LESSON PLAN (SEMESTER 3)
CHEMISTRY FORM SIX
2024 /2025
WEEK TOPIC LEARNING AREA EXPERIMENT
CONDUCTED
14 Introduction to Organic Candidates should be able to: CHEMISTRY PROJECT:
1-4 Chemistry (21)
14.1 Bonding of the carbon (a) use the concept of sp3, sp2 and sp hybridisations in
atoms: the shapes of ethane, carbon
ethene, ethyne and benzene atoms to describe the bonding and shapes of
molecules molecules as
(4) exemplified by CH4, C2H4, C2H2 and C6H6;
(b) explain the concept of delocalisation of π electrons
in
14.2 General, empirical, benzene ring.
molecular and
structural (a) state general, empirical, molecular and structural
formulae of organic formulae of
compounds (2) organic compounds;
(b) determine empirical and molecular formulae of
14.3 Functional groups: organic compounds.
classification and
nomenclature (2) (a) describe the classification of organic compounds by
functional groups and the nomenclature of classes
of organic
compounds according to the IUPAC rules of the
following
classes of compounds:
(i) alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes,
(ii) haloalkanes,
(iii) alcohols (including primary, secondary and
tertiary) and
phenols,
14.4 Isomerism: structural (iv) aldehydes and ketones,
and stereoisomerism (3) (v) carboxylic acids and their derivatives (acyl
chlorides,
amides and esters),
(vi) primary amines, amino acids and protein.
(a) define structural and stereoisomerism (geometrical
and
optical);
14.5 Free radicals, (b) explain the meaning of a chiral centre in optical
nucleophiles and isomerism;
electrophiles (c) classify isomers as structural, cis-trans and optical
(4) isomers;
(d) identify chiral centres and/or cis-trans isomerism in
a
molecule of given structural formula;
(e) deduce the possible isomers for an organic
compound of
14.6 Molecular structure known molecular formula.
and its effect physical
properties
(2) (a) describe homolytic and heterolytic fissions;
(b) define the terms free radical, nucleophile and
electrophile;
(c) explain that nucleophiles such as OH −, NH3, H2O,
Br , I and carbanion are Lewis bases;
− −
14.7 Inductive and resonance
(d) explain that electrophiles such as H +, NO2+, Br2,
Effect (4)
A1C13,
ZnC12, FeBr3, BF3 and carbonium ion are Lewis
acids.
(a) describe the relationship between the size of
molecules in the homologous series and the melting
and boiling points;
(b) explain the forces of attraction between molecules
(van derWaals forces and hydrogen bonding).
(a) explain inductive effect which can determine the
properties
and reactions of functional groups;
(b) use inductive effect to explain why functional
groups such as
−NO2, −CN, −COOH, −COOR, >C=O, −SO3H, −X
(halogen), −OH, −OR, −NH2, −C6H5 are electron
acceptors
whereas R(alkyl) is an electron donor;
(c) explain how the concept of induction can account
for the
differences in acidity between CH 3COOH,
C1CH2COOH,
C12CHCOOH and Cl3CCOOH; between
C1CH2CH2CH2COOH and CH3CH2CHClCOOH;
(d) use the concept of resonance to explain the
differences in
acidity between CH3CH2OH and C6H5OH, as well as
the
differences in basicity between CH 3NH2 and
C6H5NH2.
5-7 15 Hydrocarbons (21) Candidates should be able to:
15.1 Alkanes (a) write the general formula for alkanes;
(7) (b) explain the construction of the alkane series
(straight and
branched), and IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes for
C1 to C10;
(c) describe the structural isomerism in aliphatic
alkanes and cis-
trans isomerism in cycloalkanes;
(d) state the physical properties of alkanes;
(e) define alkanes as saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons;
(f) name alkyl groups derived from alkanes and
identify primary,
secondary, tertiary and quartenary carbons;
(g) explain the inertness of alkanes towards polar
reagents;
(h) describe the mechanism of free radical substitution
as
exemplified by the chlorination of methane (with
particular
reference to the initiation, propagation and
termination
reactions);
(i) describe the oxidation of alkane with limited and
excess
oxygen, and the use of alkanes as fuels;
15.2 Alkenes (6) (j) explain the use of crude oil as a source of aliphatic
hydrocarbons;
(k) explain how cracking reactions can be used to
obtain alkanes
and alkenes of lower Mr from larger hydrocarbon
molecules;
(l) discuss the role of catalytic converters in
minimising air
pollution by oxidising CO to CO 2 and reducing NOx
to N2;
(m) explain how chemical pollutants from the
combustion of
hydrocarbon affect air quality and rainwater as
exemplified
by acid rain, photochemical smog and greenhouse
effect.
