between 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 1.45.

STEPS SOLUTIONS
Express the given z-value to a 3 digit number z = 1.45 (it is already expressed to a 3 digit
number, so just copy the given)
In the table, find the first two digit number on the (1.4)
first column
Find the third digit on the first row (.05)
Read the probability at the intersection of row 1.4 The area at the intersection is 0.4265.
and column .05
 Example 3
Find the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = – 2.5

The negative in the given z-value as 𝑧 = – 2.5 indicates the location of where that area is in
the curve. Since it is a negative, meaning the measurement X that corresponds to 𝑧 = – 2.5 is
located at the left side of the curve. Since the normal curve is symmetrical about the mean,
therefore finding the area of 𝑧 = – 2.5 is the same as finding the area of 𝑧 = 2.5.

STEPS SOLUTION
Express the given z-value to a 3 digit number z = 2.5 becomes z = 2.50
In the table, find the first two digit number on the first (2.5)
column
Find the third digit on the first row (.00)
Read the probability at the intersection of row 2.5 and The area at the intersection is 0.4938.
column .00
 Identifying Regions of Areas
Under the Normal Curve
Find the area of the regions between any two specific z-values under the normal curve.

Example 1
Find the area of the region between 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑧 = 3.

Solution:

The area of the region described by

the point 𝑧 = 1 indicates the area from
𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 1.

Using the z-Table, it

has corresponding area of 0.3413.
 Identifying Regions of Areas
Under the Normal Curve

So with 𝑧 = 3, it describes the area of the region

from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 3, with corresponding
area of 0.4987 (using the z-Table).

In doing so, we need to subtract the area that

corresponds to z = 3 to the area that corresponds
to z = 1.

Thus, we have 0.4987 – 0.3413 = 0.1574

 Identifying Regions of Areas
Under the Normal Curve
Example 2.
Find the area of the region between 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑧 = −1.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point z = 1 indicates the area from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 1.
Using the 𝑧 −Table, it has corresponding area of 0.3413.
So with 𝑧 = −1, it describes the area of the region from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = −1, with corresponding area of
0.3413 (using the z-Table).
𝑧 = 1 has the same area with 𝑧 = −1 since the curve
is symmetrical about the mean. Therefore, finding the
area of z = 1 is the same as finding the area of 𝑧 = −1.
The negative sign indicates only the location of the z-value
under the curve. Because it is a negative, it is located at the
left side of the curve.
 Identifying Regions of Areas
Under the Normal Curve
z = 1 has the same area with 𝑧 = −1 since the curve is
symmetrical about the mean.
Therefore, finding the area of z = 1 is the same as finding the
area of 𝑧 = −1. The negative sign indicates only the location
of the z-value under the curve. Because it is a negative, it is
located at the left side of the curve.

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region
between the given two z-values (red line).
In doing so, we need to add the area that
corresponds to z = 1 to the area that
corresponds to 𝑧 = −1.
Thus, we have 0.3413 + 0.3413 = 0.6826
Therefore, the area between 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑧 = −1 is 0.6826.
 Identifying Regions of Areas
Under the Normal Curve
Example 3.
Find the area of the region between 𝑧 = 2 and 𝑧 = −1.5.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point z = 2 indicates the
area from z = 0 to z = 2. Using the z-Table, it has corresponding
area of 0.4772.
So with 𝑧 = −1.5, it describes the area of the region from
𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = −1.5, with corresponding area of 0.4332
(using the z-Table).
𝑧 = 1.5 has the same area with 𝑧 = −1.5 since the curve is
symmetrical about the mean. Therefore, finding the area of
𝑧 = −1.5 is the same as finding the area of 𝑧 = 1.5. The negative
sign indicates only the location of the z-value under the curve.
Because it is a negative, it is located at the left side of the curve.
 Identifying Regions of Areas
Under the Normal Curve
The problem states that we need to find the area of the
region between the given two z-values (red line).

In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to

𝑧 = 2 to the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = −1.5.

Thus, we have 0.4772 + 0.4332 = 0.9104

Therefore, the area between 𝑧 = 2 and 𝑧 = −1.5 is 0.9104.

 Determining Probabilities
Probability notations are commonly used to express a lengthy idea into symbols
concerning the normal curve.
The following are the most common probability notations used in studying concepts on the
normal curve.
• 𝑷(𝒂 < 𝒛 < 𝒃) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is
between a and b

• 𝑷(𝒛 > 𝒂) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is above a

• 𝑷(𝒛 < 𝒂) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is below a where
a and b are z-score values.

• 𝑷(𝒛 = 𝒂) = 𝟎 this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value is equal to
a is 0. This notation indicates that a z-value is equal to exactly one point on the curve. With that
single point, a line can be drawn signifying the probability can be below or above it. That is why, for
a z-value to be exactly equal to a value its probability is equal to 0.
 Determining Probabilities
Let us familiarize some of the terms involved in using notations.

