Core/Elective_| _ Core Prerequisite T Credits EMTL 3 - 3 UNIT -1 Antenna Fundamentals: Introduction, Radi Mechanism, Retarded potential, Isotroy Radiator, Radiation pattern, Radian and Steradian, Radiation Intensity, Gain, Directivity, Ant Efficiency, Effective Aperture, Effective Length, Reciprocity Theorem, Friis transmission equation, Front-to-back ratio, Antenna Beamwidth, Beam Efficiency, Beam Area, Antenna Impedance, Polarization, Antenna temperature, Antenna Field Regions. UNIT-1 ‘Thin Linear wire Antennas: Radiation from Infinitesimal Dipole, Radiation Resistance of Short Dipole, Halfwave Dipole and Monopole, Loop Antennas, Helical Antennas. UNIT -IIL Antenna Arrays: Array of point sources, two element arrays with equal and unequal amplitudes, different phases, linear n- clement array with uniform distribution, Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Binomial array, V- Antenna, Rhombic Antenna, Yagi - Uda Antenna, Log- periodic Antenna, UNIT-IV > , VHF and UHF Antennas: Babinets principle, Slot Antennas, Horn antenna, Parabolic Reflector and Cassegrain Antennas, Lens Antennas, Microstrip Antennas, Smart Antennas Antennas for Special Applications: Vehicle mounted antennas, VSAT and DBS TV antennas, RFID antenna, Plasma antenna, Terahertz antenna, UNIT-V Radio Wave Propagation: Modes of propagation - Ground wave propagation, Sky Wave Propagation and Space Wave Propagation, Structure of Atmosphere, Characteristics of Different Jonized Regions, Sky wave propagation, Ray Path, Virtual Height, MUF, Skip Distance, LOS TEXT BOOKS: 1. K, D. Prasad, Antennas and wave Propagation, Tech India Publication, New Delhi, 4e, 2019-20, 2. Edward C. Jordan and Kenneth G, Balmain, “Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems¢?2/e, PHI, 2001. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. J.D. Kraus, R. J. Marhefka; Ahmad S. Khan, Antennas and wave Propagation, MeGraw- Hill, 4th Edition, 2010. ‘ . Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Wiley, 3rd edition,2005. 3. RE, Collins, Antennas and Radio Propagation, Singapore: McGraw Hill, 1985. 4. R Harish and M. Sachidananda, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Oxford University Press, 2011. Anneived hu Chairmerson RS (ECP)Princtple af Radiation — # stetisnary, chorge will Create 07 ele ckric Pictd aQnound tk - Pf charge & moving , Magnehe Pied & Veoted By Changing, mowne be Reed cectric fied WwW UWealed ane Vice Vera - VXO = Te4Ip =o E+ OD ene: Nee oe By mutial inkrockion of Cleric Pred ond ee Pid produces Em field The time Varying, eLerbbe and mogneh& f Fidd ane perpendiatas- tho eady other: ~¢ w. ' ° Ele chic fred Raaomet<- RigidRodiation Mechonisny (Single wire ) Condon -far nadiaditn ta oC 1 EP chorge UY not moving, > eee : ot Created and Here ov wo radiation - 2 ) Ep Chonge & moving, wth Ontfetay velocity in dtroighk Wire and Hfinite extent, EXD a Ff covtdinaes- — Rodiaktes properbes weld, power plu 7 dennby , vadiokieny tnlennty, Pretd strength, direviniby , Phare ov peta tgearion Rodi olen pattern Field radiation po eg Roasote ; potten — pearver hodeorttey - Spalial Veniakten af fteld a comant & called “ eet ee peclenn? obengs 3 eisipata ortiedten) 1 fron fos Cemolank % Called power vodiakow pales