Chapter 1

Overview
This chapter introduces NSTP in accordance with its newly revised
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR). The NSTP components are the
RESERVE OFFICERS' TRAINING CORPS (ROTC), LITERACY TRAINING SERVICE (LTS),
and CWTS.

NSTP aims to inculcate civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the

Filipino youth. It helps develop in them the ethics of service and patriotism while
they undergo training in any of the program's three components which are
specifically designed to enhance the students' participation in nation-building.

The NSTP Law or Republic Act No. 9163, also known as An Act Establishing the
NSTP for Tertiary-Level Students, Amending for the Purpose Republic Act No.7077
and Presidential Decree No.1706 and for Other Purposes, was signed by former
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 23, 2002. It is a consolidation of
House Bill No.3593 and Senate Bill No.1824 passed by the House of
Representatives and the Senate on December 19, 2001.

The NSTP Law has made ROTC optional since the first semester of school year
2002-2003 and has allowed students to choose from ROTC, LTS, and CWTS as a
requisite for graduation.

NSTP Components
1. LROTC, institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, is
designed to provide military training to motivate, equip, organize, and mobilize the
youth for national defense preparedness. It shall instill in them patriotism, moral
virtues, respect for rights of civilians, and adherence to the Constitution
2. LTS is designed to train students to teach literacy and numeracy skills to school
children, out-of-school youth, and other segments of society in need of sach services
3. CWTS is designed to involve students actively in activities contributory to the general
welfare and the betterment of life the members of the community or the
enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health,
education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation, and morals of the
citizenry.

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The Department of National Defense (DND), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) lead in the implementation
and monitoring of NSTP. Their primary function is to oversee if the program being
conducted in schools is in consonance with the newly revised IRR dated November 13,
2009.

Coverage of the NSTP Law The NSTP Law covers the following
1. All students, both male and female, enrolled in any baccalaureate degree or two-
year technical-vocational or non-degree courses in public and private schools must
complete one NSTP component of their choice for two semesters as a graduation
requirement.
2. All higher and technical-vocational institutions, public and private, must offer at least
one NSTP component.
3. State universities and colleges (SUCs) must offer ROTC and at least one other NSTP
component, namely LTS or CWTS.
4. The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy
(PMMA), Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), and other SUCs of similar
nature, in view of the special character of these institutions are not covered by the
NSTP Law.
5. Private higher educational institutional (HEIs) and technical-vocational educational
institutions with at least 350 student cadets may offer ROTC and consequently
establish and maintain a Department of Military Science and Tactics,which is still
subject to the existing rules and regulations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

NSTP-CWTS Vision
● To train students to become innovators of social change with a culture of excellence
and leaders with integrity,competence,and commitment to render service to the
community.
● To develop in the youth the values of patriotism and national pride, discipline and
hard work,integrity and accountability for nation-building, and volunteerism as

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 valuable and effective members of the National Service Corps of CWTS.

NSTP-CWTS Mission
NSTP-CWTS aims to promote and integrate values education, transformational
leadership,and sustainable social mobilization for youth development,community-
building,national renewal,and global solidarity by:
1. Providing relevant activities that will contribute to the
physical,intellectual,spiritual,and social development of students
2. Inculcating in students the values of leadership, patriotism, and social
responsibility
3. Training students to become project planners, designers, and managers of
innovative and sustainable community service-oriented projects
4. Conducting capability enhancements for civic welfare services geared toward
preparing the youth to become results-oriented social
entrepreneurs,volunteers,and a socio-economic mobilizing force that serves
communities as value-driven innovators for progress.
5. Working closely with a network of organizations within and outside the
higher education institution.
6. Creating opportunities where students can render direct service to the
community

NSTP-CWTS Core Values

NSTP-CWTS fosters the following values:
1. Love of God
2. Human dignity
3. Discipline,truth,goodness,and social responsibility
4. Awareness,innovation,and creativity
5. Respect,synergy,and professionalism
6. Excellence and indigenous learning
7. Protection and conservation of the environment
8. Quality service delivery
NSTP-CWTS Minimum Standards
NSTT-CWTS helps develop informed and self-reliant communities by encouraging inter-
government agency cooperation and providing complementary assistance and support to

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facilitate socio-economic progress, environmental management, and delivery of basic
services, geared toward uplifting the well-being of people.

