The Complete Quantitative Aptitude

Formula Compendium for IB ACIO Tier 1

Introduction
Success in competitive examinations like the IB ACIO Tier 1 is a function of two critical
variables: conceptual clarity and computational speed. The Quantitative Aptitude section, in
particular, is a direct test of this balance. While a deep understanding of concepts is essential,
the ability to apply them rapidly and accurately under time pressure is what distinguishes the top
performers. This compendium has been meticulously crafted to serve as the definitive bridge
between understanding and application.
This document is structured to be more than just a list of formulas; it is a strategic tool for your
preparation. It is organized into logical sections, beginning with the fundamental principles of
arithmetic and progressing through commercial mathematics, rate-based problems, geometry,
and data interpretation. Each formula is presented with a concise explanation of its purpose and
the conditions under which it applies. This structured approach is designed to facilitate a
three-tiered learning process: initial comprehension, systematic revision, and rapid, last-minute
recall. By mastering the contents of this handbook, an aspirant can significantly enhance their
problem-solving efficiency, minimize errors, and approach the examination with the confidence
that comes from thorough preparation.

Section 1: The Building Blocks of Arithmetic

This section covers the foundational pillars of quantitative aptitude. The principles of Number
System, HCF & LCM, and Simplification are not merely individual topics but are interwoven into
the fabric of nearly every other chapter. A strong command of these building blocks is
non-negotiable, as it provides the essential tools for efficient and accurate problem-solving
across the entire syllabus.

1.1 Number System

The number system is the language of mathematics. Understanding its components, rules, and
properties is the first step toward quantitative mastery.

Core Concepts

●​ Natural Numbers (N): Counting numbers starting from 1. N = \{1, 2, 3,...\}.

●​ Whole Numbers (W): Natural numbers including zero. W = \{0, 1, 2, 3,...\}.
●​ Integers (Z or I): All whole numbers and their negative counterparts. I = \{..., -3, -2, -1, 0,
1, 2, 3,...\}.
●​ Prime Numbers: Natural numbers greater than 1 that have exactly two distinct factors: 1
and the number itself. Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11. Note that 1 is not a prime number.
●​ Composite Numbers: Natural numbers greater than 1 that are not prime; they have
more than two factors. Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9.
 ●​ Co-primes: A pair of numbers whose Highest Common Factor (HCF) is 1. They do not
need to be prime numbers themselves. Example: (8, 9).

Divisibility Rules

Divisibility rules are critical shortcuts for simplifying fractions and determining factors of large
numbers, which is a foundational skill for calculating HCF and LCM efficiently. Instead of
performing long division, these rules allow for rapid identification of factors, thereby accelerating
the entire problem-solving process.
Divisible By Condition for Divisibility
2 The last digit of the number is even (0, 2, 4, 6,
8).
3 The sum of the digits of the number is divisible
by 3.
4 The number formed by the last two digits is
divisible by 4.
5 The last digit of the number is 0 or 5.
6 The number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
8 The number formed by the last three digits is
divisible by 8.
9 The sum of the digits of the number is divisible
by 9.
10 The last digit of the number is 0.
11 The difference between the sum of digits at odd
places and the sum of digits at even places is
either 0 or a multiple of 11.
12 The number is divisible by both 3 and 4.
Summation Formulas (Series)

These formulas are essential for solving problems related to series and averages of consecutive
numbers.
●​ Sum of first 'n' natural numbers: 1 + 2 + 3 +... + n = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}.
●​ Sum of squares of first 'n' natural numbers: 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 +... + n^2 =
\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}.
●​ Sum of cubes of first 'n' natural numbers: 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 +... + n^3 =
\left[\frac{n(n+1)}{2}\right]^2.
●​ Sum of first 'n' odd numbers: 1 + 3 + 5 +... = n^2.
●​ Sum of first 'n' even numbers: 2 + 4 + 6 +... = n(n+1).

Key Properties and Tips

●​ Remainder Theorem: This theorem provides the fundamental structure for all
division-based problems.
○​ Formula: Dividend = (Divisor \times Quotient) + Remainder.
●​ Finding the Number of Factors: A common question type involves finding the total
number of factors for a given composite number.
○​ Method: First, express the number N as a product of its prime factors: N = a^m
 \times b^n \times c^p \times...
○​ Formula: The total number of factors is (m+1)(n+1)(p+1)....
●​ Test for Primality: To check if a number N is prime, test for divisibility by prime numbers
up to approximately \sqrt{N}. If it is not divisible by any of these primes, then N is a prime
number.

1.2 HCF and LCM

Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) are fundamental concepts
used extensively in problems involving time and work, time, speed and distance, and
simplification of fractions.
●​ Fundamental Relationship: The product of two numbers is equal to the product of their
HCF and LCM. This is a cornerstone formula for this topic.
○​ Formula: For two numbers, a and b, a \times b = HCF(a, b) \times LCM(a, b).
○​ Important Condition: This rule applies only to two numbers. For three numbers a,
b, c, a \times b \times c \neq HCF(a, b, c) \times LCM(a, b, c).
●​ Formulas for Fractions:
○​ HCF of Fractions: HCF\left(\frac{a}{b}, \frac{c}{d}\right) = \frac{HCF(a, c)}{LCM(b,
d)}.
○​ LCM of Fractions: LCM\left(\frac{a}{b}, \frac{c}{d}\right) = \frac{LCM(a, c)}{HCF(b,
d)}.
●​ Problem-Solving Formulas:
○​ To find the greatest number that will divide x, y, z leaving remainders a, b, c
respectively: Find HCF(x-a, y-b, z-c).
○​ To find the least number which when divided by x, y, z leaves the same remainder r
in each case: Find (LCM(x, y, z)) + r.
●​ Methods for Calculation:
○​ Prime Factorization Method: Express each number as a product of prime factors.
HCF is the product of the lowest powers of common prime factors. LCM is the
product of the highest powers of all prime factors present in the numbers.
○​ Division Method: A successive division process used to find the HCF of two
numbers. The last divisor that leaves a remainder of zero is the HCF.

