0 PEE 314: PETROLEUM PRODUCTION ENGINEERING I 3 CREDITS Introduction to Petroleum Production Engineering Composition of Oil and Natural Gas; Classification of Crude Oil: Properties of Oil and Gas: Natural Gas, Well Co s, Tubing Equipment, Uses of Tubing, Calculations; Use of Wire Line: s-Type ses; Multiple Zone Completion; Well Heads ~ Casing and e, Subsea Well Completion, Tubing F tio (GOR); Nodal Analysis in Plow and Outflow s, Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR), Productivity Multiphase Formation Volume Factor (BO. Cruptive vil_R Reference Text Changhong Ga¢ Surface Production Operations (Design of Oil Handling Systems and Facilities): Ken Arnold, Maurice Stewart Oil and Gas Production Handbook: Harvard Devold Production Technology: Heriot Watt UniversityINTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM PRODUCTION ENGINEERING The upstream of th Petroleum industry involves itself in the business of oil 3 oy Te upstream of the petroleum industry in < business of oil and gas exploration ! production (12 & P) activities: While the exploration activities find oil and yas reserves, the Production activiti as to the downstream of the industry definite deliver oil and g: . processing plants). The petroleum the heart of the petroleum in sa nginecring that fcuses on the und reservoirs to the Petroleum production engineerin bons (oil and face ina. understanding of the ork. To perform their job correctly produ ineers shou id back nd sound ke 1¢ about the properties ids they produce and working princi all the major e ents of producing wells Role of a Production Engincer Bol a production ion (or inje n) ina cost- fective manner, Production engineers are responsibl * Bvaluate and monitor inflow and outflow performance between the eservoir and the * Monitor and evaluate production (what out of the wellbore; what is done at the head aftice) * Production equipment design and selection his can be grouped into wor a. Designing and * subsurface equipment to produce oil and gas well fluids, b. Select equipment for surface facilities that separates and measure the produced fluids, prepare the hydrocarbon for te ‘asporiation to market and handle dsposgl of water and impurities, E Pesign completing systems including tubing selection, perforation, sand lation,flow) provided with a bottom-hole choke 1o control the initial well fk w (1.2. 10 restrict xpansion to lif oil, The American Petroleum Institute (API) defines tubing size using nominal diameter and weight Wellhead (Christmas ree): below the mast Iinelude nd 7 The casin most) is threaded onto the his can 1 flan ded t i tubin tt " quipmen HI ristmas tree and it i (atc HT is (a 1m a.well face facil fluid: 1 re not r of hundreds of, Jifferent compounds. A typical c bh turbulent, constant panding m i juids, intimately mixed with water = Reservoir De wtilotProperties of oil and Gas: natural gas COMPOSITION OF OIL AND GAS Properties of crude oil, natural gas, and produced water are fundamental for designing and analysing oil and gas production systems in petroleun engineering, Originally, hydrocarbon and water are sealed in reservoir rocks. Before the reservoir comes on stream. the fl the reservoir are maintained under initial reservair_pressure_and gemperatu he procluction begins, fluids flow through reservoir and wellbore to reach Surface. During this process. the pressure and temperature decline, and the properties of off and gas also change with changing condition Petroleum is a mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons which may exist in the solid, liquid conditions of temperature and pressure to which it is watural gas, in the liquid — or gaseous states, depend x ous state are termed asphalts and waxes, oil isa mixture of light to heavy hydrocarbons, plus some metallic components, For a mixture with small molecules, it will be a gas at normal temperature and pressure (NTP). Mixtures containing larger molecules will be a liquid at NTP and larger molecules as a solid staiv. lor example, tars and asphalts, Accord different structure hydrocarbuns are classified as Aliphatic (paraffin alkane, olefin alkene, naphthene and alkynes) and Aromatics, Some examples of alkane series are given in Fig.1. Alkane are open chain molecules with saturated bonds; they have the generalized formula C,H>..2 Bach carbon atom hhas four-open bonds. thus ean join with four other atoms.wiiums. methane, ethane, propane and bulane are in gaseous sate 1 ince th inereasing carbon numbs ler standard conditions, Ct xl higher compounds exist in wax-like solid sta "crude oil, They contribute up to 20% of erud ALKANES or PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS re termed unsate were are termed th are two types, alkenes, Sxample ethylene, CH2-CH2, which have a-carbon-carbon double bond and alkynes, for example acetylene, CH~CH which have a carbon ca being unsaturated are not found in reservoir fluids ievclic hydrocarbons are m chain is closed and is saturated, They a alacant con ituents of crude ol, Th Mo those uf the paraffins, A crude oil with a high Hae crude oil, An esample is eyelohexane Cull., Basel