INTRODUCTION TO
Computing
A.Y. 25-26
CITY COLLEGE OF
CALAMBA
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba
CITY COLLEGE OF
CALAMBA
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba
WHAT IS COMPUTER
A computer is an electronic device that processes data
and performs tasks according to a set of instructions, known
as programs or software. It consists of several components
that work together to execute a wide range of operations,
from simple calculations to complex data processing.
Program: Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Department of Computing and Informatics
Computer Basics: What Is a Computer?
What is Computer
Computers are all around us, and they play an important role in our lives. But what exactly is a computer? We're going to answer that question and give you an overview of some of the different types of computers you might use.
0:00 Intro
0:22 Ones and zeros
0:39 Hardware and software
1:03 Desktops and laptops
1:18 Operating systems
1:48 Other types of computers
2:03 Servers
We hope you enjoy! Visit https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/what-is-a-computer/1/ for our text-based lesson.
CITY COLLEGE OF What is Computer
CALAMBA
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba
● A computer is an electronic
device that can receive, store,
process, and output data.
Program: Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Department of Computing and Informatics
CITY COLLEGE OF What is Computer
CALAMBA
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba
● Computers consist of both hardware
(physical components like the central
processing unit, memory, and peripherals)
and software (programs and instructions
that govern the computer's operation).
History of
Computer
CITY COLLEGE OF
CALAMBA
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba
The History of Computing
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In this video, we’ll be discussing the evolution of computing – more specifically, the evolution of the technologies that have brought upon the modern computing era.
00:00 Intro
[0:30-5:33] Origins of Computing - Starting off we'll look at, the origins of computing from as far back as 3000 BC with the abacus and progressing to discuss some of the first mechanical computers. After this, we'll get to see the first signs of modern computing emerge, through the use of electromechanical relays in computers along with punched cards for data I/O.
[5:33-8:36] 1st Generation of Computing - Following that we'll discuss, the 1st generation of modern computing, the vacuum tube era. The first technology that was fully digital and resembled how modern computers operate.
[8:36-10:49] 2nd Generation of Computing - Afterwards we'll discuss, the 2nd generation of modern computing, the transistor era. The transistor miniaturized the vacuum tube and was much more efficient in terms of speed, power consumption, heat and more. It is the core technology behind how all computers operate today.
[10:49-13:04] 3rd Generation of Computing - To conclude we'll discuss, the 3rd generation of modern computing, the integrated circuit era. The integrated circuit was able to pack many transistors onto a single chip and is behind the exponential growth of modern technology.
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CITY COLLEGE OF
CALAMBA
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba
LESSON 1. EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Identify the different peripheral devices and their usage
• Recognize the inventor behind a computing device
• Understand the origin of the computing device that we are using today
• Identify the generation where the devices are included
• Identify the usage of each computing devices
History of Computer
Tally Sticks
• It was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or
even messages.
• First appear as animal bones carved with notches.
• Kinds of Tally Sticks: Palaeolithic tally sticks, Single tally, Split tally
Palaeolithic tally sticks
• The Ishango bone is a bone tool, dated to the Upper Palaeolithic era, around 18,000 to
20,000 BC.
• It is a dark brown length of bone, the fibula of a baboon.
• It has a series of tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool.
• It was found in 1960 in Belgian Congo
• Was an elongated piece of bone, ivory, wood, or stone which is marked with a system
of notches
History of Computer
Single tally
Was a technique which became common in
medieval Europe, which was constantly short of
money (coins) and predominantly illiterate, in order to
record bilateral exchange and debts.
Split tally
A stick (squared hazel wood sticks were most
common) was marked with a system of notches and
then split lengthwise.
History of Computer
Abacus
• First invented manual data
processing device.
• Useful manual mathematical
computer.
