CBSE 2021

QUICK REVISION-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

IMPORTANT REASONING BASED QUESTIONS
Reasoning based questions UNIT: 10.HALOALKANES & HALOARENES
1. Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards Nucleophilic Substitution reactions. Answer: Aryl
halides are extremely less reactive towards Nucleophilic Substitution reactions. because C—X bond
acquires a partial double bond character due to resonance. As a result, the bond cleavage in
haloarene is difficult than haloalkane and therefore, they are less reactive towards nucleophilic
substitution reaction.(draw the resonating structures of chlorobenzene)
2. Haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes and haloalkenes.
3. C-X bond length in halobenzene is smaller than C-X bond length in CH3-X Answer: because C—X
bond in halobenzene acquires a partial double bond character due to resonance
4. Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as main product while AgCN forms isocyanides
as main product. Answer: Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as main product while
AgCN forms isocyanides as main product.since KCN is predominantly ionic and provides cyanide ions
in solution. Although both carbon and Nitrogen can donate electron pair but carbon donates electron
pair instead of Nitrogen to form more stable C-C bond. How ever, AgCN is mainly covalent in nature
and Nitrogen is free to donate electron pair forming isocyanide as the main product.
5. Allyl chloride is more reactive than n - propyl chloride towards nucleophilic substitution reaction.
Answer: Allyl chloride is more reactive than n - propyl chloride towards nucleophilic substitution
reaction.because allyl carbocation is stabilized by resonance whereas n propyl carbocation is
stabilized by +I effect only.
6. Allyl chloride is hydrolysed more readily than n-propyl chloride.
7. Tert-Butylbromide reacts with aq. NaOH by SN1 mechanism while n-butylbromide reacts by SN2
mechanism
8. Ethyl iodide undergoes SN2 undergoes reaction faster than ethyl bromide. Answer:Since I- ion is
better leaving group than Br- ion, Ethyl iodide reacts faster than ethyl bromide in SN2.
9. Benzyl chloride undergoes SN1 reaction faster than cyclohexyl methyl chloride. Answer: because in
case of benzyl chloride the carbocation formed is stablised by resonance.
10. p - nitro chlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution faster than chlorobenzene Answer: p -
nitro chlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic substitution faster than chlorobenzene,due to presence
of electron withdrawing groups such as nitro group in p - nitro chlorobenzene.,it forms more stable
carbanion
11. The presence of nitro group (–NO2 ) at ortho and para postions in haloarenes increases the
reactivity of haloarenes towards Nucleophilic substitution reaction. Answer: The presence of nitro
group (–NO2 ) at ortho and para postions in haloarenes helps in stabilization of resulting carbanion by
–R and –I effects and hence increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards Nucleophilic substitution
reaction.
12. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in haloarenes occur slowly. Answer:Chlorine
withdraws electrons through inductive effect and releases electrons through resonance. The
inductive effect is stronger than resonance and causes net electron withdrawal as a result
Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in haloarenes occur slowly
13. Although chlorine is an electron withdrawing group, yet it is ortho-, para- directing in electrophilic
aromatic substitution reactions. Answer: As the weaker resonance (+R) effect of Chlorine which
stabilize the carbocation formed tends to oppose the inductive effect of Chlorine which destabilize
the carbocation at ortho and para postions and makes deactivation less for ortho and para postion.
14. The dipole moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride. Answer: The dipole
moment of chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.because in chlorobenzene
electron withdrawing inductive effect is opposed by electron releasing resonance effect there fore it
is relatively less polar. On the other hand in cyclohexyl chloride there is only electron with drawing is
inductive effect of -Cl atom due to which more polar.
After completing NCERT quickly revise these points of organic chemistry .
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 Reasoning based questions CBSE 2021
15. Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions. Answer: Grignard reagents
should be prepared under anhydrous conditions.because Grignard reagent reacts with water and get
decomposed and form alkanes RMgX + H2O→ R-H + Mg (OH) X.
16. The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aq.KOH leads to the formation of alcohols but in the presence
of alc.KOH alkenes are major products. Answer: The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aq.KOH leads
to the formation of alcohols but in the presence of alc.KOH alkenes are major products.because in
presence of aq.KOH(more polar), nucleophilic substitution reaction takes place ,thus alcohols are
formed while in presence alc.KOH(less polar),elimination reaction takes place.thus alkenes are major
products.
16. Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water. Answer: Alkyl halides, though polar, are
immiscible with water.because alkyl haides are unable to form H-bond with water as well as unable to
break the existing H-bonds among water molecules.
17. The solubility of haloalkanes in water very low.
18. Haloalkanes easily dissolve in organic solvents. Answer: because the new intermolecular attractions
between haloalkanes and organic solvents have much the same strength as ones being broken in the
separate haloalkanes and solvent molecules.
19. Halogen compounds used in industry as solvents are alkyl chlorides rather than bromides and
iodides. Answer: because alkyl chlorides are more stable and more volatile than bromides and
iodides.
20. Haloalkanes have higher boiling points as compared to those of corresponding alkanes.
Answer:Haloalkanes have higher boiling points as compared to those of corresponding alkanes.Due
to greater polarity as well as higher molecular mass as compared to the parent hydrocarbon,
21. n- butyl bromide has higher point than tert.- butyl bromide. Answer: n- butyl bromide being a
straight chain alkyl halide has larger surface area than tert. butyl bromide. Larger the surface area
,larger the magnitude of the vanderwaal’s forces and higher is the boiling point.
22. The boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF. Answer: The boiling
points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI > RBr > RCl > RF.This is because with the increase in
size and mass of halogen atom, the magnitude of van der Waal forces increases
23. .P-Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p and solubility than those of o- and m- isomers. Answer: P-
Dichlorobenzene has higher m.p and solubility than those of o- and m- isomers. Since p-
dichlorobenzene has more symmetrical structure than other two isomers, hence its molecules fit
more closely in the crystal lattice and consequently stronger intermolecular attractive forces.
24. Racemic mixture is optically inactive. Answer: A Racemic mixture contains two enantiomers in d & l
equal proportions. As the rotation due to one enatiomer is cancelled by equal and opposite rotation
of another isomer. Therefore it is optically inactive..
25. 1-Bromobutane optically inactive but 2-Bromobutane is optically active. Answer: 2-Bromobutane
has four different groups attached to the tetrahedral carbon and has chiral carbon, therefore it is
optically active
22. Preparation of alkyl chloride from alcohols by treating it with Thionyl chloride SOCl2 is the best
method. Answer: Because it gives almost pure alkyl chloride since the by products of the reaction i.e.
SO2 and HCl are in gaseous phase.
23. Alkyl halides are generally not prepared in laboratory by free radical halogenations of alkanes.
Answer: Alkyl halides are generally not prepared in laboratory by free radical halogenations of
alkanes.since Free radical chlorination or bromination of alkanes gives a complex mixture of isomeric
mono- and polyhaloalkanes, which is difficult to separate as pure compounds. Consequently, the yield
of any one compound is low.
24. Sulphuric acid is not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI. Answer: H2SO4 cannot be used
along with KI in the conversion of an alcohol to an alkyl iodide as it converts KI to corresponding HI
and then oxidizes it to I2.

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25. Chloroform is stored in closed dark coloured bottles. Answer: Chloroform is stored in closed dark
coloured bottles.because it is slowly oxidized by air in the presence of light to an extremely poisonous
gas, phosgene.
Reasoning based questions Unit:11. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
26. O-nitrophenol is steam volatile whereas p-nitrophenol is not. Ans:O-nitrophenol is steam volatile
due to presence of intramolecular Hydrogen bonding whereas p-nitrophenol is not steam volatile
due to presence of intermolecular Hydrogen bonding
27. O-nitrophenol has lower boiling point than p-nitrophenol Ans: O-nitrophenol has lower boiling point
than p-nitrophenol.due to presence of intramolecular Hydrogen bonding in Ortho-nitro phenol and
presence of intermolecular Hydrogen bonding in p-nitrophenol.
28. Phenols not undergo Nucleophilic substitution reaction easily but undergo elecrophilic substitution
reaction easily at ortho and para positions. Ans: Phenols not undergo Nucleophilic substitution
reaction easily because of double bond character between C=O bond which is difficult to break.but
Electrophilic substitution reaction take place easily ortho and para positions in the ring are electron
rich due to the resonance .(also draw the resonating structures of phenol).
29. Nucleophilic substitution reactions are not very common in phenols. Ans: Phenols not undergo
Nucleophilic substitution reaction easily because of double bond character between C=O bond which
is difficult to break
30. The carbon-oxygen bond in phenol is slightly stronger than that in methanol. Ans: because of partial
double bond character between carbon-oxygen bond in phenol due to resonance.
31. -OH group in phenols more strongly held as compared to -OH group in alcohols. Ans: because of
partial double bond character between carbon-oxygen bond in phenol due to resonance
32. In Phenol, the –OH group activates the benzene ring towards elecrophilic substitution and directs
the substituents to Ortho and para positions in benzene ring. Ans: . because the OH group attached
to the benzene ring activates it towards electrophilic substitution. Also, it directs the incoming group
to ortho and para positions in the ring as these positions become electron rich due to the resonance
effect caused by –OH group.(also draw the resonating structures of phenol)
33. Phenol is more easily nitrated than benzene. Ans: As the presence of —OH group in phenol increases
the electron density at ortho and para positions in benzene ring by +R effect. The nitration, being an
electrophilic substitution reaction is more facile where the electron density is more.
34. Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than the corresponding hydrocarbons Ans:
because it can form intermolecular Hydrogen -bonding with water
35. Low molecular mass alcohols are soluble in water. Ans: because it can form intermolecular
Hydrogen -bonding with water
36. Propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon, butane. Ans: because propanol are
held together by stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding.whereas the molecules of butane are
held together by weak yan der Waals forces of attraction
37. The boiling point of alcohols and phenols are higher in comparison to hydrocarbons, ethers,
haloalkanes. Ans: because the –OH group in alcohols and phenols is involved in intermolecular
hydrogen bonding
38. Alcohols and ethers of comparable molecular mass have different boiling points. Ans: because
alcohols can form intermolecular Hydrogen -bonding
39. The boiling point of alcohols and phenols increase with increase in number of carbon atoms. Ans:
because of increase in van der Waals forces.
40. In alcohols the boiling point decreases with increase in branching. Ans: because of decrease in van
der Waals forces with decrease in surface area
41. The acid strength of alcohols decreases in the following order:1o>2o>3o. Ans: Because more is
number of electron releasing groups lesser is the acidic strength
42. The presence of electron withdrawing groups such as nitro group enhances the acidic strength of
phenol. Ans: Because withdrawing groups, such as nitro group, in general, favour the formation of