The NSTP-CWTS strategies follow an integrative approach to community development,

which unites the people, local officials, civic leaders, and non-governmental organizations.

The NSTP-CWTS 1 is a three-unit, non-academic course for students who opt to take the
CWTS component of NSTP.

The minimum standard for NSTP is the development of the common and specific
modules set forth in the IRR NSTP-CWTS 1 spans of a total of 83 training hours for two
semesters and includes seven topics and a scope of instructions as follows:

1. Self-awareness and values development deal with the nature of self, personal
development, roots of the Filipino character, nationalism and patriotism, and good
citizenship values with core Filipino values
2. Leadership training discusses the concepts of leadership, human behavior
communication, motivation, teamwork, time management, and decision making
3. Dimensions of development cover global, national, and local issues on (a) health, (b)
education (enhancement of instructional support materials and faculties), (c)
entrepreneurship, (d) recreation, and (e) morals of the citizenry and other social welfare
concerns such as voters' education and poverty alleviation.
4. Community exposure and agency visits refer to the nature, development,and approaches
in community work and community-building.
5. Community needs assessment includesknowing the community and the community
needs assessment process, survey, and actual conduct.
6. Community services dwell on drug education, health education (medical and
dental),environmental education,entrepreneurship,and culture.
7. Program evaluation tackles the
fundamentals,development,implementation,monitoring,and evaluation of the program.
Conclusion

NSTP as a graduation requirement is implemented by the DND, CHED,and TESDA.The

NSTP Act of 2001 or Republic Act No. 9163 has made ROTC optional and introduced LTS
and CWTS as new alternatives, thus making NSTP a three-pronged program on citizenship
training.
NSTP provides a policy framework on volunteerism that underscores the fundamental
principle to harmonize the broad and diverse efforts of the volunteer sector of the country
into an integrative and effective partnership for local and national development as well as
international cooperation and understanding.It sets a mechanism to protect the rights and

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privileges of the youth in recognition of their roles and contributions to the development
of society.

CHAPTER 2: The Nature of the Human Person

The Human Person

The Human Person is essentially difficult to understand the human person, human nature
and the possibility of achieving a productive society through the highest potential of a
person
Estañol (2007) defines the human person as having physical, spiritual, emotional and
intellectual attributes. St. Thomas Aquinas describes the human person as having physical
and spiritual substance because he/she has a soul and is created by a Superior Being with a
divine purpose. Dictionaries define the human person as a "self-conscious animal”

Characteristics of a Human Person

Babsor (2007) in his book, The Human Person: Not Real. But Existing, discusses the
several characteristics of a human person, namely:

1. A human person is a rational being. He/She is free to think and has the capacity to
reason and distinguish between right and wrong,
2. A human person is born free. He/She has the freedom to do or not to de things.
However, every person is responsible for his/her own action.
3. A human person is unique. He/She possesses an identity that makes him/her unlike any
other person. Generally speaking, even if two persons have the same characteristics and
physical features, they are not the same because each ame has his/her own perception,
and a different set of values and priorities in life.
4. Every person is intrinsically a social being and cannot detach himself herself from other
creatures in the universe. By nature, he/she is characterized by his/her relationships with
other creatures, objects, or his/her fellowmen
5. All living things are sexual by nature, but the uniqueness of expression of a person's
sexuality makes him/her different. The expression of a person's emotions, attitudes,
feelings, actions, and thoughts in sexual activity best examplifies his/her uniqueness from
animals.

Biblical Views
The human person has superiority and dignity inherited from the Supreme Being
According to the book of Genesis, chapter 1, verses 26 to 27, God created man and woman

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in His own Image and likeness and made them masters of the fish of the sea. the birds, the
heaven, the earth, the wild beasts, and all the reptiles that crawl upon the earth

The Supreme Being entrusted to the human person the care of creatures on the
earth, aware of the possibilities, challenges, and difficulties he/she will encounter in her
life

Agbuya (1997) states that "He/She (human person) is designated by God to exercise
dominion over other creatures in his/her everyday use of freedom, search for happiness,
and openness to the world around him/her. And what makes him/her human is his/her
being a true person, which includes the special gifts and talents of thinking, loving longing
for happiness, and making decision. The human nature was patterned after the image of
God."

