Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay township, Ontario, Canada.

He graduated as a physician at McGill

University in Montreal and was primarily interested in sports physiology.
In 1891, while working as a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School (today,
Springfield College) in the United States, Naismith was faced with the problem of finding in 14 days an
indoor game to provide "athletic distraction" for the students at the School for Christian Workers (Naismith
was also a Presbyterian minister).
After discarding the idea of adapting outdoor games like soccer and lacrosse, Naismith recalled the
concept of a game of his school days known as duck-on-a-rock that involved accuracy attempting to
knock a "duck" off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it.
Starting from there, Naismith developed a set of 13 rules that gave origin to the game of basketball.
Of course it was not exactly as we know it today. The first game was played with a soccer ball and two
peach baskets nailed 10-feet high used as goals, on a court just half the size of a present-day court. The
baskets retained their bottoms so balls scored into the basket had to be poked out with a long dowel each
time and dribbling (bouncing of the ball up and down while moving) was not part of the original game.
The sport was an instant success and thanks to the initial impulse received by the YMCA movement,
basketball's popularity quickly grew nationwide and was introduced in many nations. Although Naismith
never saw the game develop into the spectacular game we know these days, he had the honor to witness
basketball become an Olympic sport at the 1936 Games held in Berlin.

Basketball skills can be broken down into two primary categories:

Offensive skills: shooting, rebounding, passing, and dribbling

Defensive skills: blocking, stealing, and again, rebounding

Skills: Offense

Shooting

Shooting consists of launching the ball toward the basket in an arcing motion with the purpose of it going
in and scoring points. When shooting, keep your eyes on the target, place the ball on your fingertips (not
the palm), place your feet shoulder width apart, place your elbow under the ball, and then follow through
and hold the finish.

Offensive Rebounding

An offensive rebound is obtained when the team that just shot the ball misses and then recaptures the
ball again. As a general rule it is tougher for a player to get an offensive rebound than a defensive
rebound because after a shot misses the opposing team's players are closer to the basket and in a better
position to grab the ball.

Passing

A pass happens when one player throws the ball to another player with the purpose of setting up a play or
taking a shot. In basketball there are two main types of passing. The first type happens when one player
throws another player the ball and the receiving player then scores a basket. The player who threw the
ball gets credit for an assist.
The second type of pass is just a basic pass from one player to another. There are bounce passes that hit
the floor one time, chest passes that are thrown from the player's upper body, and the spectacular alley-
oop pass where one player lobs the ball above the rim and a second player grabs it out of midair and
slam dunks

Dribbling

Dribbling is the art of bouncing the ball up and down off the floor with one hand, in order to advance the
ball up the court. It is illegal to touch the ball with both hands simultaneously, a.k.a double dribbling. While
dribbling, a player should protect the ball to prevent the defender from stealing it. Tips for dribbling
include: not looking at the ball, pounding the ball hard, and using the free arm as a shield.

Skills: Defense

Blocking

The block is another spectacular crowd favorite. It occurs when the offensive player shoots and the
defender swats the ball away, blocking its trajectory to the basket and preventing any points from being
scored.

Stealing

The steal, or taking the ball away from an opposing player to gain possession for your own team, requires
quick hands and great timing. A player can steal a pass out of midair or from the other team while
someone is dribbling.

Defensive Rebounding
A defensive rebound is obtained when one team misses a shot and the opposing team grabs the ball. An
important skill needed to collect defensive rebounds is known as boxing out, a technique by which players
use their bodies to shield the opposing team from grabbing the ball.

Time Management Signals

These officiating basketball hand signals are used to communicate between the referee
and the time keeper in order to notify starting and stopping of the clock.
Stop Clock – To stop the clock at any point in the game, the referee will raise one
hand straight over head with his palms facing out and finger tips pointed.
Start Clock – Beginning with one hand raised above head, the start of the clock is
indicated by dropping the raised hand directly towards the floor.

Full Timeout – When an official wishes to signal for a full timeout it is indicated by
two arms spread to the sides forming a “T” shape.

Thirty Second Timeout – To indicate a thirty second timeout has been called by one
of the teams, the official will take both hands and place them on top of his shoulders
with his elbows out.

Jump Ball – When both players have control over the ball at the same time, it is
indicated by both thumbs pointing upwards with arms extended.

Substitution – If a substitute player wishes to enter the game it is

indicated by having one hand facing the time keeper, raised in a “stop”
manner, and the other hand waving the substitute player into the game.

Basketball Foul Signals

When a player commits a personal foul, the referee will give a specific signal to
indicate the type of foul and which player has committed the foul.
Player Control Foul (Charge) – One hand on the back of the head and the other
pointing in the opposite direction of the play indicates a charge call has been made.

Hand Check – When a player commits a hand check foul, it is signaled by having one
arm extended in front of the chest with the fingers up, and the other arm grabbing the
wrist.

Blocking – If a defensive player commits a blocking foul the official will have both
hands, in fists, touching his hips, and his elbows in tight against his body.

Holding – The holding signal is made by having one arm extended upwards in front of
the face, and the other hand grabbing the wrist.

Pushing – To signal a pushing foul, the official will have both hands
extended straight in front of him, with his palms facing outward.

Intentional Foul – When a player commits an intentional foul, the official will put
both arms above his head and cross them.
Technical Foul – To signal a technical foul has occurred the referee will place both
his hands in front of him and put them in the formation of a letter “T”.