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phenoxide ion resulting in increase in acid strengthThis effect is more pronounced when such a group
is present at ortho and para positions.
43. The presence of electron releasing groups such as alkyl group decreases the acidic strength of
phenol Ans: Because electron releasing groups, such as alkyl groups, in general, do not favour the
formation of phenoxide ion resulting in decrease in acid strength. Cresols, for example, are less acidic
than phenol
44. Ortho – nitrophenol is more acidic than Ortho – methoxyphenol. Ans: Ortho-nitrophenol is more
acidic because nitro group is electron withdrawing and will increase +Ve Charge on Oxygen to make it
more acidic whereas – OCH3 group is electron releasing and it will not break easily
45. O-nitrophenol is more acidic than o-cresol . Ans: because nitro group is electron withdrawing group
whereas – OH group is electron releasing
46. p-nitrophenol is more acidic than phenol. Ans: because nitro group is electron withdrawing group.
47. 2-chloroethanol is more acidic than ethanol. Ans:Due to –I effect of chlorine atom.
48. Phenol is more acidic than alcohols(Ethanol) Ans: Because Phenoxide ion is more stablised than
alkoxide since in phenoxide ion, the charge is delocalised.,The delocalisation of negative charge
makes phenoxide ion more stable and favours the ionisation of phenol.( also draw the resonating
structures of phenoxide ion)
49. Phenol does not undergo protonation easily. Ans: Because in phenols, the lone pairs of electrons on
the oxygen atom are delocalized over the benzene ring due to resonance and hence are not easily
available for protonation.
50. Phenol has small dipole moment than methanol. Ans: Due to electron-withdrawing effect of the
benzene ring, the C ―O bond in phenol is less polar but in case of methanol due to electron-donating
effect of CH3 group, C ―O bond is more polar.
51. The C—O—H bond angle in alcohols slightly less than the tetrahedral angle whereas the C—O—C
bond angle in ether is slightly greater.
52. Out of ethanol and propanol, ethanol gives iodoform test whereas propanol does not do so. Ans:
because ethanol has CH3CH(OH)- linkage while propanol has not.
53. Thionyl chloride preferred over PCl5 in nucleophilic substitution reaction to convert alcohol to alkyl
halide. Ans: because all by – product are gases and escape easily and pure alkyl halide is Obtained
CH3CH2OH + SOCl2 → CH3CH2Cl + SO2 (g) + HCl (g)
54. Among HI, HBr, HCl, HI is most reactive towards alcohol. Ans:.Due to low bond dissociation energy of
HI
55. In aryl alkyl ethers (i) the alkoxy group activates thebenzene ring towards electrophilic substitution
and (ii) it directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene ring.. . Ans:In
aryl alkyl ethers (i) the alkoxy group activates thebenzene ring towards electrophilic substitution and
(ii) it directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene ring. because the –
OR(alkoxy group) group activates the benzene ring towards elecrophilic substitution and directs the
substituents to Ortho and para positions in benzene ring. Also, it directs the incoming group to ortho
and para positions in the ring as these positions become electron rich due to the resonance effect
caused by –OR group.(also draw the resonating structures of aryl alkyl ethers).
56. Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or tertiary alcohols is not a suitable
method. Ans: because dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohol will take place and alkene will
be product.
57. O=C=O is nonpolar while R—O—R is polar. Ans:Due to lone pair of electrons on Oxygen atom.
Reasoning based questions Unit:12.ALDEHYDES,KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
58. Aldehydes and Ketones have lower boiling point than alcohols.
• It is because alcohol molecules are associated with intermolecular H-bonding whereas aldehydes and
ketones are not.
59. Aldehydes are more reactive than Ketones towards Nucleophilic addition reaction
• Because aldehydes are more polar than ketons due to lesser number of electron releasing alkyl
groups which reduce +Ve charge in aldehyde than ketones.
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60. Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,6 – tri methylcyclohexanone does not.
• because there is Steric hinderance of three methyl groups in 2,2,6 – tri methylcyclo hexanone.
61. There are two – NH2 group in semi carbazide however only one is involved in the formation of semi
carbazones.
• Since the NH2 group attached to carbonyl group is stabilized by resonance and has double bond
character.
62. During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid
catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as fast as it is formed.
• .It is done so that ester formed does not get hydrolysed.
63. Melting Point of an acid with even number of carbon atoms higher than those of its neighbours
with odd number of carbon atoms
• .It is because acids having even number of carbon atoms can fit into crystal lattice more easily than
odd ones, therefore have higher melting point.
64. It is necessary to control the pH during the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia
derivatives.
• The addition of ammonia derivative to aldehyde and ketones is done in weakly acidic medium in case
the medium is strongly acidic, then the ammonia derivative will be also protonated and will not be
able to act as a nucleophile.
65. Formaldehyde does not take part in Aldol condensation.
• Due to absence of  hydrogen atom.
66. Benzaldehyde gives a positive test with Tollens reagent but not with Fehling and Benedict’s
solution.
• Benzaldehyde gives a positive test with Tollens reagent but not with Fehling and Benedict’s solution.
Because The electron donating resonance effect of the benzene ring increases the electron density in
the carbonyl group of benzaldehyde. Hence only stronger oxidizing agent can oxidise C-H to COOH to
form carboxylic acid but weaker reagent (like fehling, Benedict) fail to oxidise.
67. Carboxylic acids do not give the characteristic reactions of carbonyl group.
• Carbonyl carbon of carboxyl group is less electrophilic than carbon of carbonyl group in aldehyde.
68. Chloroacetic acid is stronger than acetic acid.
• because Cl is electron withdrawing, therefore chloroactate ion is more stable than acetate ion that is
why chloroacetic acid is stronger than acetic acid.
69. The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than hydrocarbons and ethers of
comparable molecular masses.
• .It is due to weak molecular association in aldehydes and ketones arising out of the dipole-dipole
interactions.
70. The lower members of aldehydes and ketones such as methanal,ethanal and propanone are
miscible with water in all proportions.
• because they form hydrogen bond with water
71. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition
reactions.with reasons (i) Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.(ii) Benzaldehyde, p-
Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.(iii) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl
ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone
• (i) Butanone <Propanone <Propanal <Ethanal.
(ii), Acetophenone< p-Tolualdehyde < Benzaldehyde,. p-Nitrobenzaldehyde
(iii) Di-tert-butyl ketone,<Methyl tert-butyl ketone< Acetone< Acetaldehyde
72. Would you expect benzaldehyde to be more reactive or less reactive in nucleophilic addition
reactions than propanal.
• The carbon atom of the carbonyl group of benzaldehyde is less electrophilic than carbon atom of the
carbonyl group present in propanal. The polarity of the carbonyl group is reduced in benzaldehyde
due to resonance as shown below and hence it is less reactive than propanal.
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73. Carboxylic acids are higher boiling liquids than aldehydes, ketones and even alcohols of comparable
molecular masses.
• Due to extensive association of carboxylic acid molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
74. Aliphatic carboxylic acids having upto four carbon atoms are miscible in water.
• Due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with water.
75. Carboxylic acids are more acidic than phenols.
• Because, resonance in phenoxide ion is not as important as it is in carboxylate ion. Further, the
negative charge is delocalised over two electronegative oxygen atoms in carboxylate ion whereas
it is less effectively delocalised over one oxygen atom and less electronegative carbon atoms in
phenoxide ion Thus, the carboxylate ion is more stabilised than phenoxide ion, so carboxylic acids
are more acidic than phenols.
76. Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than carboxylate ion,
carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol.
77. Electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity of carboxylic acids.
• since Electron withdrawing group (EWG) stabilises the carboxylate anion and strengthens the acid
78. Electron donating groups decrease the acidity of carboxylic acids.
• since Electron donating group (EDG) destabilises the carboxylate anion and weakens the acid
79. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of acid strength.(i)CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH,
CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH, (CH3)2CHCOOH,CH3CH2CH2COOH (ii) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-
Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)
• (i)(CH3)2CHCOOH<CH3CH2CH2COOH< CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH< CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH, (ii) 4-Methoxybenzoic
acid <Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid,< 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, (increasing acid strength)
80. Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger?(i) CH3CO2H or CH2FCO2H (ii)
CH2FCO2H or CH2ClCO2H(iii) CH2FCH2CH2CO2H or CH3CHFCH2CO2H.
• (i) CH2FCO2H (ii) CH2FCO2H (iii) CH3CHFCH2CO2H.
Reasoning based questions Unit:13.AMINES
81. Ammonia are basic in nature . Ans due to the presence of unshared electron pair
82. Amines are basic in nature. Ans due to the presence of unshared electron pair.
83. Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than ammonia. Ans due to +I effect of alkyl groups leading to
high electron density on the nitrogen atom.
84. The order of basicity of amines in the gaseous phase follows the order:
Tertiary amine > Secondary amine > Primary amine > NH3. Ans Because the more the number of
Electron donating groups(EDG) i.e alkyl groups more is the basicity.
85. The order of basicity of amines is not regular in the aqueous state. Ans because there is a subtle
interplay of the inductive effect, solvation effect and steric hinderance of the alkyl group which
decides the basic strength of alkyl amines in the aqueous state.
86. The order of basic strength in the aqueous state. (C2H5)2NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2 > NH3
• (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N > NH3
• Reason : because there is a subtle interplay of the inductive effect, solvation effect and steric
hinderance of the alkyl group which decides the basic strength of alkyl amines in the aqueous
state.
87. Aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines. Ans because in aliphatic amines electron
releasing group (EDG) i.e. Alkyl group is/are present, Whereas in aromatic amines like aniline the lone
pair of electron of nitrogen atom is involved in resonance with benzene ring hence is not easily
available for donation.
88. pKb of aniline is more than that of methylamine Ans It means aniline is less basic than that of
methylamine because in aniline the lone pair of electron of nitrogen atom is involved in resonance
with benzene ring hence is not easily available for donation.
89. Aromatic amines are weaker bases than ammonia. Ans due to the electron withdrawing nature of
the aryl group
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90. The observed Kb order Et2 NH  Et3N EtNH2in aqueous solution .where Et is ethyl.
91. The observed Kb order Me2 NH  MeNH2 Me3N in aqueous solution .where Me is Methyl
92. Primary amines have higher boiling point than tertiary amines . Ans because in primary amines
RNH 2 , the molecules have intermolecular hydrogen bonding but the a same cannot be present in
the case of tertiary amines
93. Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not. Ans Because ethylamine is soluble in water
due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with water whereas aniline due to large hydrocarbon part,
the extent H –Bonding decreases.
94. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesising primary amines. Ans because Gabriel
phthalimide synthesis gives pure primary amines without any contamination of secondary and
tertiary amines therefore it is preferred for synthesising primary amines.
95. Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis. Ans because in
preparation by Gabriel phthalimide synthesis,Ar-X is needed and aryl halides do not undergo
nuleophilic substitution esily due to presence of partial double character .
96. Although amino group is o– and p– directing in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, aniline
on nitration gives a substantial amount of m-nitroaniline. Ans because Nitration is usually carried
out with a mixture of conc HNO3 and conc H2SO4. In presence of these acids aniline gets protonated
to form the anilinium ion which is meta directing.
97. Direct nitration of aniline is not carried out. Ans Because by doing this it gets oxidized to protonated
anilne which gives 47% m-nitroaniline.
98. Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction. because aniline being a lewis base reacts with lewis
acid AlCl3 to form a salt
99. Amines are less acidic than alcohols of comparable molecular masses . Ans because oxygen is more
electronegative than nitrogen, therefore O-H bond breaks early than N – H bond.
100. Methylamine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitate hydrated ferric oxide.
because Methylamine being more basic than water ,accepts a proton from from water liberate OH-
ions ,these OH- ions combine with Fe3+ to form a browm ppt of hydrated ferric oxide.
101. Aniline is soluble in aqueous HCl . Ans because Aniline forms the salt anilinium chloride which
is water soluble.
102. MeNH2 is stronger base than MeOH. Ans because Nitrogen is less electronegative than
oxygen therefore lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is readily available for donation. Hence, MeNH2 is
more basic than MeOH.
103. NH2 group of aniline acetylated is before carrying out nitration. Ans Because the acetyl group
reduces the reactivity of of the ring thus its oxidation does not occur easily with HNO 3
104. Acetylation of —NH2 group of aniline reduce its activating effect Ans Because with
acetylation of aniline result in decrease of electron density on Nitrogen.
105. Arrange the following in increasing order of:
a. C2H5NH2, C2H5OH, (CH3)3N (boiling point)
b. C2H5OH, (CH3)2NH, C2H5NH2 (boiling point)
c. C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2. (solubility in water)
d. CH3NH2 (CH3)2NH (CH3)3N (basic strength in aqueous phase)
e. (C2H5)3N, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH (basic strength in aqueous phase)
f. C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH2 (pKb values)
g. Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine(basic strength)
h. C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5) 2NH, NH3(basic strength in aqueous phase)
i. C2H5NH2, (C2H5) 2NH, (C2H5) 3N,NH3 (basic strength)
j. C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5) 2NH, C6H5NH2(basic strength)
k. C6H5NH2, C6H5N(CH3)2, (C2H5) 2NH,CH3NH2(basic strength)