Field pattern Power pattern Ey (0,8) eC oy Pe (6,9) Normoliged Protd pattern Bans eae eb) Peon= Pele) i Eel) roxy Pol 819) rox Mey yn, =. ALO Hy Fen = 0 2CO Ey (818) oye Po (SP Yona, Mavi un — Mon value ty aie ‘a?power yaattemn (neon Sealed — Cenvart power ints Ae Stole dib= (9 lo Pn — Adv: Pn Pield pattern Aide HPRW=Half Power = . pic wemetn hoeowm width FENBW = Bear width (Bwew) ae First uw oe) Ferse Way &n . Beam Sotid angle ep | Radien, Siteten ae ef ) Radian & a measuve of % plane angle Ateradian WB A measure of hile Mme Solid angle Radian :— Oe radian & debined od the 4 plane. angle with th verken ak the Cerbre of a civcle of yodius'y’ thak & coho by an Ane idlett engin & du. one Sleradian:— PLY depired os the Aetid angle unth tty vertix at thy cette of A Eplenre f rodius ‘tv that O Aublended by O spherical Aurpace area, equol te thot of a Aopone uith each Aide of length Ye [=i] Ge \Sre E ee Sid Mrgle aa ce dimeniena) — Aralegica) fo cers, Cale) sphere . HwAngle: rvetvo of Sublendad arc length or ree. ta rebiud ate o> <=)! ees — Grde has 279 todian Le “4 = 2B rods, Eotid angle; votio of Sublended oLea \ ov Sphere to Aeolus Aquaned $= v= Gr &. Reletion between Roclian and Sleracdian: eee | Sleradion = lradx | yod a = | rod? = (Beyeeren? {i Sy = 328613 a { For Complete Sphee Sclid angle = D= G7 Sr = 47 (3286) | = 412738-82 dear a = ane San (EY 2 = 1243 degRadiation Endewaky Cuce#J We a teen Ger ee nec Solid an. Ulicige leuemes Solid angle . Piers dw = P(8d) _ POOP? . aaa AS) 42 As 1) » ULB) = POG) > OC) 97 = > Palog) \ Lohenepyiorg) Power donuts eee tetas Power Aadicled cam ba J OL G) doe Pn = LS UONaTe| Se oe = viewer Prag ~ |) Ucrg) de ped = UAT OTS imi eo Gat pyhae UL 9) = FalCut)——————————— Gorn t Qbuy dehired the rotio of Aadcakts tnenmaty Ma oprven Airection to the rodiakon intenmity Comerpondang to Lrobopic ontenna: Gain ~ Radiation ) DntenAy in o ven dicrechun Rodiocdivon Tne ro IG ce il te . Lrctroptc antenma Tm. J Ulerg) ae) Pin Re | “2 Rediation potent Ree eT ea \ fer urtiepic 9 Gain = 47y ULEg) Uae POW = BE er, \ Setid ang = \ \ Upae Pin \ C a Pio Directive Goinl(G A Direch wily @) Direck we Fein Y depined & The totio of Power density (Pa (egy) te The aovnnoge power Byes a Ace Pow Fang, = Tetas Aadioked pow _ Prod ota) Sushate ona Css . Gp (Ore) = Fac ro? Prod] yarn at PaO = URW FAO) a >. rr ULOip) | | Spd) = Ucgie? *DivecKwvily Direchvug U thu moKtrwuy Qin b= Gorey _Urrass Fallow) wr ( ve 5 Oman Pedlyn ] Db aN Urox Prod APProximaled drechvity fo- am eae | L Cup? Hp ite. Oyp = HPO i plete ee oh [p= an | DBap= HPeew in H-plae Nee | rehew 29= Beam aew TET date power Ireony oddths of thy antenna One Known | then i Wipes: p Bip ake “Ula = Nummer of Square Aegrees in S phere see = angs deg ~ Tw 8up =4pew ty © plant Pap= pew om H-plane TE we Conder minek Lees too Thon approniont, shane iets Al Te Foaoo Sup opp ) — ysAtance (Ryd) * prespesistoneittdy Rielle pever by antenna © cument flowing. Through ¢ rrctia SEs anvonna ty eu apeetttiow) Aayabance, Aude AemAbWve ’ & catted Aadicilion Rertalann lead 1 LD Rrad | - ee aie g = ve Rodiakion Acridtamce of Srrat) Curent = ov (at) ehommenk = a u Shove dipele = 2078 (dt) n Menopete antenna = 107. (ay uo Nabfwave dipste = 13 2- u v " " 0 0 Radiation