SHAISHAV SCHOOL
Gotri-sevasi road Vadodara-390021
Academic Year (2025-26)
Project Report
PHYSICS (042)
In partial fulfillment of the requirement of AISSCE(CBSE)
BY
NAME: - MAYANK BHIMSEN PATIL
GRADE: - 12TH
ROLL NO: - 23 DATE: -
Under supervision of
Mr. MOSAM PATEL
SHAISHAV SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. MAYANK BHIMSEN PATIL
Of Grade XII Science, has successfully completed his/her
Project under the guidance and supervision of the Internal
Examiner.
The Project entitled “TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE
INDEXS OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS” has been submitted
for the academic year 2025-26 as per the rules of CBSE. the
project has fulfilled all conditions to the best of my
knowledge and information.
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL
___________________ __________________ ____________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to my deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to the principal
MR. N.K Sinha, Shaishav School Gotri for his encouragement and
all the facilities that he has provided for this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to Mr. MOSAM PATEL who guided me
to the successful completion of this project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude for his valuable guidance,
constant encouragement, immense motivation which has sustained
my efforts at all stages of this project.
I would also thank Ms. PRIYA GADKARI Laboratory Assistant
who helped us with various apparatus and chemicals in the
laboratory.
I cannot forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and
classmates who helped me with the advice and support from time to
time.
INDEX
S.NO. TITLE NO. PAGE
1) CERTIFICATE
2) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3) TOPIC
4) INTRODUCTIO
5) OBJECTIVE / AIM
6) EXPERIMENT
7) DIAGRAM
8) RESULTS AND
PRECAUTION
9) SOURCE OF ERROR
10) BIBLIOGRAPHY
TOPIC:
To find the refractive index of (a) water (b) oil using a
plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and adjustable
needle
INTRODUCTION:
In optics, the refractive index (a.k.a. refraction
index) of an optical medium is a dimensionless
number that indicates the light-bending ability of
that medium. The refractive index determines how
much the path of light is bent or refracted when
entering a material. This is described by Snell’s
Law of refraction, nlsinƟ1=n2sinƟ2, where,
Ɵ1=Angle of incidence
Ɵ2=Angle of refraction
Respectively of a ray crossing the interface
between two media with refractive indices n1 and
n2
OBJECTIVE:
To find the refractive index of water, oil using a
plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and an
adjustable object needle
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
I. Convex lens
II. Plane Mirror
III. Water
IV. Oil
V. Clamp Stand
VI. An Optical Needle
VII. Plumb Line
VIII. Knitting Needle
IX. Half Meter Scale
X. Glass Slab
XI. Spherometer
THEORY:
1.If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and
liquid lens and f be the focal length of their combination
then: -
1/F=1/f1+1/f2
Or
f2=Ff2/f1-F
2.liquid lens formed a plano-concave Lens with R1=R and
R2=∞ then by using lens makes formula
1/f2=(n-1) [1/R1-1/R2]
=(n-1) [1R1-1/∞]
=(n-1) [1/R-0] …...(R1=R)
=1/f2=n-1/R
n=R2/f2-1
where n= refractive index of the liquid
R=the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.
3. The Radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given
by:
R=L2/6h+h/2
Here L is the average distance between the legs of the
spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the
spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and then on
Plane mirror.
PROCEDURE:
a) For focal length of the convex lens
1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens
2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal
base of the iron stand and then a convex lens
on the plane mirror.
3. Hold needle in the clam stand
adjust its position on the stand such
that there is no parallax between tip
of the needle and its image.
4. Measure distance between tip and
Upper surface of the lens by using a
Plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance
between tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take
the mean of the two readings. This means distance will be
equal to the focal length of the convex lens(f1).
b) For focal length of the combination
5. Put a few drops of water on the plane mirror and put the
convex lens over it with its same face above as before. The
water spreads in a form of layer and acts like a plano-
concave lens.
6. Repeat the steps 3and 4 to determine the equivalent focal
length of the combination.
7. Record observation.
8. Repeat the steps 5,6,7 for other transparent liquid (oil).
9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer.
10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the
spherometer on this lens surface.
11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be place
symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw tip to
touch the surface of the lens.
12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and
place it on the plane mirror surface and record the reading.
13. Repeat steps 10 and 11 three times.
14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the
spherometer on a paper and mark them and their average
distance.
L=L1+L2+L3
3
DIAGRAM
OBSERVATION:
. Pitch of the spherometer = 1cm
. Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
. Distance between the legs:
(1) AB = 3cm
(2) BC = 3cm
(3) AC = 3cm
TABLE FOR CALCULATION OF ‘H’
Sr. Initial No. of Final Additional h=n Mean
NO reading Complete reading C.S. pitch “h”
of the Rotation(n) of the division m (cm)
C.S. on C.S. on moved X
The the
convex glass
L.C
lens(a) slab
i. 62 0 6.5 55.5 0.56 0.58
ii. 64 0 4 60 0.6 0.6
TO MEASURE FOCAL LENGTH ‘F’:
Distance of needle tip from
Area s.no Tip of the Upper surface Mean Focal
between of the plane X= Length
Lens
upper mirror (cm) H(cm)
and surface of X2
plane the convex
mirror lens(cm)
X1
Without 1. 30.5 31 30.75 f1=33.85
liquid
2. 36.7 37.2 36.95
With 1. 31.4 31.8 31.6 f2=10
water
2. 37.5 38.1 37.8
With oil 1. 9.4 9.6 9.5 f3=10
2. 10.4 10.5 10.6
CALCULATION:
Mean distance between two legs:
1=(AB+BC+CA)/3=3cm
Mean of h:
= (0.555+0.6)/2=0.5775cm
To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:
R=L2/6h+h/2=2.8861
Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil:
1. With water between the convex lens and plane mirror:
U1=1+R/f2=1+2.8861/34.7=1.0831
2. With oil between the convex lens and plane mirror:
U2=1+R/f3=1+2.8861/10=1.2886
RESULT:
a. The refractive index of water is U1=1.0831
b. The refractive index of oil is U2 =1.2886
PRECAUTIONS:
I. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shinning surface.
II. The liquid taken should be transparent.
III. The parallax should be removed from tip to tip.
IV. The eye should be at about 30cm from the needle while
removing parallax.
V. Only a few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer
should be thick.
VI. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
VII. The center leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction
only.
SOURCE OF ERROR:
a. Liquid may not be quite transparent.
b. The parallax may not be fully removed.
c. The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrically on the
surface of the convex lens.
d. The tip of the central screw should not just touch the surface of
lens or mirror
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
A. Help from internet.
B. Help from teachers.
C. Help from friends.
D. NCERT textbook.
E. NCERT physics lab manual
F. www.google.com
G. Microsoft binge
H. Microsoft world