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MECHANISM BASED QUESTIONS
UNIT: 10 HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES.
1. Explain the SN1 & SN2 mechanism with suitable examples.
Answer:
1. SN1 mechanism
• Substitution Nucleophilic Unimoecular (SN1)
• In this reaction, the rate of reaction depends only on the concentration of alkyl halide ie rate=K [ R X ]
• It is mainly shown by tertiary alkyl halids eg. Tertiary butyl halide.
• Example: The reaction between tert-butyl bromide and hydroxide ion yields tert-butyl alcohol and
follows the first order kinetics

• It is Two step reactions.

• Step I: In the first step slow dissociation of alkyl halide takes place by reversible reaction forming a
carbocation.

• Step II: The carbocation at once combines with the nucleophile to form final product.

• Order of reactivity: 30 > 20 > 10 alkyl halide

• Greater the stability of carbocation, greater will be its ease of formation from alkyl halide and faster
will be the rate of reaction. In case of alkyl halides, 30 alkyl halides undergo SN1 reaction very fast
because of the high stability of 30 carbocations.
• For a given alkyl group, the reactivity of the halide, R-X, follows the order R–I> R–Br>R–Cl>>R–F.( As
iodine is a better leaving group because of its large size, it will be released at a faster rate in the
presence of incoming nucleophile.)
2. SN2 mechanism
• Substitution Nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2)
• In this reaction, the rate of reaction depend on the concentration of both the alkyl halide and
Nucleophile ie rate = [ R X ] [ Nu- ]
• It is mainly given by primary alkyl halides e.g. n-alkyl halide
• Example: The reaction between CH3Cl and hydroxide ion to yield methanol and chloride ion
• CH3Cl + OH- → CH3 OH + Cl-
• It is One step reaction

• It results in complete inversion of configuration

• Order of reactivity of alkyl halide : Primary halide10 > Secondary halide20 > Tertiary halide 30
• Of the simple alkyl halides, methyl halides react most rapidly in SN2 reactions because there are only
three small hydrogen atoms. Tertiary halides are the least reactive because bulky groups hinder the
approaching nucleophiles.

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2. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which would undergo SN2 reaction faster?

Answer: ( 1st one is faster It is primary halide and therefore undergoes SN2 reaction faster.)
(1st one is faster As iodine is a better leaving group because of its large size, it will be released at a faster rate
in th presence of incoming nucleophile)
3. Predict the order of reactivity of the following compounds:
(i)The four isomeric bromobutanes (SN1)
(ii) C6H5CH2Br, C6H5CH (C6H5) Br, C6H5CH (CH3) Br, C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br (SN2)
Answer: (i) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br < (CH3)2CHCH2Br < CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 < (CH3)3CBr (SN1)
(ii) CH3CH2CH2CH2Br > (CH3)2CHCH2Br > CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 > (CH3)3CBr (SN2)
4. Which alkyl halide from the following pairs would you expect to react more rapidly by an SN2 mechanism? Explain
your answer.

Answer:

5. In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which compound undergoes faster SN1 reaction?

Answer:

6. Which compound in each of the following pairs will react faster in SN2 reaction with –OH? (i) CH3Br or CH3I (ii)
(CH3)3CCl or CH3Cl Answer: (i) CH 3I (ii) CH3Cl
7. Write the mechanism of the following reaction:

Answer:

ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR EXAM

MAHENDRA KALRA Page 10 of 42

 CBSE 2021
8. Arrange the compounds of each set in order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement
(i) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromopentane , 2-Bromopentane
(ii) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 3-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(iii) 1-Bromobutane, 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane, 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
Answer: (i) 1-Bromopentane >2-Bromopentane>2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(ii) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane > 3-Bromo-2-methylbutane >2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(iii) 1-Bromobutane>1-Bromo-3-methylbutane >1-Bromo-2-methylbutane>1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
UNIT: 11 ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS & ETHERS
1. Mechanism for the Hydration of alkenes

Mechanism
The mechanism of the reaction involves the following three steps:
Step 1: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic attack of H3O+.

Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation.

Step 3: Deprotonation to form an alcohol.

2. Mechanism for the acidic Dehydration of alcohols to give alkenes

Mechanism
Step 1: Formation of protonated alcohol.

Step 2: Formation of carbocation: It is the slowest step and hence, the rate determining step of the reaction.

Step 3: Formation of ethene by elimination of a proton.

The acid used in step 1 is released in step 3. To drive the equilibrium to the right, ethene is removed as it is
formed.

3. Mechanism for the acidic Dehydration of alcohols to give ethers

Mechanism

MAHENDRA KALRA Page 11 of 42

 CBSE 2021

4. Mechanism for the addition Grignard reagent on carbonyl compounds.

The first step of the reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagent to the carbonyl group to form an
adduct. Hydrolysis of the adduct yields an alcohol.

5. Mechanism for the reaction of HI on Ethoxymethane

When HI is in excess and the reaction is carried out at high temperature, ethanol reacts with another molecule
of HI and is converted to ethyl iodide.

1. Give mechanism for the Hydration of alkenes

2. Give mechanism for the acidic Dehydration of alcohols to give alkenes..Or Write the mechanism of acid
dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.
3. Give mechanism for the acidic Dehydration of alcohols to give ethers or Give mechanism of preparation of
ethoxyethane from ethanol.
4. Give mechanism for the addition Grignard reagent on carbonyl compounds.
5. Give mechanism for the reaction of HI on methoxymethane.
6. Describe the mechanism of hydration of propene to yield propan-2-ol.
Write the mechanism of the following reaction :

7. Write the mechanism of the following reaction:

CH3CH2OH + HBr→ CH3CH2Br + H2O
UNIT: 12 Aldehydes,Ketones & Carboxylic acids
1. Give mechanism for Nucleophilic addition reaction in carbonyl compounds.
2. Write the mechanism of reaction between actetaldehyde and HCN.
3. Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition
reactions.with reasons
• (i) Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.
• (ii) Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.
• (iii) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone

MAHENDRA KALRA Page 12 of 42

 CBSE 2021
Answers:1 & 2
• Mechanism - Nucleophile attacks electrophilic sp2 hybridised carbon. the hybridization changes to sp3 and a
tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate is formed which reacts with proton to form addition product.
•

3.
• (i),Butanone. Propanone Propanal, Ethanal
• (ii) Acetophenone , p-Tolualdehyde ,Benzaldehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde ,.
• (iii)Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone, Acetone, Acetaldehyde

After completing
ALL all the FOR
THE BEST five chapters
YOUR ofONorganic
BOARD EXAM 28TH FEB 2023.
chemistry practice these questions in your register.
SEEMA MA'AM

Seema Ma’am

MAHENDRA KALRA Page 13 of 42

 CBSE 2021
CHEMICAL TEST TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PAIR OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
1. Lucas test
• To distinguish between Primary (10), Secondary (20), & Tertiary (30) Alcohols)
• Lucas reagent: ZnCl2/HCl
• Test & Reactions:
(i) Primary(10) + Lucas reagent(ZnCl2/HCl) → No Turbidity at room temperture
R – CH2 – OH + HCl ZnCl2 R – CH2 – Cl
1 Alcohol Lucas Reagent No Turbidity
(ii)Secondary (2 ) + Lucas reagent(ZnCl2/HCl) → Turbidity after some time (5-10 min)
0

(iii) Tertiary (30) + Lucas reagent(ZnCl2/HCl) → Turbidity at once(immediately)

2. Iodoform test (Alcohols)

• Alcohols containing linkage like Ethanol ,Propan-2-ol etc.)

• Reagent: I2 / NaOH
• Test: Alcohols containing CH3-CH(OH)-linkage on reaction I2 / NaOH gives Yellow Ppt of CHI3 .
• Reaction:

3. Neutral ferric chloride test

• Phenol give this test
• Test:Phenol reacts with Neutral FeCl3 to form a complex of Violet colour.
3 PhOH (Phenol) + FeCl3 (Neutral) → Violet colouration (PhO)3 Fe + 3 HCl
Ferric Phenate
4. Tollens test
• [Aliphatic Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Propanal etc) & Aromatic Aldehydes (Benzaldehyde etc.)]
• Tollens reagent: Ammoniacal .AgNO3 or [Ag (NH)2]+OH –
• Test: On warming an aldehyde with freshly prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (Tollens’ reagent), a
bright silver mirror[Ag] is produced due to the formation of silver metal.
• Reaction:
R CHO + 2 [Ag (NH)2]+ OH - → R COOH + 2 Ag + 4 NH3 +H2O
Aldehyde Tollen’s reagent Silver
mirror..
O
||
R – C – R + Tollen’s reagent → No. silver mirror.
Ketone
Important Note: Ketones do not give this test

MAHENDRA KALRA Page 14 of 42

 CBSE 2021
5. Fehling’s test:
• [Only Aliphatic Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Propanal etc)
• Fehling’s reagent: Fehling solution A is aqueous copper sulphate and Fehling solution B is alkaline
sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle salt)
• Test: On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent,(equal amount of Fehling solution A & Fehling solution
B )a reddish brown precipitate of [Cu2O] is obtained.
• Reaction:R CHO + 2 Cu2+ + 5 OH¯ → RCOO¯ + Cu2O + 3 H2O
Aldehyde Red ppt

O
||
R – C – R + Fehling solution → No red ppt.

Important Note: Ketones do not give this test & also Aromatic aldehyde do not reduce fehling solution

6. Iodoform Test (Aldehydes & Ketones)

• [Aldehydes & Ketones containing linkage.e.g.Ethanal(Acetaldehyde)

Propanone(Acetone) etc.]
• Reagent: I2 / NaOH
• Test: Aldehydes & Ketones containing –COCH3 linkage on reaction I2 / NaOH gives Yellow Ppt of CHI3
• Reaction
O
||
R – C – CH3 + I2 + NaOH → R COONa + CHI3 + NaI + H2O
Yellow Ppt
7. Sodium bicarbonate test
• Aliphatic & Aromatic Carboxylic acids give this test.
• Reagent: NaHCO3 Sodium Hydrogencarbonate
• Test: Carboxylic acids on reaction with NaHCO3 (Sodium Hydrogencarbonate ) gives effervescence
due to evolution of CO2 gas.
• Reaction: R COOH + NaH CO3 → R COONa + H2O + CO2 (g) bubbled

8. Test for Methanoic acid (Formic acid)

• Methanoic acid (Formic acid) give Tollen’s test & Fehling test.
• Reaction:H COOH + Tollen’s reagent → 2 Ag + CO2 + H2O
• ( Silver Mirror)
H COOH + Fehling sol → Cu2O + CO2 + H2O
(Red ppt)
9. Isocyanide test (Carbylamine reaction)
• Primary Aliphatic (e.g.Ethanamine) & Aromatic amines(e.g.Aniline) give this test.
• Reagent: Chloroform(CHCl3) + Alcoholic KOH
• Test: Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and ethanolic potassium
hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamines which are foul smelling substances. (Unpleasent odur)
• Reaction:
RNH2 + CHCl3 + 3 KOH(alc) Warm R NC + 3 KCl + 3H2O
Alkyl isocyanide)( (offensive smel
• Important note: Secondary and tertiary amines do not give this test.
10. Heinsberg test
• To distinguish between Primary (10), Secondary (20), & Tertiary (30) Amines.
• Reagent: Benzenesulphonyl chloride C6H5SO2Cl Heinsberg reagent
Test:(i) Primary amine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride (Heinsberg reagent) to give N-ulphonyl
amide which is soluble in alkali because the hydrogen attached to nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidic

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 CBSE 2021

(ii) Secondary amine reacts with benzenesulphonyl chloride (Heinsberg reagent) to give N,N-
diethylbenzenesulphonamide which is insoluble in alkali Since N, N-diethylbenzene sulphonamide does not
contain any hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen atom.

(iii)Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulphonyl chloride.

Important note: Now day’s benzenesulphonyl chloride is replaced by p-toluenesulphonyl chloride.
11. Azo dye test
• Aniline & its derivative give this test.
• Reagent: (NaNO2 + HCl )[Nitrous acid] followed by  -napthol
• Test: Aniline on reaction with NaNO2 + HCl at 273-278 K gives BDC which forms a brilliant orange
dye with  -napthol in sodium hydroxide.
• Reaction:
C6H5-NH2 + NaNO2 + HCl ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ C6H5-N+2 Cl¯ ⎯⎯
273 -278K
⎯⎯→ orange Azo dye
- napthol

Summary of chemical Test

S.No Test Reagent Inference
1. Lucas test :To distinguish ZnCl2/HCl 0
(3 ) Alcohols gives Turbidity
between Primary (10), (immediately), 20 Turbidity after some
Secondary (20), & Tertiary time (5-10 min) 10 does not give
(30) Alcohols)
Turbidity at room temperture

2. Iodoform test (Alcohols I2 / NaOH Yellow Ppt of CHI3 .is formed

containing CH3-CH(OH)-
linkage)
3. Neutral ferric chloride Neutral FeCl3 Violet colouration
test(Phenol)

4. Tollens test [Aliphatic Ammoniacal . Bright silver mirror [Ag] is produced due
Aldehydes(e.g.Ethanal,Pro AgNO3 to the formation of silver metal.
panal etc) & Aromatic
Aldehydes (Benzaldehyde
etc.)]