eppictency, (oF) Hntenna ebpiceny (1) “Patio of yadicted (rower Lo input powen! ye. Prod [ tl Pin | z as. + The precheal antenna = ae Bigieitrad st, Sew tb madaupep Conducted hhoving. finite Cmduchyvey, trente mvs0t Coriden— — Psad ohmic pouser Lets oof crvenng Pradt Press Te Brad _ j Tel Trees we. Bes | | Rirad +RLers | Road \ ip | Read +Qroag,Power Goin Eip) Cee 7 | " the Aatvo of fhe Peorey radiated tna park cular direction to tha achiral power thr Ht Dy Gip = Fo to tha antenna” cect : t e The of Pho mrantrussy Aodiotion trlenanly to dads okten intensity due to wotrepic antenra Gutoe) Uine ea oa Pes Tnatreptc Pty [47 Hence Gip©rP noe ~ GinlOiP ocr - NoTE : The powergain & alusasy> bexs Hrour Jat direchKve goin Since att prackeal antenrcS duce Aome poser lox - i - » S1prox < Sorrom - k : ce Rees in Gp, chtictensyl) § at meee Wwe know Thor Sie OT VOB) mee —O on Dring UW Umow — © eed Prrad Eee Eran _ Seas aaa ae rib | Gomon Merete hinoy GEE peel~ Q frome to Back Ratio CPRRD Reon 4 eae FRRa Power Awdiated th desired divection POW Aodiatad tn opporita dicveckion , Cop) Pap - Rodiatad tox dowaly From the Centre of raafer, Lebo Radiatod Plus demir From the CeA¥re of the back Lobe => FOR denends ow Frequency, , Bechicos length and Aan blu antenna elemesits { foromie eNerrent Ps spacing T Fert > FRR ® imMpettank in cove of receiving antenna yothy, than trawsmi ting antennab oAPrienro Beamostdth | Ba pee of the divedivil of the antenna Beamund TLE & an Angular widtts tn doo Tt | depined as” the anguhar Aepenation petmeen wer idenical pons on & Maer bebe of a vodiotion pattern ishere the radiated power Aecrenszes to | AeNe of Tt omaxinnum Value — the beamuadth U width CHPpew)’, — Tk owe ebpected by the shape ef Te Red son Potten , Wowlength ard durch aro Called Half power Bearn : Pores, warn ee Main lebe ans ia odsBeam epbictenay. (2.4) TD examine tha quabky af so Fransmt Hing and Xecetving SA d . Beane Horcta nog. Can be exprened Tren o& the moan bean chew (Jin) on4 the +otas beam onea (a). %- Bap vain — Bear efficienyy. Can be tares coineoite ce | eee epee He mpcitha te pio es Beowm Efbictency =| O5q Sie ED pia —The vetio of mineL-lsbe Onea (2m) to the toto beam rea (Np) & cated the dteay fect Ey) + Shay fttn = | yy O20 - tota) Beam Arena (2p) emu of main mace , et plus mine Lobe oreo (Sm) [ins Tat | sep, _ Sem + Sem La Vp vp j= emt Sm [saree | brio ane lit namaAntenna Bamdostdth - The feuapandaits of an antenna Since the properties of dation Avristanw, direchuity ete. Changes unt (AL frequency. ho Unique Aebinibeen fet ty Atppraut t dehinw , antenros Lik rocks otion Petre ) Ao Therefore there & anterma bandwidth Dey: ° The band af frequencies over esticw the antenna mointeime Acquired Choraclenisle, to the Apect pred Value!" — Dn generol bandusrdtin motrby depends on tonpedemen and pektern of onberma. Bamndurddth = Aud= W2-Wy = Ap- ff = fe a — [a ty Lower Me Q of antenna er i ee banduidth ang vice Vena eesResolution ; Tt ts dehined * os Thy Aolf of thu dean width between -Pirst mul! evoucttes = InN) wre Qa ~ Buk half of the beamurcath between Pirst nole & equal Capproximakely) tho The hop power— beamwidth CUP RW) of a7 antenna ie-(Uppwe BHEN re [in Se | Ww Pnlenna Beom Area = Lp = Oup Sup E = { BOEN