1.3 Simplification and Approximation

This topic tests the ability to perform calculations with speed and accuracy. The order of
operations is paramount.
●​ The Order of Operations (VBODMAS): This rule dictates the sequence in which
operations must be performed in a mathematical expression to ensure a correct and
unique answer. Following this hierarchy is mandatory.
○​ V - Vinculum (or Bar)
○​ B - Brackets (in order: (), {},)
○​ O - Of (which implies multiplication but has higher precedence than standard
multiplication)
○​ D - Division
○​ M - Multiplication
○​ A - Addition
○​ S - Subtraction
 ●​ Key Algebraic Identities for Simplification: Certain algebraic identities are frequently
used as shortcuts to simplify complex calculations.
○​ (a+b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + 2ab
○​ (a-b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab
○​ a^2 - b^2 = (a+b)(a-b).
●​ Approximation Techniques: Approximation is the strategic art of trading exact precision
for calculation speed. The decision to approximate is not merely a mathematical trick but
a tactical choice made by observing the nature of the numbers in the question and the
spacing of the given options. If the options are far apart (e.g., 100, 200, 300),
approximation is a powerful tool. However, if options are close (e.g., 120.5, 121.5, 122.5),
exact calculation is necessary to avoid errors.
○​ Core Method: Round off decimal numbers or complex numbers to their nearest
whole number or a convenient value to simplify the calculation.
○​ Example: To solve 149.89 \times \sqrt{626}, approximate it as 150 \times \sqrt{625}
= 150 \times 25 = 3750. The exact answer is close to this value.

Section 2: The Mathematics of Commerce

This section deals with the quantitative concepts that govern commercial and financial
transactions. These topics are heavily interconnected, with Percentage and Ratio & Proportion
forming the bedrock upon which Profit & Loss and Interest calculations are built.

2.1 Percentage
A percentage is a ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is a fundamental concept used across
various quantitative aptitude topics.
●​ Core Formula: Percentage = \left(\frac{Value}{Total \ Value}\right) \times 100.
●​ Conversions:
○​ Fraction to Percentage: \left(\frac{x}{y}\right) \times 100\%.
○​ Percentage to Fraction: x\% = \frac{x}{100}. (Refer to Appendix A.3 for a table of
common conversions).
●​ Percentage Change: This is used to quantify the change from an original value to a new
value.
○​ Percentage Increase: \frac{New \ Value - Original \ Value}{Original \ Value} \times
100.
○​ Percentage Decrease: \frac{Original \ Value - New \ Value}{Original \ Value} \times
100.
●​ Successive Percentage Change: When a value is changed multiple times in
succession.
○​ Net Change Formula: If a value is changed by a\% and then by b\%, the net
effective change is \left(a + b + \frac{ab}{100}\right)\%. Use a positive sign for an
increase and a negative sign for a decrease.
○​ Multiplicative Factor Method: This method is often more reliable for more than
two changes. Final Value = Initial \ Value \times \left(1 \pm \frac{a}{100}\right) \times
\left(1 \pm \frac{b}{100}\right) \times....
●​ Important Application Formulas:
○​ If A's value is R\% more than B's, then B's value is less than A's by:
 \left(\frac{R}{100+R}\right) \times 100\%.
○​ If A's value is R\% less than B's, then B's value is more than A's by:
\left(\frac{R}{100-R}\right) \times 100\%.
○​ Population/Depreciation: If a quantity P increases or decreases at a rate of R\%
per period for n periods:
■​ Final Quantity = P \left(1 \pm \frac{R}{100}\right)^n.

2.2 Ratio and Proportion

A ratio is a comparison of two quantities, while a proportion is an equality of two ratios. These
concepts are fundamental to solving problems involving mixtures, partnerships, and sharing.
●​ Definitions:
○​ Ratio: The ratio of a to b is written as a:b or \frac{a}{b}. Here, 'a' is the antecedent
and 'b' is the consequent.
○​ Proportion: An equality of two ratios. If a:b is equal to c:d, it is written as a:b::c:d.
●​ Core Property of Proportion: In a proportion a:b::c:d, the product of the middle terms
(means) is equal to the product of the extreme terms (extremes).
○​ Formula: b \times c = a \times d.
●​ Types of Ratios:
○​ Duplicate Ratio of a:b is a^2:b^2.
○​ Sub-duplicate Ratio of a:b is \sqrt{a}:\sqrt{b}.
○​ Triplicate Ratio of a:b is a^3:b^3.
○​ Sub-triplicate Ratio of a:b is \sqrt{a}:\sqrt{b}.
●​ Proportionals:
○​ Fourth Proportional: If a:b::c:x, then x is the fourth proportional to a, b, c. x =
\frac{bc}{a}.
○​ Third Proportional: If a:b::b:x, then x is the third proportional to a, b. x =
\frac{b^2}{a}.
○​ Mean Proportional: The mean proportional between a and b is \sqrt{ab}.
●​ Properties of Proportions (Componendo & Dividendo): These are powerful tools for
manipulating equations involving ratios. If \frac{a}{b} = \frac{c}{d}, then:
○​ Invertendo: \frac{b}{a} = \frac{d}{c}.
○​ Alternendo: \frac{a}{c} = \frac{b}{d}.
○​ Componendo: \frac{a+b}{b} = \frac{c+d}{d}.
○​ Dividendo: \frac{a-b}{b} = \frac{c-d}{d}.
○​ Componendo and Dividendo: \frac{a+b}{a-b} = \frac{c+d}{c-d}.