Philosophical Views

According to Protagoras, a human person is the measure of all things that exist and of
all things that do not exist. Furthermore, Plato claimed that the perfect human being does
not exist in this world because what is in this world is just an imperfect copy of humanity's
original self in the realm of ideas. Parmenides posited that a person has knowledge of
something that exists, for a person who does not exist is nothing

A human person like other animals has external and internal organs. A human being
becomes evident when he/she starts to share his/her thoughts and ideas with others.

Maguigad (2006) in his book, Philosophy of the Human Being, explains the different
philosophical views of the human person. These are the following:

1. Conservatism The conservative view is not entirely positive and definitely non-
egalitarian. Some men contribute more than others to society, and, therefore, must be
rewarded and honored by society. All human persons may not be of equal value to society:
some men are intended to rule, the rest to obey. This is in line with one of the Confucian
ethical ideas which states that the superior man must rule and the commoner must bow
before his authority

2. Liberalism Liberalism has a more egalitarian view of human nature. It believes that all
men are capable of reason and rational action and have the capacity to live satisfactory
and productive lives if given the opportunity, Reason is common to all human beings and
this fact raises them above the level of beasts and enables them to know the principles of

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suitable living. According to Mencius, "Every human being can become a sage king, that is,
anyone can gain the wisdom to rule.”

3. Socialism
In socialism, the human being readily engage in cooperative social activities when given the
opportunity. Unfortunately, this natural cooperative Instinct is not fostered when some
people selfishly exploit other people.

Marx believes that man is diven primarily by desire for economic guns In his Das Kapital,
he considers the human person as a social animal if he/ she fails to relate actively with
others and with nature, he/she loses himself/herself and became alienated.His/Her drives
lose human qualities and assume animal qualities

4. Fascism holds that what matters most is the country itself. The human being can
prosper only when the nation prospers, his/her fate is merely secondary when it comes to
the country. Like the conservatives, the fascists contend that some human beings are
naturally and racially better that others.

Classical Greek Views

The early classical Greeks define the human person as "a rational animals” An animal's
vegetative sensory and rational element is integrated within his/her being; thus she is a
material (body) and spiritual (soul) being. As a vegetative creature, the human person
needs to have food to grow, develop, and reproduce. As a sentient being, he/she needs
sensory perception to gain knowledge. As a rational animal, he/she needs the power of
thought, reason, and cognition.

Due to a person's nobility and his/her special place in God's kingdom, it is through him/her
that the rest of creation enter into a dialogue and relationship with the Supremie Being.
Because the human person is given free will to choose, decide, or shape his/her life, he'she
is always responsible for his/her action.

A human person is capable of knowing, loving, and believing, which leads him/her to be
fully aware of his/her humanity.

Sociological Views
A perspective is a particular way of looking at and seeing something, Salcedo (2004) states
that people look at this social world or at the various ways that human being behave in a
social way. Hence, when we talk about society or the social world, we are really referring
to the behavior of human beings.

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This is not to say that all sociologiats necessarily see the social world from exactly the same
perspective (or viewpoint), neither do they always agree about what they see,how
behavior could or should be understood, and so forth. As we will notice, the sociological
perspective is made up of a number of quite different sub-perspectives.

San juan (2007) proposes some common ideas about the human person.These are the
following:

1. Human persons are social animals. We need to cooperate with others in some way to
create the social world in which to live.

2. The human person's social behavior is learned, not instinctive. In this respect the
argument is that we have to learn, from the moment we were born,how to be not just a
human being but also a recognizable member of the society into which we happen to
have been born.

3. To understand the human person's social behavior, we have to focus our attention on
the groups to which people belong. These groups are many and varied,but the largest
group to which people belong is a society.

4. Sociology is a discipline that looks into the totality of relationships in an individual's

life. Sociologists do not restrict their studies to a single dimension of an individual's life
(economics, politics, history, geography, psychology.and so forth). Although each of
these areas is significant and interesting in varying degrees, it is only by looking at how
these relationships affect each other that we can arrive at a complete picture of human
social behavior.