crude oil, An example is ¢ n triple bond, Both compound typesn in figure below. The aromatic ‘es, based on the benzene compound an romati¢ compounds are ater stability than open Benzene I . PHASE BEHAVIOUR Oil and gas reser ids are mixtures of a mber of components which when Subiseted to different pressure, volume and temperatures (PVT) envigonments may exist in Sifferent forms which we call phases, Phase behaviour is a key aspect in understanding the Balure_and behaviour of these fluids both in relation to their stat n the reservoir and the Shanes hich they experience during various aspects ofthe production process, The plest Way 10 Slart to understand this relationship is by considering a.single component, for example, 'ressure and temperature, Consider the diagram below Water. under only wo yariables: Pwe eritival emperarur the critical temperature ist, A more general al point which cable to multi component as well as single point is the point at which all the intensive properties of the and liquid Triple Point The triple point represents the pressure and temperature at which solid, liquid and vapour eo exist under equilibrium conditions, Petroleum engineers rarely deal with hydrocarbons in the solid state: however, more recently solid-state issues are a concern with respect {0 Was, asphaltenes an! hydratesMelting Point Line ‘rom liquid. For pure hydrocarbons the melting point yenerly slope of the line is positive. (Water is exceptional in that its sample, flowing ure constant the pressure falls \ gas phase will begin to the pressure the volume of eases but the pressure remains constant Onve the fiuid pha sto reduce pressure will be successful as the as expands Above the critical temperature, following the path 3 - 4, a decrease in pressure will cause @ steady change in the physical properties. for example a decrease in density but there will not beam abrupi density chang as the vapour pressure line isnot crossed. No phase change takes plave.he system around th Xl the critical point, If we yo from point A w point Talure, we go through a distinetive phase change on the vapour Phases, liquid and yas co-exist. If we now go a different route to B, fhermally (constant temperat ermally (constant temperature) (0 A typical P-T diagram is shown in Fig.6. The phase envelope is formed by connecting bubble point curve and dew point curve. The bubble point curve separates liquid phase from the two-A volatile oil contains large (ractions of light and intermediate hydrocarbon which vaporizes easily, liberating relatively large volumes of gas with a small drop in pressure below bubble -ason. they are called high shrinkage oils, Ihe cola is brown, evanyy or grven. It has an initial producing GOR 2000 and 3300 seffbbl and vil pravily «50 APIGAS RESERVOIRS: It the reservoir temperature is above the critical temperature of hydrocarbon in the reservoir, the reservoir is classitied as a yas reservoir, Gas reservoirs cun be further classified as three types.'y Bas reservoir, the produced i the only liquid produced is water, : a , ] this type of reservoir, its temperature is above the original hydrocarbon is in vapor state, However, while the’ ure and temperature reduce and a liquid phase begins to a * Retrograde condensate reservoir: If the reservoir temperature lies between the eritival lemperature and the Crinconderntherm of the reservoir hydrocarbon system, the reservoir is classilied as retrograde condensate reservoir. Retrograde condensateTABLE 3.1 Claw; Hieaitions of Oils and G es Using Pressure—Temperuture DiagratnsPROPERTIES OF CRUDE OW OU. DENSITY SOLUTION GAS O11, RATIO (RS) Solution gas vil ratio solution (GOR), or gas solubility is defined as the amount of yas that evolves fiom oil as pressure is reduced or the amount of gas dissolved in oil at reservoirthe bubble point, then any gas liberated from the oi the surface. In solution GOR, that is every stock tank barrel of ol produced liberates R, standard cubic f of gas at surface I the reservoir pressure drops below the bubble point, then gas is liberated from oil in the wservoit, The liberated yrs may flow towards the producing wells due to the lower presst the well. or it may migrate upwards co Form a secondary gas eap under the influenee of the buvyaney force. Consequently, the producing GOR differs from solution GOR. Jn a saturated oil reservoir containing an initial gas cap, the producing GOR may be significantly higher than the solution GOR of the oil, as free gas in the gas cap is produced 1SOU viscosrry | nequire more energy 0 flow towards the wellbore than low viscosity wil st viscous of hydrocarbon deposits usually require unconventional strongly affected by oil composition, pressure, temperature, and ges solubility is reducod at high temperature, Solution gas lightens oil and leads to redction in oil viseosity. As vil is produced and reservoir pressure declines, oil viscosity reduce Qoin prevail Ferude oil per unit ehau . ange in pressure n pressure and temperature ean be Using this equation, the compr bility of oil is measured at a reference temperature, 7: Whe) SALLAIAOUd ows Aatsnpur wnajosiad ic