Lahore Foundation High School.

Science
Chapter #4
Human Digestive System
Fill in the blanks.
1.Saliva
2.Amino acid
3.Villi
4.Liver
5.Bile
Select the correct options.
1.liver
2.Stomach
3.oral cavity
4.Carbohydrates
5.Oesophagus
6.Hydrochloric acid
7.Simple sugar
8.Amino acids
9.Villi
10.Large intestine
Give short answers.
Q#1:Define digestion?
Ans:The process during which large and complex food molecules are broken down into
such smaller pieces which pass across the walls of small intestine and absorb into the
blood is called digestion of food.
Q#2:How is chewing important in human digestive system?
Ans:Chewing activity mixes saliva in the food to make it soft .
Q#3:Name the liquid which is secreted by salivary glands?
Ans: Salivary glands secret saliva.
Q#4: Describe the role of oesophagus in human digestive system?
Ans:The oesophagus is a narrow mascular tube through which food passes from oral
cavity to the stomach.
Q#5:Why do carbohydrates,fats and proteins need to be broken down into smaller
molecules?
Ans:The large and complex food particles cannot pass across the cell membranes to
enter the cells.Starch, proteins, and fats are the foods consisting of complex molecules.
Q#6:What are the products of digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats?
Ans:Digestive enzymes convert starches into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids
and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Q#7:What structures secrete enzymes necessary for digestion in man?
Ans: Salivary glands,Gastric glands,Liver and pancreas are secrete enzymes necessary
for digestion in man.
Q#8:How are villi important for absorption?
Ans:The digested food is absorbed through the walls of these villi and passes into the
blood stream.
Q#9:How is large intestine important in digestive system of man?
Ans:Some water and mineral salts are also absorbed into the blood through the walls of
the large intestine.
Q#10:Write the functions of gall bladder?
Ans:Gall bladder stores bile.
Give answers in detail:-
Q#1: Describe alimentary canal and it's different parts?
Ans: Alimentary canal:
Alimentary canal is a long tube in our body which begins at the mouth and ends at the
anus.At different regions, alimentary canal is shaped into specific structures or organs
which perform specific functions.These organs are oral cavity,
oesophagus,stomach,small intestine and large intestine.
1:Oral cavity:-
Mouth leads into oral cavity.In the oral cavity,there are present four types of teeth which
cut and grind the food during chewing action.At floor of the oral cavity, there is a tongue
which has taste buds to taste different kinds of foods.There are three pairs of salivary
glands which open in the oral cavity to secrete saliva.You will learn about salivary glands
and saliva.Chewing activity mixes saliva in the food to make it soft.The well chewed and
soft food is swallowed into the oesophagus through pharynx.Pharynx serves as a
passage for food to enter the oesophagus and for air from nose to enter the larynx.
2: Oesophagus:-
The oesophagus is a narrow mascular tube through which food passes from oral cavity
to the stomach.
3:Stomach:-
Stomach is a bag-shaped structure.Its walls secrete a liquid called gastric juice.Gastric
juice consists of hydrochloric acid, enzymes and water.The muscular action of stomach
walls mixes the food with enzymes and hydrochloric acid.The acid helps to kill the germs
present in the food and enzymes to break large protein structures into smaller pieces.
The food stays about four hours in stomach.A semi-liquid food is released from stomach
into small intestine at intervals.
4:Small intestine:-
Small intestine is coiled muscular tube.It is about 6 to 7 meter long.The first part of small
intestine gets bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice from pancreas.The enzymes
present in pancreatic juice complete the digestion in small intestine.The second part of
the small intestine has millions of tiny finger like projections called villi.Each villus
contains tiny blood vessels.The digested food is absorbed through the walls of these villi
and passes into the blood stream.The undigested food particles are passed on into the
large intestine.
5:Large intestine:-
Some water and mineral salts are also absorbed into the blood through the walls of the
large intestine.The remaining wastes move into the rectum as faeces which are expelled
out through the anus.
Q#2:What happens to food in oral cavity?
Ans:Oral cavity:-
Mouth leads into oral cavity.In the oral cavity,there are present four types of teeth which
cut and grind the food during chewing action.At floor of the oral cavity, there is a tongue
which has taste buds to taste different kinds of foods.There are three pairs of salivary
glands which open in the oral cavity to secrete saliva.You will learn about salivary glands
and saliva.Chewing activity mixes saliva in the food to make it soft.
Q#3: Describe the functions of stomach in human digestive system?
Ans: Stomach:-
Stomach is a bag-shaped structure.Its walls secrete a liquid called gastric juice.Gastric
juice consists of hydrochloric acid, enzymes and water.The muscular action of stomach
walls mixes the food with enzymes and hydrochloric acid.The acid helps to kill the germs
present in the food and enzymes to break large protein structures into smaller pieces.The
food stays about four hours in stomach. A semi-liquid food is released from stomach into
small intestine at intervals.
Q#4: Explain the role of small intestine in digestion and absorption of food?
Ans:Small intestine:-
Small intestine is coiled muscular tube.It is about 6 to 7 meter long.The first part of small
intestine gets bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice from pancreas.The enzymes
present in pancreatic juice complete the digestion in small intestine.The second part of
the small intestine has millions of tiny finger like projections called villi,Each villus
contains tiny blood vessels.The digested food is absorbed through the walls of these villi
and passes into the blood stream.The undigested food particles are passed on into the
large intestine.
Q#6:Write note on:
(a) Diarrhoea. (b) constipation
Ans: Diarrhoea:-
When food in the large intestine is contaminated with toxic matter or infected with
bacteria,it stimulates the waves of muscular contraction passing along the intestine to
move at a fast speed.As,a result, the semi-liquid faeces are passed out of the body
frequently and water is not absorbed properly by the large intestine.Thiis results into
shortage of water and salts in the body .The water loss can result into
dehydration.Dehydration can be controlled by the use of salt and sugar solution or oral
rehydration salts (ORS).The patient should use fresh fruits and vegetables.He should use
boiled water and freshly prepared food. He should also consult a physician if the problem
is not controlled.
(B) Constipation:-
If undigested food moves too slowly along the large intestine due to slow waves of
muscular contraction, more water is absorbed into blood and faeces become hard and
dry.Their removal becomes painful or difficult.It can be controlled by taking medicines
which make faeces soft to discharge easily.The person suffering from constipation
should use plenty of water or fluids and fibrous food,e.g., fruits and vegetables.