Sociologists do not reject the contributions of other social sciences. Sociology as an

academic discipline itseIf is based on the recognition that human beings are not one-
dimensional but rather multi-dimensional.
For example, in our society, people work (economic dimension), have the
opportunity to vote in elections (political dimension),and live in different areas of the
country (geographic dimension). What interests sociologists in this regard might be the
relationship between these three dimensions-how does the area in which people live
affect the type of work they do and how does the type of work they do affect howthey
vote in elections?

If the sociological perspective differs from that provided by other social sciences.it is
evident that it also differs from a final perspective we have to consider, namely,that of
naturalistic or commonsensical explanation of the social world. Investigating some
examples of commonsensical ideas about the social world will allow us to demonstrate
more effectively the idea of a sociological perspective and show how sociology provides a
greater understanding of human behavior.

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Hierarchy of Needs

The guiding principle in realizing a person's competence and ability is the exploration of
his/her totality in the field of humanistic psychology, which theorizes that a person's
behavior and his/her relationship with others are shaped by his/her inner feelings and self-
image.
Maslow presented the levels of hierarchy of needs in his theory of personality.
1. Physiological needs include the biological and basic needs such as water and clothing.
These needs are immensely important because they are essential for survival.
2. Safety needs include security and protection from physical and emotional harm.
3. Social needs include affection, sense of belonging, and friendship, which people seek to
overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation.
4. Self-esteem needs include achievement,mastery,and confidence derived from
recognition,respect,and attention. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels
confident and valuable. However, when they are not met, the person may feel
inferior,weak,helpless,and worthless.

5. Self-actualization means a person has reached the peak of his/her potential.

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 Maslow's theory points out that a person needs to satisfy the lower needs before
realizing his/her self-worth and potential. Accordingly, when the lower needs are not
met,a person cannot completely devote his/her time to developing his/her full potential
He also maintains that self-actualization is the driving force of human personality.Thus, a
person cannot appreciate intellectual and aesthetic learning when he/she is hungry or if
he/she feels unsafe. Artistic and scientific endeavors do not flourish in a society where
people must struggle for food, shelter, and safety. Self-actualization can only be achieved
after all other needs are satisfied.

According to Rogers' person-centered therapy theory, every person has within

him/her an inherent desire for a positive transformation and the development of his/her
capacities. He/She possesses an innate goodness no matter how imprudent his/her
actions are.

Based on this theory, the society should be a sounding board of reflections in life,so
that an individual can realize his/her problem and formulate solutions for it. However,it is
the individual who will eventually create his/her own path and not the people around
him/her.He/She is the only one qualified to choose the path that he/she should take.It
may not always be smooth, but that does not diminish his/her value as a person.A self-

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actualized person allows his/her innate goodness to transform further. Only by
understanding himself/herself first can he/she effectively relate to others.Furthermore,
every person must understand that he/she only exists in this world transitorily. As such
he/she should utilize his/her gifts and talents to reach his/her goals and to help others
realize their own worth as a person. He/She must take on the challenge that the Supreme
Being has posed upon him/her.

Conclusion

It is basically difficult to understand the human person. He/she is described as having

physical, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual attributes, capable of knowing,loving, and
believing. Various Biblical, philosophical, classical,and sociological views and perspectives
offer essential insights into the human nature. Nevertheless, it boils down to the human
person's relational character toward others called "service to his/her fellowmen."

A person is a social being with various needs that have to be satisfied. This will enable
him/her to reach the peak of his/her potential, so that he/she could effectively relate
with others and be a productive part of his community.

Chapter 3: Values Development For Citizenship Training

“I don't know what your destiny will be, but one thing I do know: the only ones among you
who will be really happy are those who have sought and found how to serve."-Albert
Schweitzer

GETTING STARTED
This chapter tackles values development for good citizenship training,including the
preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the roots and philosophy behind Filipino
values, nationalism and patriotism, and personal development plans.

LET US TALK

Preamble of the 1987 Constitution

The preamble of the 1987 Constitution states:
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and
aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and dev'elop our patrimony, and secure
to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and

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democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth,justice,freedom, love,
equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution (De Leon etal.,
2011).