BuUFN (2a) 2 Mp — Tf there ore N humber of point A0urces of padialkion distributed eave Tran antemns forolve> |i = aa p> pone Et es PRD = ry Soe vA ence (D=~ | a Tdeolly, ruumber of point Aources Aerolwwd doy an antenna 4% equa) to diveckwily of ambenna The yerolictter af antenne & abso colled | Raylergh Reroluition -ee Length oh) Effecive reght (Lept \ — The team efpecive length ov height repr the "eppecivenens of a7 antenna od Aadialor ch Collector af an EM wot enengy” — Th tnoclicote: drow for 27 antenna & chhedive ov Aecebing, fro EM wave enengy ents SD Dronsemithing For trammitting antenna of 2 depined os “ the length of an yuNialen tlie ager Usticls hoo lular Boneh oo eee rt length radiating Ihe Pied Atoergts tn dbrectivn perpendiarlan— to thw lengthy ome od attial antenna": ie ey onto? oe) | y) ot ( j oe a ) de i e 4 i 4 2 | | z x ) Adiad anlenna by Antenna with with length £ ebbechue teagtn le Lr -rAdU0d antenna . Be Aa (0) Ler = J Le A —Yr U2 oats te) Be ccs oe ¥SRAES 108 aoleone : votic ef ofen circuit Vlhege ef amtenna ko (RE magniduds of conic ale (Re dekmimlsEfe Kuve Prpettore (ov) Gffecbve aca Cr) Area af Antenna CAe) - “DEO the ability of antenna to etrock y ‘ energy frerm the EM wand & abled efferrve cnr Loco a Re ontenna extyadca energy form tacident wore ond aliens it to load ? The amount ef Bm oungy colleted 2 Pre poyrtena) to the collecHna Aven 1S more PRL Colleckin oneal Aputure onea) Thon Received pouty & more. - For dt anteana _ For froth opt & frnlenna p=) Tipe one = 807407) on propure saa "Get Hew ruariees ef Fb the Physiol aren of THe a wher of &aS © i * 2) < i vy Lective, radiaking. area to#: Derive Thr ebpedsve aperture 12% of \ Herteian attpete | Short dipete 1 ORD ye Che aputine rea Show Thar menimumn ey Pa Ahert adépete o 0.19 ome, Equivalent dk for sacetving, ee x aed | XN {epee elechnicden EN Vo = je (at) -—a) ae Za = RAS Eater Lae B4X No 5 = po vo —@® Rajherfr QRrod Power Azsceived | delivered at Leos) ee are = (lm eroa Semle FmBro (2) rod = 20 Brod 2 el ~ Cena) eo Sub Wy) in @) -. Ree ET dl™ _ wy BRred rehire Apertipe =e = fe ftw _lexi\ neh Vetrd ayn Be dns. |. CHE Reag Fer carrent ehoment Read = Go n(ab\__@) Sub Gyn)Antenna impedance relates the voltage to the current at the input 10 the antenns Suppose the impedance is given by a complex number, say Z=50 + j*50 oby The real part of the antenna impedance represents power that is either radiated or absorbed within the antenna, The imaginary part of the impedance r n power that is stored in the near field of the antenna, This is noner pe Z = (Ruy Rj The real part is the radiation resistance plus the ohmic resistance An antenna with real input impedance (zero imaginary part) is said 10 be Note that the impedance of an antenna will vary with frequene Antenna npul impedance is very important because itis generally desired To supply maximum available power from the transmitter to the antenna > To extract maximum amount of received energy from the antenna. Antenna Input impedance is defined as “the impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage to current at a pair of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate components of the electric to magnetic fields at a point.” | 2s | Figure: Circuit