2.3 Profit, Loss, and Discount

Questions on this topic revolve around the commercial transactions of buying and selling. The
entire framework can be understood by visualizing the flow between three key price points: the
Cost Price (CP), the Marked Price (MP), and the Selling Price (SP). The profit or loss is
determined by the relationship between CP and SP, while the discount is determined by the
relationship between MP and SP. Complex problems often require a two-step journey, for
instance, moving from CP to MP (markup) and then from MP to SP (discount), before finally
calculating the profit.
●​ Basic Terminology & Formulas:
○​ Cost Price (CP): The price at which an article is purchased.
 ○​Selling Price (SP): The price at which an article is sold.
○​Marked Price (MP) / List Price: The price printed on the article.
○​Profit (or Gain): Profit = SP - CP (Condition: SP > CP).
○​Loss: Loss = CP - SP (Condition: CP > SP).
○​Profit Percentage: Profit \% = \left(\frac{Profit}{CP}\right) \times 100.
○​Loss Percentage: Loss \% = \left(\frac{Loss}{CP}\right) \times 100.
○​Important Note: Profit and Loss percentages are always calculated on the Cost
Price unless specified otherwise.
●​ Formulas Connecting SP and CP:
○​ In case of Profit: SP = CP \times \left(\frac{100 + Profit\%}{100}\right).
○​ In case of Loss: SP = CP \times \left(\frac{100 - Loss\%}{100}\right).
○​ To find CP from SP (Profit): CP = SP \times \left(\frac{100}{100 + Profit\%}\right).
○​ To find CP from SP (Loss): CP = SP \times \left(\frac{100}{100 - Loss\%}\right).
●​ Discount Formulas:
○​ Discount: Discount = MP - SP.
○​ Discount Percentage: Discount \% = \left(\frac{Discount}{MP}\right) \times 100.
○​ SP from MP and Discount: SP = MP \times \left(\frac{100 -
Discount\%}{100}\right).
●​ Special Cases and Shortcuts:
○​ Successive Discounts: If two successive discounts of a\% and b\% are given, the
single equivalent discount is \left(a + b - \frac{ab}{100}\right)\%.
○​ False Weight: When a shopkeeper uses a faulty weight to sell goods.
■​ Gain \% = \left(\frac{True \ Weight - False \ Weight}{False \ Weight}\right)
\times 100.
■​ Alternatively: Gain \% = \left(\frac{Error}{True \ Weight - Error}\right) \times
100.
○​ Same Selling Price: If two articles are sold at the same SP, one at a gain of x\%
and the other at a loss of x\%, there is always a net loss.
■​ Net Loss Percentage = \left(\frac{x^2}{100}\right)\%.

2.4 Simple and Compound Interest

Interest is the cost of borrowing money. Simple Interest is calculated only on the principal, while
Compound Interest is calculated on the principal plus the accumulated interest.
●​ Terminology:
○​ Principal (P): The initial sum of money borrowed or lent.
○​ Rate (R): The rate of interest per annum (%).
○​ Time (T): The duration for which the money is borrowed/lent, in years.
○​ Amount (A): Principal + Interest.
●​ Simple Interest (SI):
○​ SI = \frac{P \times R \times T}{100}.
○​ Amount in SI: A = P + SI = P\left(1 + \frac{RT}{100}\right).
●​ Compound Interest (CI):
○​ Amount in CI (Compounded Annually): A = P\left(1 + \frac{R}{100}\right)^T.
○​ Compound Interest: CI = A - P = P\left.
●​ Compounding Frequency Variations: The formula for Amount (A) changes based on
how often the interest is compounded in a year. Let 'n' be the number of compounding
periods per year.
 ○​ Half-yearly (n=2): A = P\left(1 + \frac{R/2}{100}\right)^{2T}.
○​ Quarterly (n=4): A = P\left(1 + \frac{R/4}{100}\right)^{4T}.
○​ General Formula: A = P\left(1 + \frac{R}{n \times 100}\right)^{nT}.
●​ Difference between CI and SI:
○​ For 2 years: CI - SI = P\left(\frac{R}{100}\right)^2.
○​ For 3 years: CI - SI = P\left(\frac{R}{100}\right)^2 \left(3 + \frac{R}{100}\right).

Section 3: Rate, Motion, and Work

This section addresses dynamic problems where quantities change with respect to time. The
topics of Time, Speed & Distance, Time & Work, and Pipes & Cisterns, while seemingly distinct,
are all governed by the universal principle of Amount = Rate × Time. In motion problems, the
'Amount' is Distance and the 'Rate' is Speed. In work problems, the 'Amount' is Work and the
'Rate' is Efficiency. Recognizing this underlying structure allows for a unified problem-solving
approach, where concepts like 'relative speed' in motion are analogous to 'combined efficiency'
in work.

3.1 Time, Speed, and Distance

This topic deals with the motion of objects. The core formula connects the three variables.
●​ Core Relationship: Distance = Speed \times Time.
●​ Standard Units and Conversions: It is crucial to maintain consistent units throughout a
calculation.
○​ Speed is typically in km/hr or m/s.
○​ km/hr to m/s: Multiply by \frac{5}{18}. So, x \text{ km/hr} = x \times \frac{5}{18}
\text{ m/s}.
○​ m/s to km/hr: Multiply by \frac{18}{5}. So, x \text{ m/s} = x \times \frac{18}{5} \text{
km/hr}.
●​ Proportionality Rules:
○​ If Distance is constant, then Speed \propto \frac{1}{Time}. If the ratio of speeds of
two objects is a:b, the ratio of the time taken to cover the same distance will be b:a.
○​ If Time is constant, then Distance \propto Speed.
○​ If Speed is constant, then Distance \propto Time.
●​ Average Speed:
○​ General Formula: Average \ Speed = \frac{Total \ Distance \ Traveled}{Total \ Time
\ Taken}.
○​ Case 1 (Equal Distances): If a person travels a certain distance at a speed of x
km/hr and an equal distance at a speed of y km/hr, the average speed for the whole
journey is \frac{2xy}{x+y} km/hr.
○​ Case 2 (Equal Times): If a person travels for a certain time at a speed of x km/hr
and for an equal amount of time at a speed of y km/hr, the average speed is
\frac{x+y}{2} km/hr.
●​ Relative Speed: This concept is used when two or more objects are in motion.
○​ Opposite Directions: When two objects move towards each other or away from
each other, their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds. Relative \
Speed = S_1 + S_2.
○​ Same Direction: When two objects move in the same direction, their relative speed
 is the difference between their individual speeds. Relative \ Speed = |S_1 - S_2|.

3.2 Special Cases in Motion

Problems on Trains

These problems are a specific application of relative speed, where the length of the objects
(trains) is significant.
●​ Crossing a Stationary Point Object (Pole, Man): The distance covered is the length of
the train itself.
○​ Time = \frac{Length \ of \ Train}{Speed \ of \ Train}.
●​ Crossing a Stationary Lengthy Object (Platform, Bridge, Tunnel): The distance
covered is the sum of the length of the train and the length of the object.
○​ Time = \frac{Length \ of \ Train + Length \ of \ Object}{Speed \ of \ Train}.
●​ Two Trains Crossing Each Other (Opposite Direction):
○​ Time = \frac{L_1 + L_2}{S_1 + S_2} (where L_1, L_2 are lengths and S_1, S_2 are
speeds).
●​ Two Trains Crossing Each Other (Same Direction):
○​ Time = \frac{L_1 + L_2}{|S_1 - S_2|}.