(a) write the general formula for alkenes;
(b) name alkenes according to the IUPAC
nomenclature and
their common names for C1 to C5;
(c) describe structural and cis-trans isomerism in
alkenes;
(d) state the physical properties of alkenes;
15.3 Arenes (8) (e) define alkenes as unsaturated aliphatic
hydrocarbons with one
or more double bonds;
(f) describe the chemical reactions of alkenes as
exemplified by
the following reactions of ethene:
(i) addition of hydrogen, steam, hydrogen halides,
halogens,
bromine water and concentrated sulphuric acid,
(ii) oxidation using KMnO 4, O2/Ag,
(iii) ozonolysis,
(iv) polymerisation;
(g) describe the mechanism of electrophilic addition in
alkenes
with reference to Markovnikov’s rule;
(h) explain the use of bromination reaction and
decolourisation
of MnO4 - ions as simple tests for alkenes and
unsaturated
compounds;
(i) explain briefly the importance of ethene as a source
for the
preparation of chloroethane, epoxyethane, ethane-
1,2-diol and
poly(ethane).
(a) name aromatic compounds derived from benzene
according
to the IUPAC nomenclature, including the use of
ortho,
meta and para or the numbering of substituted
groups to the
benzene ring;
(b) describe structural isomerism in arenes;
(c) describe the chemical reactions of arenes as
exemplified by
substitution reactions of haloalkanes and acyl
chloride
(Friedel-Crafts reaction), halogen, conc.
HNO3/conc. H2SO4
and SO3 with benzene and methylbenzene
(toluene);
(d) describe the mechanism of electrophilic
substitution in arenes
as exemplified by the nitration of benzene;
(e) explain why benzene is more stable than aliphatic
alkenes
towards oxidation;
(f) describe the reaction between alkylbenzene and
hot acidified
KMnO4;
(g) determine the products of halogenation of
methylbenzene
(toluene) in the presence of
(i) Lewis acid catalysts,
(ii) light;
(h) explain the inductive effect and resonance effect of
substituted groups (−OH, −C1, −CH3, −NO2,
−COCH3,
−NH2) attached to the benzene ring towards
further
substitutions;
(i) predict the products in an electrophilic substitution
reaction
when the substituted group in benzene is electron
accepting
or electron donating;
(j) explain the uses of arenes as solvents;
(k) recognise arenes as carcinogen.
8-9 16 Haloalkanes ( 8 ) Candidates should be able to:
(a) write the general formula for haloalkanes;
(b) name haloalkanes according to the IUPAC
nomenclature;
(c) describe the structural and optical isomerism in
haloalkanes;
(d) state the physical properties of haloalkanes;
(e) describe the substitution reactions of haloalkanes
as
exemplified by the following reactions of
bromoethane:
hydrolysis, the formation of nitriles and the
formation of
primary amines;
(f) describe the elimination reactions of haloalkanes;
(g) describe the mechanism of nucleophilic
substitution in
haloalkanes (SN1 and SN2);
(h) explain the relative reactivity of primary,
secondary and
tertiary haloalkanes;
(i) compare the reactivity of chlorobenzene and
chloroalkanes in
hydrolysis reactions;
(j) explain the use of haloalkanes in the synthesis of
organomagnesium compounds (Grignard reagents),
and their
use in reactions with carbonyl compounds;
(k) describe the uses of fluoroalkanes and
chlorofluoroalkanes as
inert substances for aerosol propellants, coolants
and
fireextinguishers;
(l) state the use of chloroalkanes as insecticide such as
DDT;
(m) describe the effect of chlorofluoroalkanes in the
depletion of
the ozone layer, and explain its mechanism.