A preamble is an introductory and preliminary statement in a document tha explains

the document's purpose and underlying philosophy. It may cite historical facts pertinent to
the subject of the statute. The preamble of the Constitution of the Philippines dictates that
the Philippines and the Filipino people are the sovereign masters of the Philippine Islands.

Philosophy of Values
The philosophy of human values is necessary for understanding values, such as family
closeness and solidarity (pagkamalapit at pagkakaisa ng pamilya),politeness
(pagkamagalang), being hospitable, and showing gratitude (utang na loob)
(Gorospe,1997).
The subjectivity and objectivity of values involve a human person who values an object
or value to be realized. Value and disvalue differ in a way as pleasure and pain, life and
death, poverty and affluence, heroism and cowardice,truth and falsehood, right and
wrong, and holiness and sinfulness differ.The difference between such is real and evident,
not just a matter of personal preference (Gorospe, 1988).

Filipino Values
A value system arises from the cultural life of every Filipino. It is a distinction of
becoming a human person in a particular place, time, and situation. Filipino values can be
discussed in four ways, namely (Andres, 1981):
1. There are values distinct among Filipinos, in the same way as there are values
distinct in other cultures. The Greeks value hospitality.The Romans value the
mos maiorum, which refers to the time-honored principles, behavioral models,
and social practices that affect private,political, and military life. Confucian and
Buddhist doctrines of the middle way value the understanding of practical life,
and avoid self-denial and self-indulgence. It is an equivalent to the Filipino
translation of walang labis, walang kulang, or katamtaman lamang.
2. The Filipino value system is a set of values that every Filipino has historically held
in their lives. Such a value system can be similarly observed across cultures. For
the Chinese, the values of honesty and hard work rank the highest, while the
Japanese greatly value politeness and befuty. The Americans highlight
punctuality and efficiency in their values. The Filipinos emphasize religiosity and
family-centeredness.
3. Filipinos have different meanings and motivations with regard to their values and
their cultural, socioeconomic, political, moral, and religious
contexts. The Filipinos have a so-called "nationalistic" traditional value system
that exhibits their purposes, beliefs, convictions, and social principles. Examples

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 of these values are pagsasarili, pagkakaisa, pakikisama,pakikipagkapwa-tao,
and pagkabayani.
4. Filipino values have evolved in terms of historical consciousness as evidenced by
the change in the concepts of justice, equality, inequality,and human dignity.
From the level of an individual to a family, tribe, and nation, Filipino
consciousness and values vary based on distinct periods of history.
Regaining Philippine democracy is a transformation of Filipino values. It
means building a more humane society and reforming values for national
reconstruction.

Good Citizenship Values

Good citizenship values promote the common good and concern for the Filipino family
and future generations as stipulated in the preamble of the 1987Constitution. Good
citizenship is the conduct of oneself following the rights,duties, and privileges of being a
Filipino citizen (CHED Memorandum No.26,2005).
1. Love for God or Pagkamaka-Diyos
In Southeast Asia, the Philippines is one of the countries that are predominantly
Christian. Roman Catholicism is the most common religion,followed by Islam.
Therefore, religiousness is a Filipino value, and can be expressed through faith in the
almighty, respect for life, order,work,and concern for the family and future
generations (Philippine Constitution, 1987).
Submission to the divine creator and belief in the almighty Father's authority
over all His dominations are regarded as having deep faith. Jesus said to them, “Have
faith in God...whoever says to this mountain,'Be lifted and thrown in to the sea!' and
does not doubt at all in his,heart but believes that what he says will take place, it will
be done for him" (The Topical Study Bible,2004).
2. Love for Fellowmen or Pagkamaka-tao
St. Paul defines love differently: Love is patient; it never fails; it is eternal.There
are faith, hope, and love and the greatest of these is love (1 Corinthians 13). This
illustrates the real essence of love, which strengthens the foundation of the family
and other social groupings. Love is a strong force within the human community and
provides a deeper meaning to the purpose of human existence. Love for fellowmen
can be expressed through love, freedom,peace, truth, and justice (Philippine
Constitution, 1987).
3. Love for Country or Pagkamaka-bayan
Progressive countries can attain their economic goals because people have trust
and confidence in their governments and are actively supporting their policies and
programs. The government must reciprocate the support it receives with honest,

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 sound, and dynamic governance (CHED Memorandum No. 26, 2005). Love for country
can be expressed through unity, equality,respect for the law and government,
patriotism, and the promotion of the common good (Philippine Constitution, 1987).
4. Love for the Environment or Pagkamaka-kalikasan
Taking care of the environment involves the protection of land,sea,air, plants,
and animals, as well as protection against man-made hazards and natural calamities.
The love for the environment can be expressed by launching efficient and
sustainable clean and green activities. There is a need for the human person to show
respect for the integrity of creation. Using environmental resources properly and
prudently shows one's love for the environment.