Boats and Streams

These problems involve the effect of a moving medium (water current) on the speed of a moving
object (boat).
●​ Terminology:
○​ Let the speed of the boat in still water be u.
○​ Let the speed of the stream (current) be v.
●​ Downstream Motion (with the current): The speed of the stream adds to the boat's
speed.
○​ Downstream Speed, D = u + v.
●​ Upstream Motion (against the current): The speed of the stream opposes the boat's
speed.
○​ Upstream Speed, U = u - v.
●​ Derived Formulas:
○​ Speed of boat in still water: u = \frac{Downstream \ Speed + Upstream \
Speed}{2} = \frac{D+U}{2}.
○​ Speed of stream: v = \frac{Downstream \ Speed - Upstream \ Speed}{2} =
\frac{D-U}{2}.

3.3 Time and Work

This topic deals with the rate at which individuals or groups complete a task.
●​ Core Concepts:
○​ The fundamental relationship is: Total \ Work = Efficiency \times Time \ Taken.
○​ Efficiency is the amount of work done in one unit of time. It is the inverse of the
time taken to complete the work: Efficiency \propto \frac{1}{Time}.
○​ If a person A can complete a piece of work in 'n' days, then A's 1-day work
(efficiency) is \frac{1}{n}.
 ●​ Combined Work:
○​ If A can do a work in x days and B can do the same work in y days, the time they
take working together is \frac{xy}{x+y} days.
○​ Their combined 1-day work is \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} = \frac{x+y}{xy}.
●​ MDH Rule (Chain Rule): This rule is used to compare the work done by two different
groups of workers.
○​ Formula: \frac{M_1 D_1 H_1}{W_1} = \frac{M_2 D_2 H_2}{W_2}.
○​ Where M = Number of Men (or workers), D = Number of Days, H = Hours per day,
and W = Amount of Work. If efficiency (E) is also a factor, the formula becomes
\frac{M_1 D_1 H_1 E_1}{W_1} = \frac{M_2 D_2 H_2 E_2}{W_2}.
●​ Pipes and Cisterns: This is a direct application of Time & Work concepts.
○​ An inlet pipe filling a tank does positive work.
○​ An outlet/leak pipe emptying a tank does negative work.
○​ If an inlet pipe can fill a tank in x hours and an outlet pipe can empty it in y hours,
the net part of the tank filled in 1 hour when both are open is: \left(\frac{1}{x} -
\frac{1}{y}\right).

Section 4: Averages, Mixtures, and Alligation

This section focuses on finding the central value of a dataset and the principles of mixing
different ingredients to achieve a desired quality or price.

4.1 Averages
The average or arithmetic mean represents the central value of a set of data.
●​ Basic Formula: Average = \frac{Sum \ of \ Observations}{Number \ of \ Observations}.
●​ Weighted Average: Used when different observations have different levels of importance
(weights).
○​ Weighted \ Average = \frac{w_1x_1 + w_2x_2 +... + w_nx_n}{w_1 + w_2 +... +
w_n}.
○​ Where x_i are the observations and w_i are their corresponding weights.
●​ Formulas for Averages of Series:
○​ Average of first 'n' natural numbers: \frac{n+1}{2}.
○​ Average of first 'n' even numbers: n+1.
○​ Average of first 'n' odd numbers: n.
○​ Average of squares of first 'n' natural numbers: \frac{(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}.
○​ Average of cubes of first 'n' natural numbers: \frac{n(n+1)^2}{4}.
●​ Properties and Tips:
○​ If a constant value 'k' is added to, subtracted from, multiplied by, or divided into
every observation in a dataset, the average of the dataset will also be added to,
subtracted from, multiplied by, or divided by 'k'.
○​ The average of a set of consecutive numbers (an arithmetic progression) is the
middle term if the number of terms is odd, or the average of the two middle terms if
the number of terms is even.

4.2 Mixtures and Alligation

Alligation is not a separate mathematical concept but rather a powerful and rapid visual
technique for solving problems related to weighted averages. It is derived directly from the
weighted average formula, A_w = \frac{n_1A_1 + n_2A_2}{n_1 + n_2}, by rearranging the terms
to find the ratio \frac{n_1}{n_2}. This understanding allows the application of the alligation
method to any problem that can be framed as a weighted average of two groups, such as
finding the ratio of boys to girls in a class given their individual average scores and the overall
class average.
●​ Rule of Alligation: This rule is used to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at
given prices (or concentrations) must be mixed to produce a mixture of a desired price (or
concentration).
○​ Diagrammatic Representation:​
(Price of Cheaper Ingredient, C) (Price of Dearer
Ingredient, D)​
\ /​
(Mean Price of Mixture, M)​
/ \​
(D - M) : (M - C)​

○​ Formula: \frac{Quantity \ of \ Cheaper}{Quantity \ of \ Dearer} = \frac{Price \ of \

Dearer - Mean \ Price}{Mean \ Price - Price \ of \ Cheaper}.
●​ Replacement Formula: This formula is used in scenarios where a certain quantity of a
mixture is removed and replaced with another substance.
○​ If a container initially contains x units of a pure liquid, and from this, y units are
taken out and replaced with another substance, and this process is repeated n
times, the final quantity of the original pure liquid is:
○​ Final \ Quantity \ of \ Pure \ Liquid = x \left(1 - \frac{y}{x}\right)^n.

Section 5: Geometry and Mensuration

Geometry deals with the properties of shapes, while Mensuration deals with the measurement
of their parameters like length, area, and volume.