17 Hydroxy Compounds Candidates should be able to:
(12) Expt 11: Qualitative
10-12 (a) write the general formula for hydroxyl compounds; analysis:
17.1 Introduction to hydroxy (b) name hydroxy compounds according to the IUPAC
compounds (1) nomenclature; Purpose: To study the
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in
reactions of alcohols
hydroxy
compounds;
and carbonyl
(d) state the physical properties of hydroxyl compounds
compounds.
17.2 Alcohols (6)
(a) classify alcohols into primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohol;
(c) classify the reactions of alcohols whereby the
R−OH is
broken and −OH is replaced by other groups: the
formation of
haloalkanes and the dehydration to alkenes and
ethers;
(d) explain the relative reactivity of primary,
secondary and
tertiary alcohols as exemplified by the reaction
rate of such
alcohols to give haloalkanes, and the reaction
products of
KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 oxidation in the presence of
sulphuric acid;
17.3 Phenols (5) (e) explain the reaction of alcohol with the structure
CH3CH(OH)− with alkaline aqueous solution of
iodine to
form triiodomethane;
(f) describe the laboratory and industrial preparation
of alcohol
as exemplified by ethanol from the hydration of
ethane;
(g) describe the synthesis of ethanol by fermentation
process;
(h) state the uses of alcohols as antiseptic, solvent and
fuel.
(a) explain the relative acidity of water, phenol and
ethanol with
particular reference to the inductive and
resonance effects;
(b) describe the reactions of phenol with sodium
hydroxide,
sodium, acyl chlorides and electrophilic
substitution in the
benzene ring;
(c) describe the use of bromine water and aqueous
iron(III)
chloride as tests for phenol;
(d) describe the cumene process in the manufacture of
phenol;
(e) explain the use of phenol in the manufacture of
cyclohexanol,
and hence, nylon-6,6.
13 18 Carbonyl Compounds Candidates should be able to:
(8) (a) write the general formula for carbonyl compounds:
aliphatic
and aromatic aldehydes and ketones;
(b) name aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and
ketones according
to the IUPAC nomenclature;
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in
carbonyl
compounds;
(d) state the physical properties of aliphatic and
aromatic
aldehydes and ketones;
(e) write the equations for the preparation of
aldehydes and
ketones;
(f) explain the reduction reactions of aldehydes and
ketones to
primary and secondary alcohols respectively
through catalytic
hydrogenation reaction and with LiA1H 4;
(g) explain the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
reagent as a
simple test to detect the presence of >C=O
groups;
(h) explain the mechanism of the nucleophilic addition
reactions
of hydrogen cyanide with aldehydes and ketones;
(i) explain the oxidation of aldehydes;
(j) differentiate between aldehyde and ketone based
on the
results of simple tests as exemplified by Fehling’s
solution
and Tollens’ reagent;
(k) explain the reactions of carbonyl compounds with
the
structure CH3−C=O with alkaline aqueous solution
of iodine
to give triiodomethane (iodoform test);
(l) explain that natural compounds such as glucose,
sucrose and
other carbohydrates which have the >C=O group;
(m) explain the characteristics of glucose as a
reducing sugar.
14-15 19 Carboxylic Acids and Candidates should be able to: Expt 13:
their Derivatives (10)
Purpose: To prepare a
19.1 Carboxylic acid (4) (a) write the general formula for aliphatic and sample of 2-(4-
aromatic hydroxyphenylazo)ben
carboxylic acids; zoic acid.
(b) name carboxylic acids according to the IUPAC
nomenclature
and their common names for C1 to C6;
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in
carboxylic acids;
(d) state the physical properties of carboxylic acids;
(e) write the equations for the formation of carboxylic
acids from
alcohols, aldehydes and nitriles;
(f) describe the acidic properties of carboxylic acids as
exemplified by their reactions with metals and
bases to form
salts;
(g) explain the substitution of the −OH in carboxylic
acids by the
nucleophiles −OR and −C1 to form esters and acyl
chlorides
respectively;
19.2 Acyl chlorides (2) (h) describe the reduction of carboxylic acids to
primary
alcohols;
(i) describe the oxidation and dehydration of
methanoic and
ethanedioic acids (oxalic acid);
(j) state the uses of carboxylic acids in food, perfume
and
polymer industries.