model of an antenna connected to a voltage source From cireuit theory, we know that P=V | eles The power that is delivered to the antenna is Zaxts na P V>-ZA Pa=Ltn? f= aay Case (i) If ZA is much smaller in magnitude than ZS ie. ZA <>ZS, then no power will be ivered as we é bra 2e. ea), Maximum power Wranspaa, Pao ch, For maximum power to be transferred from the generator to the antenna, the ideal value for the antenna impedance is given by Za= Zs* > The * in the above equation represents complex conjugate, So if ZS=30+]*30 ohms then for maximum power transfer the antenna should impedance ZA=30-j*30 ohms. > ‘Typically, the source impedance is real (imaginary part equals zero). in which ease maximum power transfer occurs when ZA=ZSFriss Tramsmixien Foimua Lee Sami Sees Mane Sy Th formula useful in obtaining the power heceived by. the heceiver - t Th -famula & based onthe Concept of the ebhectve aperture, Re tyeee Ry Antenne fet off, F— Receipor, Rx Comnder Ce ee and heceier Hhown ip Lee a= distane potwees Hanrmnitter ound frecelier power Aadiated or transmelted aa fraws— mite arkoma ee oe peceuved by hecetving, fer = ebrecive aperture crea 4 1% amlenna fer = u “ Qx u amlenna Pyenrams that ge tranemitting, anlenna Y Ltopic , ther fro power de. power feceived Per unit orer at the heceiveng, antenna pes En | Pe. Prod, © Pra 4Md> = 4A oie oe: Tein 4 Tx antenna & Gir , ten power. ae ( Gq = Pocser dest Pa= Gr x ang. power ONG peaR= Gr fr ae ma e a x eve ape oure ; condikien ,ih bbe unde, tdead b Tol power 3 Re antenne & Aeg Thon [ez de= Power’ Reel ) Faz Pa Aer Bassa roar: ) Aer @ Gna But Gain antenna Gre anne ® Sub 8 9 fp = er eR Aer >) Aeg Gntar Pa = fer Aer @® Pr a> Ax Sub Req = Gr oe Aen= Gp aX aS oe a i Reaguie Grae ae iy (aay TWD eqn is Prius Transmit sion Fournula | i The eqn & Useful in Cotudtalion of less Loti & Sra ppenin: . Perpeagass Em wre from Tx toRx fo = Greer (coma) Ci A= de) Fax -b, ee wer————————— . Red prock, Thee . Th an emp ® applied to the terminals d an aeniénna. wo. aind hs current Measrred ak the termined, 4 another anenna no.2, then 39 equal cuwrent both amplitude and phos all be obtained atk the terminals A antenna nro: 4 uy the Aame emf & applied to the tetminals A antlenna NOD GR) Dy a current T, ak the tevmihals go anknne open Jeuminals no wduces an emp Egy ot ths a, ak fhe Jeaminals a % antenna no-r and a ament 4 anlenna no-27 wduces an emf Ey oF the open terminals od, Aanlenna nol, then E\r= Eo Provided no Dy bial oa TS, & 4 e \ es FeQr) Saivalent N)oZi Zo = Sel, tmpedone amternand ( & 2 “Ak tus0 anienna) Zr = rrutuod tere aan a From civuit 3 Wountlen 25 = S12 Jonpe dere ae ae Thos é 2 i : Be fron Reciprocdky wo ienpedances ane a de. Zo= Zo, Prwded Dt =To_ Ths uo nolhing bur mutuos trpedane En) Zn=t2=Zaj = Ge = Eo Tat On 2 a G2 Gy Pree ra Apply. KVL fos Lg@ Loop See S505 ty fee AA 27] 22 apply KUL fry Pig ® Loop® Di2+(T-T) tm -o = Ty (Part Zep) — E1Zm~O Sub © in © TL Ztzen | - 2m Bence Daktm Ty [Ear Zen) (Zaattes) = Ze | = Ee (2p, 42m, eoPomienna Fda Zones. con eld ures Nose \ Pred reqren (Fresnel region) oe eae region)’ it) VReaurve reas -fietd rogies gen, ’ or radiation petten ¢ R distort radiation rudslane, Yediabin Patten, rekenanc freq Connected Jo amlenna- oben fe =pe 