5.1 Foundational Geometry

A strong understanding of geometric theorems is essential for solving complex problems in
mensuration and coordinate geometry.
●​ Lines and Angles:
○​ Linear Pair: Angles on a straight line sum to 180^\circ.
○​ Vertically Opposite Angles: When two lines intersect, the angles opposite each
other are equal.
○​ Parallel Lines and Transversal:
■​ Alternate Interior/Exterior Angles are equal.
■​ Corresponding Angles are equal.
■​ Consecutive Interior Angles are supplementary (sum to 180^\circ).
●​ Triangles:
○​ Properties: Sum of angles is 180^\circ. The exterior angle is equal to the sum of
the two opposite interior angles. The sum of any two sides is greater than the third
 side.
○​ Important Centers:
■​ Centroid: Intersection of medians. Divides each median in the ratio 2:1.
■​ Incenter: Intersection of angle bisectors. Equidistant from all sides (this
distance is the inradius, r).
■​ Circumcenter: Intersection of perpendicular bisectors of sides. Equidistant
from all vertices (this distance is the circumradius, R).
■​ Orthocenter: Intersection of altitudes.
○​ Similarity and Congruence:
■​ Congruence: Two triangles are congruent if they are identical in shape and
size. Conditions: SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, RHS.
■​ Similarity: Two triangles are similar if they have the same shape but may
differ in size. Conditions: AA (or AAA), SSS (proportional sides), SAS
(proportional sides with equal included angle).
■​ Area Ratio Theorem: If two triangles are similar, the ratio of their areas is
equal to the square of the ratio of their corresponding sides:
\frac{Area(\triangle ABC)}{Area(\triangle PQR)} = \left(\frac{AB}{PQ}\right)^2 =
\left(\frac{BC}{QR}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{AC}{PR}\right)^2.
●​ Circles:
○​ Angle Properties:
■​ The angle subtended by an arc at the center is double the angle subtended
by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
■​ Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
■​ The angle in a semicircle is a right angle (90^\circ).
○​ Chord Properties: The perpendicular from the center to a chord bisects the chord.
○​ Tangent Properties:
■​ A tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the
point of contact.
■​ The lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are
equal.
○​ Alternate Segment Theorem: The angle between a tangent and a chord through
the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
○​ Sector and Arc Formulas:
■​ Length of an arc: L = \frac{\theta}{360^\circ} \times 2\pi r.
■​ Area of a sector: A = \frac{\theta}{360^\circ} \times \pi r^2.

5.2 Mensuration 2D (Plane Figures)

This table provides a consolidated list of formulas for the area and perimeter of common
two-dimensional shapes.
Shape Area Formula Perimeter / Key Variables / Notes
Circumference Formula
Square a^2 or \frac{1}{2}d^2 4a a = side, d = diagonal
Rectangle l \times b 2(l+b) l = length, b = breadth
Triangle (General) \frac{1}{2} \times base Sum of all sides
\times height (a+b+c)
Triangle (Heron's) \sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)} a+b+c a, b, c are sides; s =
Shape Area Formula Perimeter / Key Variables / Notes
Circumference Formula
\frac{a+b+c}{2}
Equilateral Triangle \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} a^2 3a a = side
Circle \pi r^2 2\pi r r = radius
Parallelogram base \times height 2(a+b) a, b are adjacent sides
Rhombus \frac{1}{2} \times d_1 4a d_1, d_2 are diagonals,
\times d_2 a = side
Trapezium \frac{1}{2} \times (sum \ Sum of all four sides
of \ parallel \ sides)
\times height
5.3 Mensuration 3D (Solid Figures)
This table provides a consolidated list of formulas for the volume and surface areas of common
three-dimensional shapes.
Shape Volume Curved/Lateral Total Surface Area Key Variables /
Surface Area (TSA) Notes
(CSA/LSA)
Cube a^3 4a^2 6a^2 a = edge
Cuboid l \times b \times h 2h(l+b) 2(lb+bh+hl) l, b, h = length,
breadth, height
Cylinder \pi r^2 h 2\pi rh 2\pi r(r+h) r = radius, h =
height
Cone \frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h \pi r l \pi r(r+l) r = radius, h =
height, l =
\sqrt{r^2+h^2}
(slant height)
Sphere \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 4\pi r^2 4\pi r^2 r = radius
Hemisphere \frac{2}{3}\pi r^3 2\pi r^2 3\pi r^2 r = radius
Frustum of Cone \frac{1}{3}\pi \pi l(R+r) \pi l(R+r) + R, r = radii of
h(R^2+r^2+Rr) \pi(R^2+r^2) bases, h = height, l
= slant height
Section 6: Algebra and Data Interpretation
This section covers algebraic tools essential for equation-based problems and the application of
arithmetic principles to interpret data presented in various graphical and tabular formats.

6.1 Basic Algebra

Algebraic identities are equalities that hold true for all values of the variables and are
fundamental for simplifying expressions and solving equations quickly.

Standard Algebraic Identities

●​ (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2.

●​ (a-b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2.
 ●​ a^2 - b^2 = (a+b)(a-b).
●​ (x+a)(x+b) = x^2 + (a+b)x + ab.
●​ (a+b+c)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca.
●​ (a+b)^3 = a^3 + b^3 + 3ab(a+b) = a^3 + 3a^2b + 3ab^2 + b^3.
●​ (a-b)^3 = a^3 - b^3 - 3ab(a-b) = a^3 - 3a^2b + 3ab^2 - b^3.
●​ a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)(a^2 - ab + b^2).
●​ a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)(a^2 + ab + b^2).
●​ a^3 + b^3 + c^3 - 3abc = (a+b+c)(a^2 + b^2 + c^2 - ab - bc - ca).
●​ Special Condition: If a+b+c=0, then a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = 3abc.

Solving Equations

●​ Linear Equations: An equation of the form ax+b=c.

○​ Solution: x = \frac{c-b}{a}.
●​ Quadratic Equations: An equation of the standard form ax^2+bx+c=0.
○​ Quadratic Formula: The roots of the equation are given by x = \frac{-b \pm
\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}. This formula works for all quadratic equations.
○​ Factoring: A faster method when the expression can be easily factorized, but the
quadratic formula is a reliable fallback.
●​ System of Linear and Quadratic Equations:
○​ Substitution Method: This is the most common method.
1.​ Solve the linear equation for one variable (e.g., express y in terms of x).
2.​ Substitute this expression into the quadratic equation.
3.​ Solve the resulting quadratic equation for the remaining variable.
4.​ Substitute the value(s) back into the linear equation to find the corresponding
value(s) of the other variable.