19.3 Esters (2) (a) write the general formula for acyl chlorides;
(b) name acyl chlorides according to the IUPAC
nomenclature;
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in acyl
chlorides;
(d) state the physical properties of acyl chlorides;
(e) explain the ease of hydrolysis of acyl chlorides
compared to
chloroalkanes;
(f) describe the reactions of acyl chlorides with
alcohols, phenols
and primary amines.
19.4 Amides (2) Expt 12: Qualitative
analysis
(a) write the general formula for esters;
(b) name esters according to the IUPAC nomenclature; Purpose:
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in esters; To study the reactions
(d) state the physical properties of esters; of organic nitrogen
(e) describe the preparation of esters by the reactions compounds (amides,
of acyl amines and their salts,
chlorides with alcohols and phenols; amino acids and
(f) describe the acid and base hydrolysis of esters; proteins)
(g) describe the reduction of esters to primary
alcohols;
(h) state the uses of esters as flavourings,
preservatives and
solvents.
(a) write the general formula for amides;
(b) name amides according to the IUPAC
nomenclature;
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in
amides;
(d) state the physical properties of amides;
(e) describe the preparation of amides by the reaction
of acyl
chlorides with primary amines;
(f) describe the acid and base hydrolysis of amides.
16-17 20 Amines, Amino Acids Candidates should be able to:
and Proteins (8)
20.1 Amines (4) (a) write the general formula for amines;
(b) name amines according to the IUPAC nomenclature
and their
common names;
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in
amines;
(d) state the physical properties of amines;
(e) classify amines into primary, secondary and
tertiary amines;
(f) explain the relative basicity of ammonia,
ethanamine and
phenylamine (aniline) in terms of their structures;
(g) describe the preparation of ethanamine by the
reduction of
nitriles, and phenylamine by the reduction of
nitrobenzene;
(h) explain the formation of salts when amines react
with mineral
acids;
20.2 Amino acids (3) (i) differentiate primary aliphatic amines from primary
aryl
(aromatic) amines by their respective reactions
with nitric(III)
acid (nitrous acid) and bromine water;
(j) explain the formation of dyes by the coupling
reaction of the
diazonium salt as exemplified by the reaction of
benzenediazonium chloride with phenol.
(a) write the structure and general formula for α-
20.3 Protein (1) amino acids;
(b) name α-amino acids according to the IUPAC
nomenclature
and their common names;
(c) describe structural and optical isomerism in amino
20.4 Polymer (8) acids;
(d) state the physical properties of α-amino acids;
(e) describe the acid and base properties of α-amino
acids;
(f) describe the formation of zwitterions;
(g) explain the peptide linkage as amide linkage
formed by the
condensation between two or more α-amino acids
as
exemplified by glycylalanine and alanilglycine.
(a) identify the peptide linkage in the primary
structure of
protein;
(b) describe the hydrolysis of proteins;
(c) state the biological importance of proteins.
(a)State example of natural and synthetic polymers
(b)Define monomer, polymer and repeating unit
(c)Define homopolymer and copolymer
(d)Identify monomer in a polymer
(e)Describe condensation polymerisation
(f) Describe addition polymerisation, exemplified by
poly(ethene), polyethylene, polythene, polystryrene
and polyvinylchloride.
(g)State the role of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst in
addition polymerisation.
(h)Identify isoprene (2-methylbutane-1,3-diene) as the
monomer of the natural rubber.
(i) Describe the two isomers in poly(2-methylbuta-1,3-
diene) in terms of the elastic cis form and the inelastic
form (the gutta-percha trees)
(j) State the use of polymers
(k)Explain the difficulty in the polymer disposal.
(l) Outline the advantages and disadvantages of
dumping polymer-based materials in rivers and seas.
(m) The classification of polymers as thermoplastic
and elastomer.
18-24 REVISION AND ADDITIONAL CLASSES
STPM SEMESTER 3 EXAMINATION