Double Foul – If two players have committed a foul at the same time, the referee will
put both hands, in fists, extended out towards the sides.

Illegal Hand Use – An illegal hand use foul is signaled by the official putting both of
his hands in front of him, at waist level, and grabbing one of his wrists with the other
hand.

Basketball Violation Hand Signals

A violation is a rule which is broken, but it does not result in a player picking up a
personal foul. The other team is awarded possession of the ball.
Traveling – When a player has committed a traveling violation, the official will
signal it by placing both of his hands in front of him and moving them in a circle.

Carrying or Palming – In order to signal a palming or carrying violation, the referee

will have one hand at the side, flipped over from palm up to palm down.
Double Dribble – The official will signal a double dribble violation has been
committed by putting both of his hands in front of him, with palms down, and
alternating them up and down, as if dribbling a basketball.

Three Seconds – The official will indicate that a player has committed a three second
violation by having three fingers raised, and the hand makes a swiping motion back
and forth at the side.

Five Seconds – In order to signal a five second violation the official will have five
fingers raised with arm extended upward.

Ten Seconds – The ten second violation is shown when the official has ten fingers
raised with both arms extended upwards.

Kicking the Ball – When a player kicks the ball, the referee will have one foot raised
in front.
Hand signal Indicators
These indicators allow officials to communicate information to the scorer’s table
during the game.
Two Point Basket Scored – When a two point basket is scored, the official will
extend one arm parallel to the floor and point with two fingers.

Three Point Basket Scored – The official will extend both arms directly upwards
with fingers pointed to signify that a player has scored a Three Point Basket.

Counting – The referee indicates he is counting for a timed violation by moving his
hand back and forth from the middle of the chest to straight in front continuously.
Each movement represents one second.

Basket Counts – To indicate a basket counts, when a foul has also

occurred, the referee will drop his hand from shoulder height directly
down.

Basket Does Not Count – To “wave off” a basket, or indicate it does not count
because a foul has occurred, the referee will start with both hands at the shoulders,
elbows out, and extend hands out directly towards the side.
Bonus Free Throws – When a player at the free throw line is to be awarded a bonus
free throw, the official will extend both of his arms out to his sides completely
straight and then move one up and down.

Lane Violation – If a player is shooting a free throw and a lane violation occurs, the
referee will signal it by raising one of his arms out to his side and holding it there
until the free throw is completed.
FACLILITIES AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR THE GAME BASKETBALL

The only essential equipment inbasketball is the basketball and thecourt: a flat, rectangular surface
withbaskets at opposite ends.

Basketball Court For the international games is 28 by 15 meters (approx. 92 by 49 ft.) >The National
Basketball Association (NBA) is 94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 m). Most courts are made of wood. A steel
basket with net and backboard hang over each end of the court. At almost all levels of competition, the
top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 m) above the court and 4 feet (1.2 m) inside the baseline.

BACKBOARD• A backboard is a piece of basketball equipment. It is a raised vertical board with a basket
attached. It is made of a flat, rigid piece of material, often plexi glass. It is usually rectangular as used in
NBA, NCAA and international basketball.

BACKBOARD• Size of a basketball backboardWidth: 6 feet (72 inches)Height: 3.5 feet (42 inches)Size
of a basketball rimThe diameter of the rim is 18”

BASKET NET-The net shall be made by a white cord shall be:1. Suspended from the ring2. Manufactured
so they check the ball momentarily as it pass through the basket.

BASKET NET- No less than 400 mm. and no more450 in length4.Manufactured with 12 loops toattach it
to the ring.

BASKET NET5. The upper section of the net shallbe semi-rigid to prevent:The net from rebounding up
through over the ring, creating possible etanglement.The ball from becoming trapped in the net or
rebounding back out of the net.

THE BALLCIRCUMFERENCE – between 75 and 78 cm. (29.5 and 30.25 inches)WEIGHT – 600 and 650
grams. (20 and 22 oz).AIR PRESSURE – around 8 lbs.

THE BALL-The ball is round and the outer casingshould be either Leather, Rubber orother suitable
Synthetic materials

CLOTHINGPlayers each team should wear the same outfits which must not clash with the opposing
team and wear a numbered shirt and no two players in the same team should wear the same
number.Players are numbered between 4 and 15.

CLOTHING Loose-fitting shorts for mobility, and sleeveless vests are the standard attire. Basketball
shoes should be rubber-soled and with protected ankle supports, although these are not necessary.
Most important of all, make sure your clothing is comfortable. It is important to wear towelled socks;
and it is not a bad idea to buy a pair of shoes a little too big to enable you to wear two pairs of socks
which will reduce the risk of blistering.
GAME CLOCKThis is a clock that runs whenever the ball is in play, and stops whenever the ball goes out
of bounds or when a fool is committed. Goal Tending .Game Clock Operation — Last Minutes of
Play/Field Goal. The clock stops after a successful field goal.

Game Clock Shows how much time remains in the game. Give-and-go: A fundamental offensive play in
which a player passes to a teammate, then cuts to the basket and receive a quasi- immediate return
pass for an open layup or dunk. Tracks remaining game time. Regulation play in the NBA is divided into
12 minute quarters (10 minutes in the WNBA. College games are split into 20 minute halves Give and
Go.

SCOREBOARD> is a large board for publicly displaying the score in a game ormatch. Most levels of sport
from highschool and above use at least onescoreboard for keeping score,measuring time, and displaying
statistics.p