6.2 Data Interpretation Essentials

Data Interpretation (DI) is the practical application of arithmetic concepts like Percentages,
Ratios, and Averages to visual or tabular data. The primary skill is not learning new formulas but
efficiently extracting and processing information.
●​ Pie Charts: Used to show the proportion of categories within a whole. The total value is
represented by 100\% or 360^\circ.
○​ To find the value represented by a sector:
■​ Value = \left(\frac{Central \ Angle \ of \ Sector}{360^\circ}\right) \times Total \
Value.
■​ Value = \left(\frac{Percentage \ of \ Sector}{100}\right) \times Total \ Value.
○​ To find the central angle for a given value:
■​ Central \ Angle = \left(\frac{Value \ of \ Sector}{Total \ Value}\right) \times
360^\circ.
○​ Quick Tip: To convert a percentage to degrees, multiply by 3.6 (since 360/100 =
3.6).
●​ Bar Graphs: Used to compare quantities across different categories.
○​ Key Tips:
1.​ Read Axes and Labels: Always check what the X-axis and Y-axis represent,
and pay close attention to the units (e.g., thousands, lakhs, %).
2.​ Visual Estimation: Before calculating, visually compare the heights of the
 bars to get a rough idea. This can help eliminate obviously incorrect options.
3.​ Understand Graph Type: Differentiate between a simple bar graph, a
grouped bar graph (for comparing sub-categories), and a stacked bar graph
(where parts add up to a total).
●​ Line Graphs: Primarily used to show trends and changes over a continuous interval, like
time.
○​ Key Tips:
1.​ Analyze the Slope: The steepness of the line segment indicates the rate of
change. A steeper upward slope means a faster increase.
2.​ Identify Peaks and Troughs: Note the highest and lowest points, as
questions often revolve around maximum and minimum values.
3.​ Compare Multiple Lines: If there are multiple lines, look for points of
intersection (where values are equal) and the gaps between lines
(representing the difference in values).
●​ Data Tables: Present precise data in rows and columns, allowing for detailed calculations
and sorting.
○​ Key Tips:
1.​ Read Headers: Carefully read the column and row headers to understand
what each cell represents.
2.​ Focus on Relevant Data: Questions will often require data from specific
rows or columns. Pinpoint the exact cells needed before starting calculations.
3.​ Perform Row/Column Operations: Be prepared to calculate sums,
averages, or differences of values within a row or a column.

Appendix: Quick Revision Toolkit

This appendix contains high-utility tables for rapid revision and to enhance calculation speed.
Committing these to memory is a high-return investment of time.

Table A.1: Important Unit Conversions

Conversion Formula / Value
Speed 1 \text{ km/hr} = \frac{5}{18} \text{ m/s}
1 \text{ m/s} = \frac{18}{5} \text{ km/hr} = 3.6
\text{ km/hr}
Length 1 \text{ kilometer} = 1000 \text{ meters}
1 \text{ meter} = 100 \text{ centimeters}
1 \text{ mile} \approx 1.609 \text{ kilometers}
Time 1 \text{ hour} = 60 \text{ minutes} = 3600 \text{
seconds}
Table A.2: Squares (1-30) and Cubes (1-20)
Number Square Cube Number Square Cube
1 1 1 16 256 4096
2 4 8 17 289 4913
3 9 27 18 324 5832
Number Square Cube Number Square Cube
4 16 64 19 361 6859
5 25 125 20 400 8000
6 36 216 21 441
7 49 343 22 484
8 64 512 23 529
9 81 729 24 576
10 100 1000 25 625
11 121 1331 26 676
12 144 1728 27 729
13 169 2197 28 784
14 196 2744 29 841
15 225 3375 30 900
Table A.3: Must-Know Percentage-to-Fraction Equivalents
Fraction Percentage Fraction Percentage
1/1 100\% 1/9 11.11\% or
11\frac{1}{9}\%
1/2 50\% 1/10 10\%
1/3 33.33\% or 1/11 9.09\% or
33\frac{1}{3}\% 9\frac{1}{11}\%
1/4 25\% 1/12 8.33\% or
8\frac{1}{3}\%
1/5 20\% 1/13 7.69\% or
7\frac{9}{13}\%
1/6 16.66\% or 1/14 7.14\% or
16\frac{2}{3}\% 7\frac{1}{7}\%
1/7 14.28\% or 1/15 6.66\% or
14\frac{2}{7}\% 6\frac{2}{3}\%
1/8 12.5\% or 1/16 6.25\% or
12\frac{1}{2}\% 6\frac{1}{4}\%
Works cited