• Oldest surviving abacus was
used in 300bc by Babylonians
but it is often wrongly attributed
to china CITY COLLEGE OF
CALAMBA
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Calamba
History of Computer
Napier’s Bone
• Developed by John Napier in 1614
• Consists of a set of eleven rods made of ivory
sticks with numbers carved on them
• Can perform multiplication and division by
simply placing the rods side by side
• John Napier is a Scottish mathematician; known
for his invention of logarithm in early 1600’s, a
technology that allows multiplication to be
computed through addition
History of Computer
Slide Rule
• Invented by William Oughtred in 1622
• Based on Napier’s ideas about logarithms
• Used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms,
trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction
• William Oughtred considered as one of the world’s great
mathematicians due to his writings on the subject and his
invention of the logarithmic slide rule
History of Computer
Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
• It is too expensive
• Could perform addition and subtraction of numbers of up
to eight digits
• Consisted of gears and cylinders which rotated to display
the numerical result
• Blaise Pascal in 17th century is a French Mathematician
and scientist
• One of the first modern scientists to develop and build a
calculator
• Invented Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax
collector
History of Computer
Stepped Reckoner
• Also known as Leibniz’s Calculator
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply, and
divide automatically
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is German scientist
• Co-inventor with Newton managed to build a
calculator that could perform the four basic
operations
• First advocate the use of the fundamentals to the
operation of modern computers, binary system
History of Computer
Jacquard Loom’
• Mechanical loom invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881
• An automatic loom controlled by
punched cards
History of Computer
Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas
de Colmar in 1820
• First reliable, useful, and commercially
successful calculating machine
• The machine could perform the four basic
mathematical functions
• The first mass-produced calculating machine
• Thomas de Colmar was a French inventor
and entrepreneur best known for designing ,
patenting, and manufacturing
History of Computer
Difference Engine and
Analytical Engine
• An automatic, mechanical calculator designs to
tabulate polynomial functions
• First mechanical computer
• Difference Engine able to compute tables of
numbers, such as logarithm tables and designed
to automate a standard procedure for calculating
roots of polynomials
• Analytical Engine is a powerful mechanical
computing device. Two main parts: Store & Mill;
called in the modern computer as memory
History of Computer
CHARLES BABBAGE
• Difference and Analytical Engine was
invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and
1834
• Charles Babbage is an English
mathematician of the 19th century
• Proposed a steam-driven calculating
machine around 1800
• Father of the Modern Computer
History of Computer
Augusta Ada Byron
• First Computer Programmer
• In 1840, she suggests to Babbage that he
use the binary system
• She writes program for the Analytical
Engine
History of Computer
Scheutzian Calculation engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843
• Based on Babbage’s difference engine
• The First printing Calculator
• Per Georg Scheutz was a 19th-century Swedish
lawyer, translator, and inventor, who is now best
known for his pioneering work in computer
technology.
History of Computer
Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890
• Also known as Hollerith’s Punchcard
• Invented to assist in summarizing information and
accounting
• Electromagnetic counting machine
• Used punched cards to sort the data manually and tabulate
the data during the 1890
• Has a card reader which senses the holes in the cards
• A gear mechanism for counting, and displays the results on
a large wall of dial indicators
• Herman Hollerith is a Statistician
• He Adapted Jacquard’s punched cards for the purpose of
computation
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS
IN ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING
History of Computers | From 1930 to Present
The history of the computer dates back to the 1800s, when many scientists laid the foundations for what would become the computer. But it was not until the 1930s that the modern computer began to be developed, when Konrad Zuse created the first programmable computer, the Z1. This was followed by the Z4, the world's first commercial digital computer, followed by Colossus and ENIAC, huge computers that occupied an entire room. It wasn't until the 1950s, when IBM created its
first computer, the IBM 701, that they came closer and closer to modern computers. Apple has also appeared on the computer market with Apple I and Apple II or Macintosh, very successful. Therefore, the history of the computer is very complex, and their development has brought us today high-performance computers at affordable prices.
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History of Computer
Havard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC)
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The First Electro-Mechanical Computer
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing History of Computer
Z1
• The first programmable computer
• Created by Konrad Zuse in
Germany from 1936 to 1938
• To program the Z1 required that
the user insert punch tape into a
punch reader and all output was
also generated through punch
tape
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing History of Computer
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing
device
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and
graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and 1942
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing History of Computer
ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer
• It was the first electronic general-purpose
computer
• It was the large-scale vacuum-tube computer
• Originally built for the U.S. military to
calculate ballistic tables to aim their big guns
• Completed in 1946
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John
W. Mauchly
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing History of Computer
UNIVAC 1
• UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1
• Was the first commercial computer
• Developed by George Gray in Remington
Rand Corporation and designed by J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing History of Computer
EDVAC
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer
• The first stored program computer to go into
operation
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952
• It has a memory to hold both a stored
program as well as data
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing History of Computer
EDSAC
• Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator
• Build by Maurice V. Wilkes with team at the
University of Cambridge in England
• One of the first stored-program machine
computers and one of the first to use binary
digits
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing History of Computer
Osborne 1
• The first portable computer
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing History of Computer
Electronic Controls Company
• First computer company
• Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly
Early developments in Electronic Data Processing
COMPUTER
GENERATIONS
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
There are five Computer Generations namely as
follows.
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The First Generation
1940 to 1956.
● The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up
entire rooms
● They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a
great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often
the cause of malfunctions.
● First generation computer relied on machine language , the
lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a
time.
● Input was based on punched cards and paper tape and output
was displayed on print outs
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The Second Generation
1959
●Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers
●One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes
●Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable
●Still generated a great deal of heat that can change the computer
●Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or
assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words
●Second generation computers still relied on punch cards for input and print outs for output
●These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which
moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The Third Generation
1965
●The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers.
●Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
●Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computers.
●It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.
●Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and
interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different
applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.
●Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were
smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The Fourth Generation
1971
●The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip
●As these small computers became more powerful, they
could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the internet
●This generation also saw the development of GUIs, the
mouse and handheld devices
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
The Fifth Generation
Present
●Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
●Still in development.
●The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
●The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
●There are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today.