Negative 𝑃(𝑧 < 𝑎) Positive 𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑎)

“less than z” “greater than z”

“to the left of z” “to the right of z”
“below z” “above z”
“lower than” “more than z”
“under z” “at least z”
 EXAMPLE 1: Find the proportion of the area between 𝒛 = 𝟐 and
𝒛 = 𝟑.

Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve. Locate the required z-
values. Shade the required region.

Locate from the z-Table the corresponding z = 2 has a corresponding area of 0.4772 z = 3
areas of the given z-values. has a corresponding area of 0.4987
With the graph, decide on what operation will be With the given graph, the operation to be used
used to identify the proportion of the area of the is subtraction. P(2 < z <3) = 0.4987 – 0.4772 =
region. Use probability notation to avoid lengthy 0.0215
expressions.
Make a concluding statement. The required area between z = 2 and z = 3 is
0.0215.
 EXAMPLE 2: Find the proportion of the area below 𝒛 = 𝟏.

Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve. Locate the required z-value.
Shade the required region.

Locate from the z-Table the corresponding areas z = 1 has a corresponding area of 0.3413. This
of the given z-value. area signifies only from z = 0 to z = 1.
With the graph, decide on what operation will be With the given graph, the operation to be used is
used to identify the proportion of the area of the addition. P(z < 1) = 0.5000+ 0.3413 = 0.8413 This
region. Use probability notation to avoid lengthy is so because the area of the region from z = 0 to
expressions. its left is 0.5 since it represents half of the normal
curve. With the property that the curve has area
equal to 1, therefore half of its area signifies
0.5000 or 0.5.
Make a concluding statement. The required area below z = 1 is 0.8413.
 EXAMPLE 3: Find the area that the z-value is exactly equal to 1.

Steps Solution
Draw a normal curve. Locate the required z-value.
Shade the required region.

With the graph, decide on what operation will be With the given graph, there is no need to decide
used to identify the proportion of the area of the on what operation to be used since as defined, if a
region. Use probability notation to avoid lengthy z-value is equal to exactly one number then its
expressions. probability or the proportion of the area of the
region is automatically 0.
P(z = 1) = 0

Make a concluding statement. The required area at z = 1 is 0.

 UNDERSTANDING THE Z – SCORE

𝒁 – score
 A z – score measures the distance between a data point and the mean using
standard deviations.

The z – score formula is given by:

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧= population data
𝜎
𝑥−𝑥
𝑧= sample data
𝜎
Where:=
𝑥 = raw score 𝑥 = sample mean
𝜇 = population mean 𝜎 = population standard deviation
𝑠 = sample standard deviation
 UNDERSTANDING THE Z – SCORE

Steps in finding the 𝑧 −score given the mean 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝜇 , standard

deviation (𝜎) and the measurement (𝑋):
𝑥−𝜇
1. Use the formula 𝑧 = for finding the z-score.
𝜎
2. Check the given values: mean 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝜇 , standard deviation (𝜎) and the
measurement 𝑥 .
3. Substitute the given values in the formula.
4. Compute for the 𝑧 −value .
 In Mrs. Shirley’s Math class, a student gained
a score of 46. What is the 𝑧 −value of his
score if test result has population mean 45
with standard deviation of 2?
STEPS Solution

a. Use the formula for 𝑥−𝜇

𝑧=
finding the z-scores of 𝜎
population data.
b. Check the given values 𝜇 = 45, 𝜎 = 2, 𝑥 = 46

c. Substitute the given 46 − 45

𝑧=
values in the formula 2
1
d. Compute the z-value 𝑧 = 2 = 0.5 Therefore, the z-value that
corresponds to the raw score of 46 is
0.5.
 Leslie got a score of 68 in an examination she
participated. What is the corresponding z-
value of her score if the result has
𝜇 = 75 and 𝜎 = 5.
STEPS Solution

a. Use the formula for 𝑥−𝜇

𝑧=
finding the z-scores of 𝜎
population data
b. Check the given values 𝜇 = 75, 𝜎 = 5, 𝑥 = 68

c. Substitute the given 68 − 75

𝑧= -1.4
values in the formula 5
d. Compute the z-value −7 60 65 68 70 75 80 85 90
𝑧= = −1.4
5 Mean 𝜇
Therefore, the z-value that
corresponds to the raw score of 68 is
− 1.4.
 Mrs. Bastillada conducted a test survey about
determining the current level of students’ learning
on Geometry. After checking the test questionnaires,
she was amazed that a student attained 50 correct
answers. What is the corresponding z-value of the
student’s score if the sample mean of the test results
was 45 and standard deviation is 6?

STEPS Solution

a. Use the formula for 𝑥−𝜇

𝑧=
finding the z-scores of 𝜎
population data.
b. Check the given values 𝜇 = 45, 𝜎 = 6, 𝑥 = 50 0.83

c. Substitute the given 50 − 45

𝑧= 27 33 39 45 51 57 63
values in the formula 6
d. Compute the z-value 5
𝑧 = 6 = 0.83
Therefore, the z-value that
corresponds to the raw score of 50 is
0.83.
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?

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