1. Number System Formulas - PrepInsta, https://prepinsta.com/number-system/formulas/ 2.

Number System Important Formulas - LearnFrenzy,
https://learnfrenzy.com/aptitude/quantitative-aptitude/number-system 3. HCF and LCM Quick
Maths Formulas,
https://cdn.eduncle.com/library/scoop-files/2017/01/HCF-LCM-Formulas-PDF.pdf 4.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS,
https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/G/31/img16/Books/ExamCentral/Aug/IMPOR
TANT_FORMULAE_FOR_COMPETITIVE_EXAMS.pdf 5. CAT Important Formulas - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/free-cat-prep/important-cat-formulas/ 6. guidely.in,
https://guidely.in/blog/number-system-formula 7. Understanding About Simplification and
Approximation in Detail - Unacademy,
https://unacademy.com/content/railway-exam/study-material/quantitative-aptitude/simplification-
and-approximation/ 8. HCF And LCM: Formula, Examples, Practice Question & Answers //
Unstop, https://unstop.com/blog/hcf-and-lcm 9. NUMBER SYSTEM - Jatinder Jyoti,
https://www.jatinderjyoti.in/pg/notes/numerical/NUMBER_SYSTEM.pdf 10. unacademy.com,
https://unacademy.com/content/ssc/study-material/mathematics/standard-identities/ 11. We
know that the factors of a number are exact divisors of that particular number. Let's proceed to
the highest common factor (HCF) and the least common multiple (LCM). - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/maths/hcf-and-lcm/ 12. SSC CGL Tier 1 Maths Short Tricks and Formulas -
UrbanPro,
https://p.urbanpro.com/tv-prod/documents%2Fnull-SSC-CGL-Tier-1-Short-Tricks-and-Formulas-
PDF.pdf 13. HCF and LCM - Formula, Full form - Cuemath,
https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/hcf-and-lcm/ 14. unstop.com,
https://unstop.com/blog/quantitative-aptitude-formula-cheat-sheet 15. byjus.com,
https://byjus.com/interest-formula/ 16. Simplification & Approximation Questions - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/govt-exams/simplification-approximation-questions/ 17. Mastering
Approximation Techniques - Number Analytics,
https://www.numberanalytics.com/blog/mastering-approximation-techniques 18. Simplification
and Approximation – Rules, Tips & Solved Examples - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths/simplification-and-approximation 19. Simplification and
Approximation: Concepts, Solved Examples, & Preparation Strategies - Testbook,
https://blogmedia.testbook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/maths-simplification-and-appr
oximation-c1e02273.pdf 20. Percentages Formulas - PrepInsta,
https://prepinsta.com/percentages/formulas/ 21. Percentage - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/maths/percentage/ 22. Percentage Formula For Bank Exams | PDF - Scribd,
https://www.scribd.com/document/712667587/167963489074 23. Percentages: Tricks and
Shortcuts - Cetking.com, https://cetking.com/percentages-tricks-shortcuts/ 24. Successive
Percentage Change - GeeksforGeeks,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/maths/successive-percentage-change-2/ 25. Successive
Percentage Change (GMAT/GRE/CAT/Bank PO/SSC CGL) | Don't Memorise,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCObY53fM-g 26. Tips And Tricks And Shortcuts of
Percentage - PrepInsta, https://prepinsta.com/percentages/tips-and-tricks-and-shortcuts/ 27.
Ratio and Proportion - Basics, Definitions, Examples - Cuemath,
https://www.cuemath.com/commercial-math/ratio-and-proportion/ 28. Bank Exam: Quantitative
Aptitude- Ratio and Proportion - Unacademy,
https://unacademy.com/content/bank-exam/study-material/quantitative-aptitude/ratio-and-propor
tion/ 29. Ratio and Proportion – Meaning, Formulas, Tips & Examples for Easy Learning -
Testbook, https://testbook.com/maths/ratio-and-proportion 30. Ratio and Proportion -
GeeksforGeeks, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/maths/ratio-and-proportion/ 31. Formulas for
Ratio and Proportions - PrepInsta, https://prepinsta.com/ratio-proportion/formulas/ 32. How to
prepare for profit loss for SSC-CGL - Sathee Forum,
https://forum.prutor.ai/index.php?threads/how-to-prepare-for-profit-loss-for-ssc-cgl.13997/ 33.
Profit and Loss for SSC: Concepts, Formulas & Practice Questions - Oliveboard,
https://www.oliveboard.in/blog/profit-and-loss-concept/ 34. Profit And Loss - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/maths/profit-and-loss/ 35. Quantitative Aptitude Important Formulas Revision
E-book,
https://cdn.splessons.com/2019/12/quantitative-aptitude-important-formulas-revision-splessons.
pdf 36. Profit and Loss: Meaning, Formulas, Tips & Solved Examples - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths/profit-and-loss 37. Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts for Profit and Loss
| PrepInsta, https://prepinsta.com/profit-and-loss/tips-and-tricks-and-shortcuts/ 38. Simple vs.
Compound Interest: Definition and Formulas - Investopedia,
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/020614/learn-simple-and-compound-interest.as
p 39. Simple & Compound Interest Formulas, Examples - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths-formulas/interest-formula 40. SSC CGL Maths Formulas PDF -
Download For Free Now! - Testbook, https://testbook.com/ssc-cgl-exam/maths-formulas 41.
Simple and Compound Interest : Mathworks - Texas State University,
https://www.txst.edu/mathworks/me-curriculum/math-explorations-for-teachers/online-learning-to
ols/personal-financial-literacy/math-of-finance-8th-grade-teks/interest.html 42. Simple and
Compound Interest | CK-12 Foundation,
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-math-analysis-concepts/section/3.11/primary/lesson/sim
ple-and-compound-interest-mat-aly/ 43. Speed, Time & Distance – Introduction & Concept -
BYJU'S, https://byjus.com/govt-exams/speed-time-distance/ 44. Speed, Time and Distance
Formulas, Relationship & Solved Examples - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths/speed-time-and-distance 45. Speed Time and Distance Formula List
- Amazon S3,
https://s3-ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/adda247jobs-wp-assets-adda247/jobs/wp-content/uploa
ds/sites/2/2022/10/15192739/Time-and-Distance-Formula.pdf 46. Speed, Time and Distance:
Formulas, Relationship, Applications with Examples - Testbook,
https://blogmedia.testbook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/maths-speed-time-and-distan
ce-acaac420.pdf 47. Time Speed and Distance Formula Tricks with Problems - - Adda247,
https://www.adda247.com/school/time-and-distance-formula/ 48. Time, speed and Distance
concepts - IACE, https://iace.co.in/time-speed-and-distance-concepts/ 49. Relative Speed
Concept and Questions for CAT Exam,
https://bodheeprep.com/relative-speed-concept-cat-question 50. Boats and Streams Related
Questions - Unacademy,
https://unacademy.com/content/ssc/study-material/mathematics/boats-and-streams-related-que
stions/ 51. Boats and Streams - CATKing, https://catking.in/boats-and-streams 52. Boats And
Streams: Formula, Top Aptitude Questions & Answers (MCQs) - Unstop,