2h ee Properhes oP thin reaien : —y Thee antenna pectero 1s Fedeing shape but net Sualy formed « > The Yodiatien Petd predominates the neackiwe Fietd . DD The rodiatad Wave font & All Clea euved- 4e- not planar. ees ‘y ~~? The elecbical and moonehe field vectms are ipWD Forfietd Regtsn Ry Ze hee a Th this rectiatten pattern holding. Complete shape Thee aU ee @irnplete cco pro and alo radiates Ahdine’ unl not Uomge Ob distanve Progress - \ > The Wavefront become approwion ahely planar, 7 The wedietien poattun U completely formed and das Vows, ont distenw - > Ebtetd ond H-fetd Verlors are Orthogonal 7 _nneaoli pl ase regi nosy Pah eee Reathoe ri Neodupield /Retarded poenttals Far obtaining te Calan the cleric and —prerds Rear Gre, dipferunh approaches potenhabs for approach & called h iia Ose, maxwely ees Sbhtain durieck 4 od the Poknhot ae eqns Po aja oe se Heunuke A ch =e i g Heuesake, -ppproachs (eyes) B mapa die P a =f eo = —YU Polembal ak Point ‘p) with) = a aneR Rida (a) Vv 4&TeER ag: Pelenvial due to VOR) = { vroluunne chos.go dennks. then the fandomental elecric fad CAR ined boy. Panding, the qradionk a Scalar Potential Von E=-VV — &)Simla, fo a Aleaaly, mognehe fied in a hen geneous medium , the veered magneKe Polenbo)] (A) can bo enprerted tnterms cument distribution ushitn o Covtank arth hare = Aa Cds ts AW =) Tae ) + e sha ia. BbS+ fags Veloa [-ia-e° [om lot A ong poe SadiatiatA dipole having o length of 30m & opuared ab 1G42 Tre. ebpiclenty. 1 Somes. zs. = (0:6) Ch5)= = 1v) © Cra Rep the antenna — Sh andenna banked GOOKHZ and cur tow beeqenty gf 2omHr § ee@® Evaluate tre dived Of yas oD, SACO) re asi Wcipetticrod cone Powe, patton - sq = Cope > 1 Beran wp Prod Prods o Ulog) gaodods D fer an wobopic Aadiato OLO)- Oran un area { { Omron Sino 4040 Sb os pales = Urrow ( dg ( Fro ade Orronf 27] [-coe Jo 2 Unron + 2 (—(Oh-t210)) = 4-7 Orow D= 4ROmw . Unemou a4 Wrod ——_tiqatrex 1 Cera Cotra oath UAlectHonas coro pow pxn on Prod fh Omer (are Ere d849 i aul 2 Ovox | oY 1 [pmece do - > Osron "BD peewee s os = Urom a5. a eee hee = eat -2n- [-une [0 an mon {4 2)D Fea gverce of Aadiakon Prienlsy Vs6ane, Rad 00 Avrechwtity and LpRw , bshen PE PaNun wh Onidive Hera a Cee ee Leni Prod e noo | UlLO@) (nO Od (© ave oboe a paren ° Unidere Kiera! ), yon ay Como Mo dod Ww S| ad. 6-Q0n. py Rie 3 G20 49 é Ue ~ 20], te yy Hy Bn andemna hore Pid pattern Gren bay Elor= CHEecare for 0o< O 4 (ley aes = 1 B25KW 6) cehowell fre Gean of an ante of atomitty Bt ak 5GEL beregveny Nero ae 6 = 2044 0 = 20-47 = 20:5 Hpeew = 20 = 9 (aos) DPS LHRO = O esse a obo \: : amore = 0950 por ies # w8s0 = pnew = ale) esse me29 (DCM mone aiemmna » Ford She fear ") Kom a quost gtocuatied fou ree jue Value oA. BI Read = 26:52: Prad = Tans x Rood. ? aa Rrod Ve =| 10 pe 5 (<3) X 36) 50 = HOO 365 a = (8950. SS 9) claus Hei erin: sth oft saputane of caine Bris with sary poopuensiy « dosuming ou aleeD= 4nx 4-068 (0.06)? D Q4 EFF 3). Caleulate phe pysient Length of 0 haly «00 difele antenna GouHg : Ad oe 3x10° t 60x 10% Hall want Aipole 5 295 2 ) uw ajo hosing a Jenglh of oem & oe ot {aH the offesiney fasteu js 0-6 caloulate Rod % RE as = 36m $ =\Giy =06 je fon Ryvad + Rios fred = 20n>( SY) 2 oe (oes = 80% \“ax 108 yx ie ert (ae = ROKK 1000