5. Fehling’s test [Only Fehling solution A Reddish brown precipitate of [Cu2O] is

Aliphatic Aldehydes] (aqueous copper obtained.
sulphate & Fehling
solution B alkaline
sodium potassium
tartarate(Rochelle
salt)

6. Iodoform test I2 / NaOH Yellow Ppt of CHI3 .is formed

(Aldehydes & Ketones
containing –COCH3
linkage)
7. Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 Effervescence due to evolution of CO2
test (Aliphatic & Aromatic Sodium gas.
Carboxylic acids) Hydrogencarbonate

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 CBSE 2021
8. Isocyanide test Primary Chloroform(CHCl3) Unpleasent odur (foul smelling) of
Aliphatic & Aromatic + Alcoholic KOH isocyanides or carbylamines .
amines.
9. Heinsberg test(To Benzenesulphonyl Product of 10 Amines soluble in alkali.
distinguish between (10), chloride C6H5SO2Cl Product of 20 Amines are insoluble in
(20), & (30) Amines. alkali
10. Azo dye test(Aniline) (NaNO2 + HCl Reaction with NaNO2 + HCl at 273-278
)[Nitrous acid] K gives BDC which forms a brilliant
followed by  - orange Azo dye with  -napthol in
napthol sodium hydroxide

11. Test for Methanoic acid Amm . AgNO3 & Bright silver mirror [Ag] is produced due
(Formic acid) Fehling solution to the formation of silver metal
Tollens test & Fehling’s A&B Reddish brown precipitate of [Cu2O] is
test obtained.

Give a chemical test to distinguish between following pairs of compounds:

UNIT: 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
1. Ethyl bromide & Bromobenzene
2. Ethyl bromide & Vinyl chloride
3. Chlorobenzene & n-hexyl chloride
4. Chlorobenzene & chlorocyclohexane
5. Chlorobenzene and Benzylchloride
6. Bromobenzene and Benzylbromide
UNIT: 11 ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS & ETHERS
7. Methanol and Ethanol
8. Propanol and Propan-2-ol
9. n-Propyl alcohol & Isopropyl alcohol
10. 2-Methyl Propan-2-ol and Propanol
11. n-Butyl alcohol & Sec.butyl alcohol
12. Sec.butyl alcohol & Tert.butyl alcohol
13. Phenol and Cyclohexanol
14. 10,20,&30 Alchols
15. Phenol and Benzoic acid
UNIT: 12 ALDEHYDES,KETONES & CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
16. Propanal and Propanone
17. Acetophenone and Benzophenone
18. Phenol and Benzoic acid
19. Benzoic acid and Ethyl benzoate
20. Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one
21. Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
22. Ethanal and Propanal
23. Benzaldehyde & Propanal
24. Acetone and Acetaldehyde
25. CH3CHO & CH3COCH3
26. C6H5CHO & CH3CHO
27. Acetaldehyde and Benzaldehyde
28. Ethanoic acid and Ethnoyl chloride
MAHENDRA KALRA Page 17 of 42
 CBSE 2021
29. Methanoic acid and Ethanoic acid
30. Formic acid and Acetic acid
UNIT: 13 AMINES
31. Methylamine and dimethylamine
32. CHCl3 & CH3Cl
33. Ethylamine and aniline
34. Aniline and benzylamine
35. Aniline and N-methylaniline
36. N-methyl Propane -2-amine and N-ethyl N-methyl ethanamine
37. Secondary and tertiary amines
38. 10,20,& 30 Amines
39. Describe a method for the identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Also write chemical
equations of the reactions involved

MAHENDRA KALRA Page 18 of 42

 NAME REACTIONS BASED QUESTIONS
UNIT: 10 HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
1. Wurtz reaction : Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbons
(Alkanes) containing double the number of carbon atoms present in the halide
2R – X +2Na ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ R – R + 2NaX
2CH3 –Br +2Na ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ CH3 – CH3 + 2Na Br
Dryether

2. Fittig reaction: Aryl halides(Haloarenes) when treated with sodium in dry ether gives in which two
aryl groups are joined together. 2Ar – X +2Na ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ Ar – Ar + 2NaX

3. Wurtz-Fittig reaction : A mixture of an alkyl halide(Haloalkanes) and aryl halide(Haloarenes.) gives

an alkylarene when treated with sodium in dry ether.
Ar – X + Na + R – X ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ Ar – R + 2NaX

4. Finkelstein reaction: Alkyl chlorides/ bromides on reaction with NaI in dry acetone to give Alkyl
iodides. R – Cl +NaI ⎯acetone
⎯⎯→ R – I + NaCl
R – Br +NaI ⎯⎯⎯→ R – I + NaBr
acetone

5. Swarts reaction Heating of alkyl chloride/bromide in the presence of a metallic fluoride such as AgF,
Hg2F2, CoF2 or SbF3 to give alkyl fluorides R – X ⎯AgF,
⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ R – F
Hg F , CoF or SbF
2 2 2 3

example : CH3 –Br + AgF ⎯ ⎯→ CH3 –F + AgBr

6. Markovnikov’s rule : During addition of a polar molecule to unsymmetrical alkene, the negative
part of addendum attaches to that double bonded carbon which has least no. of hydrogen atom.
CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr ⎯ ⎯→ CH3CHBrCH3 (2-Bromo Propane)
7. Peroxide effect (kharasch effect) when a polar molecule is added to unsymmetrical alkene in the
presence of organic peroxide then addition occurs against the Markovnikov’s rule (only for addition
of H Br)
CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr ⎯Peroxide
⎯⎯⎯→ CH3-CH2-CH2-Br (1-Bromo Propane)
8. Grignard Reagent: Alkyl or aryl magnesium halide is called grignard reagent. It is obtained by
treating alkyl or aryl bromide with magnesium in the presence of ether.
R – X + Mg ⎯Dryether
⎯⎯ ⎯→ RMg X
CH3 CH2Br + Mg ⎯Dryether⎯⎯
⎯→ CH3 CH2Mg Br
9. Saytzeff rule: If in an elimination reaction there is availability of more than one  -hydrogen atom
then that alkene is the major product which is highly alkylated ie containing greater number of alkyl
groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 19 of 42

 UNIT: 11 ALCOHOLS,PHENOLS & ETHERS
10. Hydroboration –oxidation reaction : The alcohol obtained corresponds to anti- Markownikov ’s addition
−
of water on alkenes. CH3-CH=CH2 ⎯(⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯→ CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
i ) B H ( ii ) OH
2 6

11. Reimer-Tiemann reaction

12. Kolbe’s reaction

13. Williamson’s synthesis :In this method an alkyl halide (Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is
primary) reacts with a sodium alkoxide to form symmetrical or unsymmetrical ethers.

• Limitation In case of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination competes over substitution. If a
tertiary alkyl halide is used, an alkene is the only reaction product and no ether is formed. For example,
the reaction of CH3ONa with (CH3)3C–Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene. It is because alkoxides are
not only nucleophiles but strong bases as well. They react with alkyl halides leading to elimination
reactions.

14. Friedel crafts alkylation in anisole:

15. Friedel crafts acetlyation in anisole

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 20 of 42

 UNIT: 12 Aldehydes,Ketones & Carboxylic acids
16. Aldol Condensation :Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α – hydrogen undergo a condensation
reaction in the presence of dilute alkali (NaOH ,KOH etc.)as catalyst to form β- hydroxyaldehyde
(aldol)or β – hydroxyketone (ketol) respectively.

17. Cross Aldol Condensation: When aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes
and / or ketones, it is called cross aldol condensation. If both of them contain α-hydrogen atoms, it
gives a mixture of four products.

18. Cannizzaro Reaction: Aldehydes, which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and
reduction reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali.In this reaction one molecule of the aldehyde
is reduced to alcohol and another is oxidized to carboxylic acid salt.

19. Clemmensen Reaction: The carbonyl group of aldehydes and Ketones are reduced to CH2 group on
treatment with zinc amalgam(Zn/Hg) and concentrated hydrochloric acid.(Conc.HCl)

Example: CH3CH =O ⎯Zn⎯− Hg

⎯, HCl
⎯→ CH3CH3
Zn − Hg , HCl
CH3CO CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ CH3CH2CH3
20. Wolf Kishner Reaction

Example: CH3CH =O ⎯NH

⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
2 2
⎯→ CH3CH3
NH , KOH ,Glycol

CH3CO CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯→ CH3CH2CH3

NH NH , KOH ,Glycol
2 2

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 21 of 42

21. Rosenmund Reaction:Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium
sulphate. RCOCl + H2 ⎯ ⎯→ RCHO + HCl

22. Etard Reaction

23. Stephen Reaction

24. Gatterman-Koch reaction:

25. Ozonolysis of alkenes involves the addition of ozone molecule to alkene to form ozonide, and then
cleavage of the ozonide by Zn-H2O to Aldehyde and/or Ketones.