https://unstop.com/blog/boats-and-streams 53. Boats and Streams -Solved Questions and
Answers - GeeksforGeeks,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aptitude/boats-and-streams-aptitude-questions/ 54. Boat Stream
Questions - BYJU'S, https://byjus.com/govt-exams/boat-stream-questions/ 55. Time and Work -
Aptitude Questions and Answers - GeeksforGeeks,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ssc-banking/time-and-work/ 56. Time and Work Formula- Get
Questions PDF, Tricks for Competitive Exams, SSC CGL -,
https://www.adda247.com/school/time-and-work-formula/ 57. Formulas For Work And Time -
PrepInsta, https://prepinsta.com/work-and-time/formulas/ 58. Work, Wages and Time -
GeeksforGeeks, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aptitude/time-work-and-wages/ 59. Time and
Work: Important Terms & Tricks with Solved Questions - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths/time-and-work 60. Understanding Time and Work: Formulas,
Shortcuts, and Tricks - FACE Prep,
https://faceprep.in/article/understanding-time-and-work-formulas-shortcuts-and-tricks-for-succes
s/ 61. Average in Maths - GeeksforGeeks, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aptitude/average/ 62.
Average Formula in Maths - BYJU'S, https://byjus.com/maths/average/ 63. Weighted Average -
Formula, Calculations, Examples - Cuemath, https://www.cuemath.com/data/weighted-average/
64. Weighted Average Formula - BYJU'S, https://byjus.com/weighted-average-formula/ 65.
testbook.com,
https://testbook.com/maths/averages#:~:text=Students%20can%20find%20the%20important,n
%2B1)2%20%2F%204 66. Average Formula in Maths: Definition, Symbol, and All Examples
PDF - - Adda247, https://www.adda247.com/school/average-formula/ 67. Average in Maths:
Definition, Symbol, Formula & Solved Examples - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths/averages 68. Alligation Rule and Mixtures and Replacements
Formulas - CampusGate, https://www.campusgate.in/2011/10/alligation-rule.html 69. Mixture
and Alligation: Concepts and Tricks - Hitbullseye,
https://www.hitbullseye.com/Quant/Mixture-and-Alligation.php 70. Mixture and Alligation:
Graphical Solution, Tips & Tricks with Examples - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths/mixture-and-alligation 71. Mixture and Alligation - GeeksforGeeks,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aptitude/mixtures-and-alligation/ 72. Discover Key Geometry
Theorems for Clear Mathematical Understanding - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths/geometry-theorems 73. Complete Geometry All Theorem and
Formula | PDF - Scribd,
https://www.scribd.com/document/620022726/Complete-Geometry-All-Theorem-and-Formula
74. SSC Geometry Notes | PDF - Scribd,
https://www.scribd.com/document/452191132/SSC-geometry-notes 75. Geometry Notes for
SSC CGL - Download Geometry Questions in PDF! - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/ssc-cgl-exam/geometry-notes 76. Two triangles are said to be congruent if
their sides have the same length and angles have same measure. Thus, two triangles can be
superimposed side to side and angle to angle. - Congruence Of Triangles - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/maths/congruence-of-triangles/ 77. Topic: Congruence and Similarity - The
Dean Academy,
https://thedeanacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Maths-Y9-Congruence-and-Similarity.
pdf 78. Similar Triangles - Formulas, Properties, Theorems, Proofs - Cuemath,
https://www.cuemath.com/geometry/similar-triangles/ 79. Two triangles are similar if they have
the same ratio of corresponding sides and equal pair of corresponding angles. - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/maths/similar-triangles/ 80. Congruent and Similar Triangles | Brilliant Math &
Science Wiki, https://brilliant.org/wiki/congruent-and-similar-triangles/ 81. Web Notes on
Geometry theory and concept( Circle) for SSC CGL Exam Preparation - Abhipedia,
https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/ssc/MTA1MzA0/coordinate-Geometry-theory-and-conce
pts-Quantitative-Aptitude-ssc 82. Algebraic Identities List: Types, Proof, Tips with Examples -
Testbook, https://testbook.com/maths/algebraic-identities 83. Standard Algebraic Identities -
GeeksforGeeks,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/maths/standard-algebraic-identities-class-8-maths/ 84. Algebraic
Identities in Maths: Formulas, Proofs & Examples - Vedantu,
https://www.vedantu.com/maths/algebraic-identities 85. Algebraic Identities - Physics Wallah,
https://www.pw.live/school-prep/exams/math-articles-algebraic-identities 86. Solving
Linear-Quadratic Systems Algebraically - MathBitsNotebook,
https://mathbitsnotebook.com/Algebra1/Systems/SYlinearQuadratic.html 87. Linear and
quadratic systems — Harder example (video) - Khan Academy,
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/x0fcc98a58ba3bea7:advanced-math-easier
/x0fcc98a58ba3bea7:linear-and-quadratic-systems-easier/v/sat-math-p8-harder 88.
www.vedantu.com,
https://www.vedantu.com/maths/systems-of-linear-and-quadratic-equations#:~:text=The%20mo
st%20common%20and%20straightforward,solve%20to%20find%20its%20value. 89. Systems of
Linear and Quadratic Equations Made Easy - Vedantu,
https://www.vedantu.com/maths/systems-of-linear-and-quadratic-equations 90. Data
Interpretation: Methods, Types & Easy Examples - Testbook,
https://testbook.com/maths/data-interpretation 91. Pie Chart Questions with Solution - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/maths/pie-chart-questions/ 92. Pie Chart - BYJU'S,
https://byjus.com/maths/pie-chart/ 93. Pie Chart - GeeksforGeeks,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/maths/pie-charts/ 94. Pie Chart: Definition, Formula, Steps &
Solved Examples in Maths - Vedantu, https://www.vedantu.com/maths/pie-chart 95. Pie Chart -
Examples, Formula, Definition, Making - Cuemath, https://www.cuemath.com/data/pie-charts/
96. Data Interpretation: Types, Methods, Tips & Solved Questions - Prepp,
https://prepp.in/data-interpretation-articleid-8907 97. How to prepare for bar graphs for
SSC-CGL - Sathee Forum,
https://forum.prutor.ai/index.php?threads/how-to-prepare-for-bar-graphs-for-ssc-cgl.13969/ 98.
Solved Examples: Bar Charts - Quantitative Aptitude for SSC CGL PDF Download - EduRev,
https://edurev.in/t/325475/Solved-Examples-Bar-Charts 99. SSC CGL Data Interpretation:
Shortcuts & Tricks to Solve in 10 Sec - NetPractice,
https://netpractice.app/ssc-cgl-data-interpretation-shortcuts 100. Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts
To Solve Line Charts Questions, https://prepinsta.com/line-charts/tips-and-tricks-and-shortcuts/
101. How to interpret line graphs with four simple steps. A guide for students on interpreting
graphs - YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78WuwDst_os 102. www.pw.live,
https://www.pw.live/banking/exams/line-graph-data-interpretations 103. GMAT Focus Table
Analysis Questions – The Ultimate Guide - Crackverbal,
https://www.crackverbal.com/resources/gmat-focus-table-analysis-guide/