26. Esterification: Esters are generally prepared by heating carboxylic acids with alcohols in the presence of
a mineral acid such as conc. H2SO4 or HCl gas.

27. Decarboxylation : Sodium salts of acids when heated with soda lime, alkanes are formed.

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 22 of 42

28. Hell Volhard Zelinsky: Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α-position on
treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give α-
halocarboxylic acids

Example : CH3COOH + Cl2 ⎯Re ⎯⎯

dP
→ CH2(Cl)COOH + Cl2
4

29. Acetylation: The introduction of acetyl (CH3CO) group in alcohols or phenols is known as acetylation.

UNIT: 13 AMINES
30. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction: When primary amides are treated with bromine in the
presence of an alkali, a primary amine containing one carbon less than the amide is formed.
RCONH2 + 4NaOH + Br2 →RNH2 + 2 NaBr + Na2CO3 + 2H2O

CH 3 − C − NH 2 + Br2 + 4 NaOH / KOH → CH 3 NH 2 + Na2CO3 / K 2CO3 + 2 NaBr or 2 KBr + 2H 2O

31. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: Phthalimide on treatment with KOH which on heating with alkyl halide
followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding primary amine.

32. Ammonolysis

33. Carbylamine reaction(Isocyanide test):Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with
chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamines which are foul
smelling substances. R − NH 2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH ⎯⎯ ⎯
heat
→ R − NC + 3KCl + 3H 2O
34. Diazotization :

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 23 of 42

35. Sandmeyers reaction:The Cl–, Br– and CN– nucleophiles can easily be introduced in the benzene ring in
the presence of Cu(I) ion[cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide or cuprous cyanide]

.
36. Gatterman reaction:Chlorine or bromine can also be introduced in the benzene ring by treating the
diazonium salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper powder

37. Coupling reaction:Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with phenol in which the phenol molecule at its
para position is coupled with the diazonium salt to form p-hydroxyazobenzene.. Similarly the reaction of
diazonium salt with aniline yields p-aminoazobenzene.

38. Acylation: (Replacement of hydrogen atom of –NH2 or >N–H group by the acyl group.)Aliphatic and
aromatic primary and secondary amines react with acid chlorides, anhydrides and esters by nucleophilic
substitution reaction. This reaction is known as acylation. .The products obtained by acylation reaction
are known as amides.

39. Benzoylation: Amines reacts with benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl) to form N Alkylbenzamide

After completing all the five chapters of organic

ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR BOARD EXAM ON 28TH FEB 2023.
chemistry practice these questions in your register.
SEEMA MA'AM Page 24 of 42
Seema Ma’am
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 25 of 42
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 26 of 42
 IUPAC NOMENCLATURE BASED
Write the structures of the following organic compounds
1. 1-Chloropropane 49. 2-Methylbutan-2-ol
2. 1-Bromobutane 50. 1-Phenylpropan-2-ol
3. 2-Chloropropane 51. 3,5-Dimethylhexane –1, 3, 5-triol
4. 1-Chloro2-methyl propane 52. 2,3 – Diethylphenol
5. 1-Chloro2, 2-dimethyl propane 53. 1 – Ethoxypropane
6. 1, 1, dichloroethane 54. 2-Ethoxy-3-methylpentane
7. 1, 2, dichloroethane 55. Cyclohexylmethanol
8. 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 56. 3-Cyclohexylpentan-3-ol
9. 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 57. Cyclopent-3-en-1-ol
10. 1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene 58. 3-Chloromethylpentan-1-ol.
11. Chlorophenylmethane 59. 3-Chloromethyl-2-isopropylpentan-1-ol
12. 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane 60. 2, 5-Dimethylhexane-1,3-diol
13. 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane 61. 3-Bromocyclohexanol
14. 4-tert. Butyl-3-iodoheptane 62. Hex-1-en-3-ol
15. 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene 63. 2-Bromo-3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol
16. 1-Bromo-4-sec. butyl-2-methylbenzene. 64. Methanal
17. 4-Bromopent-2-ene 65. Ethanal
18. 3-Bromo-2-methylbut-1-ene 66. 2-Methylpropanal
19. 4-Bromo-3-methylpent-2-ene 67. 3-Methylcyclohexanecarbaldehyde
20. 1-Bromo-2-methylbut-2-ene 68. 2-Methoxypropanal
21. 1-Bromobut-2-ene 69. 3-Bromobenzaldehyde
22. 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 70. Pentan-2-one
23. 2-Chloro-3-methylpentane 71. 2,4-Dimethylpentan-3-one
24. 1-Chloro-4-ethylcyclohexane 72. 2-Methylcyclohexanone
25. 4-tert-Butyl-3-iodoheptane 73. 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
26. 1,4-Dibromobut-2-ene 74. 3-Hydroxybutanal
27. Methanol 75. 2-Hydroxycyclopentane carbaldehyde
28. Propan-1-ol 76. 4-Oxopentanal
29. Propan-2-ol 77. Di-sec. butyl ketone
30. Butan-1-ol 78. 4-Fluoroacetophenone
31. Butan-2-ol 79. 3-Phenylpropanoic acid
32. 2-Methylpropan-1-ol 80. 3-Methylbut-2-enoic acid
33. 2-Methylpropan-2-ol 81. 3-Methylbutanal
34. Propane -1, 2, 3-triol 82. p-Nitropropiophenone
35. Methoxymethane 83. p-Methylbenzaldehyde
36. Ethoxyethane 84. 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
37. 1-Methoxypropane 85. 4-Chloropentan-2-one
38. Methoxybenzene(Anisole) 86. 3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid
39. Ethoxybenzene(Phenetole) 87. Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid
40. 1-Phenoxyheptane 88. Ethanamine
41. 2-Methoxypropane 89. Propan-1-amine
42. 3- Methylbutoxybenzene 90. Propan-2-amine
43. 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 91. N-Methylethanamine
44. 2-Ethoxy--1,1-dimethylcyclohexane 92. N,N-Dimethylmethanamine
45. 4-Chloro-2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol 93. N,N-Diethylbutan-1-amine
46. 2-Ethoxypropane 94. Prop-2-en-1-amine
47. 2,6-Dimethylphenol 95. Hexane-1,6-diamine
48. 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrocyclohexane 96. Aniline or Benzenamine
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 27 of 42
 IUPAC NOMENCLATURE BASED
1. Write IUPAC names of the following:

2. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:(i) CH3CH(Cl)CH(Br)CH3 (ii) CHF2CBrClF (iii)
ClCH2C≡CCH2Br (iv) (CCl3)3CCl
3. Write IUPAC names of the following:

4. Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system.

5. Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 28 of 42

6. Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

7. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

8. Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:

(i) CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CHO (ii) CH3CH2COCH(C2H5)CH2CH2Cl
(iii) CH3CH=CHCHO (iv) CH3COCH2COCH3
(v) CH3CH(CH3)CH2C(CH3)2COCH3 (vi) (CH3)3CCH2COOH
(vii) OHCC6H4CHO-p (viii) CH3CO(CH2)4CH3
(ix) CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH(CH3)CHO (x) CH3(CH2)5CHO
(xi) Ph-CH=CH-CHO (xii) PhCOPh
9. Write IUPAC names of the following compounds and classify them into primary,secondary and tertiary
amines.

a. CH3)2CHNH2 f. CH3CH2)2NCH3
b. CH3(CH2)2NH2 g. m–BrC6H4NH2
c. CH3NHCH(CH3)2
d. (CH3)3CNH2
e. C6H5NHCH3
10. Classify the following amines as primary, secondary or tertiary:

Written practice is very important

in organic chemistry.

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 29 of 42

 WORD PROBLEMS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms compound
B which on heating with Br2 and KOH forms compound C of molecular formula C6H7N .Write
the structures and IUPAC names of compounds A,B,C.
2. An organic compound A with molecular formula C8H16O2 was hydrolysed with sulphuric acid
to give a carboxylic acid B and alcohol C. Oxidation of C with chromic acid produced B. C on
dehydration gives but-1-ene.Write reactions involved.
3. An organic compound A which has a characteristic odour on treatment with NaOH forms two
compounds B and C. Compound B has a molecular formula C7H8O which on oxidation gives
back compound A. Compound C is sodium salt of acid. C when heated with sodalime yields an
aromatic hydrocarbon D. Deduce structures A-D .
4. A compound ‘X’ (C2H4O) on oxidation gives ‘Y’ (C2H4O2). ‘X’ undergoes haloform reaction. On
treatment with HCN ‘X’ forms a product ‘Z’ which on hydrolysis gives 2- hydroxy propanoic
acid. (i) Write down structures of ‘X’ and ‘Y’. (ii) Name the product when ‘X’ reacts with dil
NaOH. (iii) Write down the equations for the reactions involved.
5. Primary alkyl halide C4H9Br (a) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b). Compound (b)
is reacted with HBr to give (c) which is an isomer of (a). When (a) is reacted with sodium metal
it gives compound (d), C8H18 which is different from the compound formed when n-butyl
bromide is reacted with sodium. Give the structural formula of (a) and write the reactions for
all.
6. .An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms an orange-red precipitate with
2,4-DNP reagent and gives yellow precipitate on heating with iodine in the presence of sodium
hydroxide. It neither reduces Tollens’ or Fehlings’ reagent, nor does it decolourise bromine
water or Baeyer’s reagent. On drastic oxidation with chromic acid, it gives a carboxylic acid (B)
having molecular formula C7H6O2. Identify the compounds A and B and explain the reactions
involved.
7. . An organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O forms 2,4-DNP derivative, reduces
Tollens’ reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation, it gives 1,2-
benzenedicarboxylic acid. Identify the compound.

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 CONVERSION BASED QUESTIONS

Write the reactions and the conditions involved in the conversion of:
1. Chloroethane to butane
2. 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
3. Benzene to diphenyl
4. Bromopropane to Iodopropane
5. Bromopropane to Flouropropane
6. 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
7. 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 31 of 42
8. Propene to Propan-1-ol
9. Propene to Propan-2-ol
10. Phenol to Salicylic acid
11. Phenol to Salicylaldehyde
12. Ethanal to 3-Hydroxybutanal
13. Ethanal to But-2-enal
14. Benzaldehyde to Toluene
15. Propanal to Propane
16. Acetone to Propane
17. Benzoyl chloride to Benzaldehyde
18. Acetyl chloride to Acetaldehyde
19. Toluene to Benzaldehyde
20. Acetic acid to chloroacetic acid
21. Benzamide to Aniline
22. Aniline to Chlorobenzene
23. Cumene to phenol
24. Chlorobenzene to phenol
25. Phenol to 2,4,6 –tribromophenol
26. Phenol to picric acid
27. Phenol to benzoquinone
28. Ethylmagnesium chloride to propan-1-ol
29. Methylmagnesiumbromide to propanol
30. Methylmagnesium bromide to propan-2-ol
31. Ethanal to propan-2-ol
32. Methyl magnesium bromide to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
33. Acetone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
34. Butanol to butanoic acid Do these
35. Ethanol to Ethanal conversions
36. Benzyl chloride to benzyl alcohol in your
37. Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid
38. Acetophenone to 2-Phenyl -butan-2-ol
class work
39. Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol register
40. CH3–CH2–Cl into CH3–CH2–CH2–NH2
41. C6H5–CH2–Cl into C6H5–CH2–CH2–NH2
42. Benzene into aniline
43. Benzene into N, N-dimethylaniline
44. Cl–(CH2)4–Cl into hexan-1,6-diamine
45. Ethanoic acid into methanamine
46. Hexanenitrile into 1-aminopentane
47. Methanol to ethanoic acid
48. Ethanamine into methanamine
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 32 of 42
49. Ethanoic acid into propanoic acid
50. Methanamine into ethanamine
51. Nitromethane into dimethylamine
52. Propanoic acid into ethanoic acid
53. Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid
54. Benzene to m-bromophenol
55. Benzoic acid to aniline
56. Aniline to 2,4,6-tribromofluorobenzene
57. Benzyl chloride to 2-phenylethanamine
58. Chlorobenzene to p-chloroaniline
59. Aniline to p-bromoaniline
60. Benzamide to toluene
61. Aniline to benzyl alcohol.
62. Ethanol to but-1-yne
63. Toluene to benzyl alcohol
64. Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
65. Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
66. Aniline to chlorobenzene
67. Ethanol to propanenitrile
68. 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
69. Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid
70. But-1-ene to n-butyliodide
71. Aniline to phenylisocyanide
72. 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
73. Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform Do these
74. Propene to propan-1-ol
75. Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol
conversions
76. 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane in your
77. tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide class work
78. Ethanal to Butane-1,3-diol register
79. Ethanal to But-2enoic acid
80. Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde
81. Ethanol to 3-Hydroxybutanal
82. Benzene to m-Nitroacetophenone
83. Benzaldehyde to Benzophenone
84. Bromobenzene to 1-Phenylethanol
85. Benzaldehyde to 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol
86. Benazaldehyde to α-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
87. Benzoic acid to m- Nitrobenzyl alcohol
88. Propanone to Propene
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 33 of 42
 COMPLETE THE REACTIONS
1. Complete the Following reactions:
a) CH3CH2CH2Cl +Na I ⎯acetone
⎯⎯→
b) CH3CH2CH2 – Br +Na I ⎯acetone
⎯⎯→
c) CH3CH2Br + AgF→
d) (CH3)3CBr + KOH(aq)→
e) (CH3)3CBr + KOH(alc)→
f) CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3 + NaOH(aq)→
g) CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3 + NaOH(alc)→
h) CH3CH2Br + KCN→
i) C6H5ONa + C2H5Cl→
2.

2. 2

3. What happens when (i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH, (ii) bromobenzene is treated with
Mg in the presence of dry ether, (iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis, (iv) ethyl chloride is
treated with aqueous KOH, (v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether, (vi)
methyl chloride is treated with KCN?

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 34 of 42

4. Write structures of the products of the following reaction:

5. GIVE EQUATIONS OF THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS:

(i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution.
(ii) Catalytic reduction of butanal.
(iii) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid.
(iv) Reaction of propanone with methylmagnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis.
(v) Acid catalysed dehydration of 1-methylcyclohexanol
(vi) Acid catalysed dehydration of butan-1-ol
(i) Butan-1-ol reacts with (a) HCl –ZnCl2 (b) HBr and (c) SOCl2.
(ii) 2-Methylbutan-2-ol reacts with (a) HCl –ZnCl2 (b) HBr and (c) SOCl2..
6. NAME THE REAGENTS USED IN THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS:
(i) Oxidation of primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.
(ii) Oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde.
(iv) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
(v) Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene.
(vi) Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol.
7. Give the major products that are formed by heating each of the following ethers with HI.

8. Predict the products of the following reactions:

(i) CH3−CH2−CH2−O – CH3+HBr →
(ii) (CH3)3C-OC2H5 ⎯⎯→
HI

(iii)

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 35 of 42

9. Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents. (i)
PhMgBr and then H3O+ (ii)Tollens’ reagent (iii) Semicarbazide and weak acid (iv)Excess ethanol and
acid (v) Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid
10. Write the structures of products of the following reactions

11. Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products

12. Predict the products of the following reactions:

13. Complete each synthesis :

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 36 of 42

14. Give the structures of A, B and C in the following reactions:

15. Complete the following reactions:

16. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)
h)

i)

j) CH3CN A B

k) CH3COOH A B C
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 37 of 42
17. Write structures and IUPAC names of (i) the amide which gives propanamine by Hoffmann
bromamide reaction. (ii) the amine produced by the Hoffmann degradation of benzamide.
18. Write chemical equations for the following reactions: (i) Reaction of ethanolic NH3 with C2H5Cl. (ii)
Ammonolysis of benzyl chloride and reaction of amine so formed with two moles of CH3Cl.
19. An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and heating forms compound B
which on heating with Br2 and KOH forms compound C of molecular formula C6H7N .Write the
structures and IUPAC names of compounds A,B,C
20. Write the reactions of (i) aromatic and (ii) aliphatic primary amines with nitrous acid.
21. Which of the following compounds would undergo aldol condensation, which the Cannizzaro
reaction and which neither? Write the structures of the expected products of aldol condensation
and Cannizzaro reaction. (i) Methanal (ii) 2-Methylpentanal (iii) Benzaldehyde (iv) Benzophenone
(v) Cyclohexanone (vi) 1-Phenylpropanone (vii) Phenylacetaldehyde (viii) Butan-1-ol (ix) 2, 2-
Dimethylbutanal

Written practice is very important in

organic chemistry.

Seema ma’am

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 38 of 42

 UNIT 14:BIOMOLECULES
1. The carbohydrates may be defined as optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the
compounds which produce such units on hydrolysis.
2. Classification of Carbohydrates:.
• Monosaccharides: A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler unit of polyhydroxy
aldehyde or ketone is called a monosaccharide. examples are glucose, fructose, ribose, etc.
• Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates that yield two to ten monosaccharide units, on hydrolysis, are called
oligosaccharidesFor example, sucrose on hydrolysis gives one molecule each of glucose and fructose
whereas maltose gives two molecules of glucose only .
• Polysaccharides: Carbohydrates which yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are
called polysaccharides. Some common examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen, gums, etc.
3. Reducing or Non-reducing sugars. All those carbohydrates which reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollens’
reagent are referred to as reducing sugars. They contain free aldehydic or ketonic group. e.g.all
monosaccharides.
4. Non-reducing sugars: All those carbohydrates which do not reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollens’
reagent are referred to as non reducing sugars. They do not contain free aldehydic or ketonic group.
sucrose
5. Reactions of Glucose:

6. Cyclic Structure of Glucose (Pyranose structure)

7. Anomers: The two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the configuration of the hydroxyl
group at C1, called anomeric carbon (the aldehyde carbon before cyclisation). Such isomers, i.e., α-form
and β-form, are called anomers.
8. The open chain structure could not following reactions: Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose
does not give 2,4-DNP test, Schiff’s test and it does not form the hydrogensulphite addition product
with NaHSO3.
9. All proteins are polymers of α-amino acids. Amino acids contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH)
functional groups.
10. Amino acids are classified as acidic, basic or neutral depending upon the relative number of amino and
carboxyl groups in their molecule. Equal number of amino and carboxyl groups makes it neutral; more
number of amino than carboxyl groups makes it basic and more carboxyl groups as compared to amino
groups makes it acidic.
11. The amino acids, which can be synthesised in the body, are known as non essential amino acids.e.g.
Glycine , Alanine (R=CH3)On the other hand, those which cannot be synthesised in the body and must be
obtained through diet, are known as essential amino acids.e.g. Phenylalanine.
MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 39 of 42
12. Zwitter ion: In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group can lose a proton and amino group can accept a
proton, giving rise to a dipolar ion known as zwitter ion.
13. Peptide bond or Peptide linkage. Chemically, peptide linkage is an amide formed between –COOH
group and –NH2 group. peptide bond –CO–NH– Involves of elimination of a water.
14. ‘When the number of such amino acids is more than ten, then the products are called polypeptides.
15. Primary structure of proteins: It tells us sequence of ά-amino acids present in the polypeptide chains.
Each protein has a specific sequence of ά-amino acids.
16. Secondary structure of proteins:It refers to shape in which long polypeptide chain exists.A protein may
assume α-helix and β-pleated sheet structure.
17. α-Helix results due to regular coiling of polypeptide chain which is stablised by intramolecular hydrogen
bonding.e.g.Keratin
18. In β-structure all peptide chains are stretched out to nearly maximum extension and then laid side by
side which are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.e.g Silk
19. Tertiary structure of proteins: The tertiary structure of proteins represents overall folding of the
polypeptide chains i.e., further folding of the secondary structure. The main forces which stabilise the 2°
and 3° structures of proteins are hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages, van der Waals and electrostatic
forces of attraction.
20. Globular proteins : This structure results when the chains of polypeptides coil around to give a spherical
shape.They are soluble in water.e.g. Insulin and albumins
21. Fibrous proteins: The molecules have long and thread like structures. They are insoluble in water.
examples are keratin (present in hair, wool, silk)
22. Quaternary structure of proteins: Some of the proteins are composed of two or more polypeptide
chains referred to as sub-units. The spatial arrangement of these subunits with respect to each other is
known as quaternary structure
23. Denaturation of Proteins: When a protein in its native form, is subjected to physical change like change
in temperature or chemical change like change in pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. This is called
denaturation of protein. During denaturation 2° and 3° structures are destroyed but 1º structure
remains intact. Examples : coagulation of egg white on boiling, curdling of milk
24. Nucleic acids : The particles in nucleus of the cell, responsible for heredity, are called chromosomes
which are made up of proteins and another type of biomolecules called nucleic acids.
25. Nucleosides: It consists of nitrogen containing bases and four carbon sugar. Base + Sugar →
Nucleosides
26. Nucleotides: It consists of nitrogen containing bases ,four carbon sugar and phosphate unit.
Base + Sugar + Phosphate → Nucleotides.
27. RNA molecules are of three types and they perform different functions. They are named as
messengerRNA (m-RNA), ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) and transfer RNA (t-RNA).
28. DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
It contains β-D-2-deoxyribose sugar. It Contains β-D-ribose sugar.
It Contains adenine (A), guanine (G), It Contains adenine (A), guanine (G),
cytosine (C) and thymine (T) as cytosine (C), uracil (U). as bases
bases.
It has double helix structure It has single helix structure
It Can replicate It Can not replicate
It is present in the nucleus cell. It is present in the cytoplasm of the cell.

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 40 of 42

(QUESTIONS RELATED TO CARBOHYDRATES)
1. Define carbohydrates.
2. How are carbohydrates classified on the basis of their behaviour on hydrolysis?
3. What are reducing and non reducing sugars? Give example of each.
4. How is Glucose prepared? Write the reactions when D-Glucose reacts with following:
(a)Hydrocyanicacid, HCN (b) acetic anhydride (c) Tollens reagent (d)HI (e)ConcHNO3 (f)Phenyl
Hydrazine (g) Hydroxlamime (h)Bromine
5. Write the reaction which show that all the carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a straight chain.
6. How do you explain the presence of an aldehydic group in a glucose molecule?
7. How do you explain the presence of five —OH groups in glucose molecule?
8. Under what conditions glucose is converted to gluconic and saccharic acid?
9. Explain Pyranose structure of glucose.
10. Write such reactions & facts of Glucose which cannot be explained by its open chain structure.
11. Define the term Anomers.
12. What is essentially the difference between the α- form of glucose & β- form of glucose?
13. Explain the structure of Structure of Fructose
14. What is the basic structural difference Glucose and Fructose?
15. Despite having an aldehyde group glucose does not give 2, 4 - DNP test. What does this indicate?
16. What is the significance of D and (+) in D(+)-glucose ?
17. Classify the following into monosaccharides and disaccharides.Ribose,2 deoxyribose, maltose,
galactose, fructose and lactose.
18. Monosaccharides contain carbonyl group hence are classified, as aldose or ketose. The number of
carbon atoms present in the monosaccharide molecule are also considered for classification. In
which class of monosaccharide will you place fructose?
19. What are the hydrolysis products of (a) Sucrose. (b) Lactose (c)Maltose.
20. Name the sugar present in milk. How many monosaccharide units are present in it? What are such
oligosaccharides called?
21. Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene are insoluble in water. Explain
22. How do you explain the absence of aldehyde group in the pentaacetate of D-glucose?
23. Write two main functions of carbohydrates in plants.
24. What do you understand by the term glycosidic linkage?
25. Name the linkage connecting monosaccharide units in polysaccharides.
26. ●An optically active compound having molecular formula C6H12O6 is found in two isomeric forms
(A) and (B) in nature. When (A) and (B) are dissolved in water they show the following
equilibrium.
(A) ↔ Equilibrium mixture ↔ (B)
1110 52.20 19.20
(i) What are such isomers called? (ii) Can they be called enantiomers? Justify your answer
(iii) Draw the cyclic structure of isomer (A)

QUESTIONS RELATED TO PROTEINS

1. Draw the structure of Glycine, Alanine, and Phenylalanine.
2. Amino acids may be acidic ,alkaline or neutral.How does this happen.
3. ●What are essential and non essential amino acids? Give two examples of each type.
4. ●Write a note on zwitter ion and isoelectric point.
5. Amino acids behave like salts rather than simple amines or carboxylic acids. Explain

MAHENDRA KALRA 9462305605 Page 41 of 42

6. What do you understand by the term Peptide linkage&Poly Peptide linkage?
7. Write the name of linkage joining two amino acids.
8. ●Distinguish between the following: (a)Essential &Nonessential amino acids (b) Fibrous &Globular
proteins(c) -helix and -pleated sheet proteins
9. Write a note on: (a)Primary structure of proteins (b) secondary structure of proteins
10. What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins?
11. ●What type of bonding helps in stabilizing the -helix structure of proteins
12. ●How do you explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?
13. What is Denaturation of proteins
14. ●What is the biological effect of Denaturation on the structure of proteins?
15. Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg.
16. Coagulation of egg white on boiling is an example of denaturation of protein. Explain it in terms of
structural changes.
17. The melting point and solubility in water of amino acids are generally higher than that of the
corresponding haloacids.Explain.
18. Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg?
19. What changes occur in the nature of egg proteins on boiling?
20. Name the type of bonding which stabilizes -helix structure of proteins.
21. Name the type of bonding which stabilizes -pleated sheet proteins .
22. Name the type of bonding which stabilizes tertiary structure of proteins.
23. An optically active amino acid (A) can exist in three forms depending on the pH of the medium. If
the molecular formula of (A) is C3H7NO2 write (i) Structure of compound (A) in aqueous medium.
What are such ion called? (ii) In which medium will the cationic form of compound (A) exist? (iii) In
alkaline medium, towards which electrode will the compound (A)
migrate in electric field?

QUESTIONS RELATED TO NUCLEIC ACIDS

1. Define Nucleic acids. How are they classified? Mention their two important sources.
2. Write the full forms of DNA and RNA.
3. Write the important differences between DNA and RNA.
4. Name the four bases present in RNA.
5. Of the two bases below which one present in RNA and which one present in DNA? (i) Thymine (ii)
Uracil
6. Out of the two bases Thymine & Uracil which one is present in DNA.
7. Out of the four bases name those which are common to both DNA
8. Which of the following are purine bases? Guanine,AdenineThymine & Uracil
9. What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
10. What is phosphodiester linkage.
11. Which moieties of nucleosides are involved in the formation of phosphodiester linkages present in
dinucleotides?
12. The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complementary. Explain
13. What are different types of RNA molecules which perform different functions.?
14. What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed?
15. When RNA is hydrolysed, there is no relationship among the quantities of different bases obtained.
What does this fact suggest about the structure of RNA?

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