Roots of the Filipino Character

The strengths and weaknesses of Filipinos are rooted in several factors.These are the
home environment, the social environment, cuture and language,history, the
educational system, religion, the economic environment, the political environment, mass
media, and leadership and role models (Licuanan, 1988). The Filipino value system is
established from personal alliance systems that are based on kinship, obligation,
friendship, religion, and relationships.
1. The Home Environment
The following are the main components of the home environment:
● Child-rearing is rewarding and difficult at the same time. Every parent has a goal
to have his/her child grow up a respectable and resourceful adult in society. Every
Filipino child should grow up in a loving and affectionate atmosphere, and parents
should provide their children with the opportunity, means, and support to pursue
their goals.
● Parents should not become overprotective of their children because of their own
need for power and control, and they should not use coercion to ensure that they
remain the dominant forces in their children's lives.
● Parents should maintain discipline among their children, but must avoid being
overcritical. They should also avoid comparisons among siblings.
● In Filipino families, everyone is encouraged to get along with siblings and
relatives. In the authoritarian setting, age and authority are valued most;
however, such setup results in passivity and dependence on the authority.
Children are taught to give primary importance to their family.
2. The Social Environment
The Philippine social environment is characterized by the gap between the rich and the
poor. This gap is not simply economic but cultural, as the elite become highly
westernized and alienated from the masses. This feudal structure develops dependence
and passivity among the people. The components of the social environment are social
structures and social systems. Interpersonal religion and community interaction are the
social systems of the social environment.

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It is in the culture of the Filipinos to be dependent on relationships with others to
survive. Because of the scarcity of resources in developing countries such as the
Philippines, where the system's response to the people's needs can be insensitive,
inefficient, or nonexistent, the Filipinos become very dependent on kinship and
interpersonal relationships.

3. Culture and Language

The action of developing a likable life is observable in the behavioral pattern of Filipino
culture. Filipino cultural values are characterized as being warm and person-orientated,
devoted to family, and joyful and humorous. These values are reinforced by socializing
forces, such as the family,school, and peer groups.
Aside from the aforementioned interpersonal values, Filipinos are also characterized as
being open to the outside world and easily incorporating foreign elements without
consciousness of their cultural core. This manifests through the use of English as the
medium of instruction in schools and the ensuing colonial mentality. The introduction of
English as the medium of education made the Filipino youth regard American culture as
superior
4. History
The Filipino is the product of colonial history, which is regarded as the culprit behind the
lack of nationalism and, colonial mentality. Colonization has developed the mindset of
Filipinos to think of colonial power as superior and more powerful. In turn, the Filipinos
become second-class citizens beneath the Spanish and the Americans.
The Filipinos developed a dependency on foreign powers, which makes them believe
that they are not responsible for the fate of the Philippines. The Americans set up a
public school system that taught English and the American way of life, which then
infused with the culture of the Filipinos.

5. The Educational System

The inherent problems caused by using a foreign language resulted in other issues for
the Filipinos. Using foreign educational materials, instead of local ones, is problematic in a
sense that the teachings the students learn from their schools are irrelevant in the
Philippine setting. For instance, in these teachings, the teacher is the central focus and is
highly authoritarian. In such setup, the Filipino student must learn passivity and conformity,
and he/she is taught to be dependent on the teaching force.

6. Religion
The Filipinos' optimism and capacity to accept the hardships of life are rooted in
religion. However, religion instills the attitudes of resignation and preoccupation with
the afterlife, thus becoming vulnerable to being victimized by opportunism,
oppression,exploitation,and superstition.

7. The Economic Environment

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For the majority of Filipinos, their traits are rooted in poverty and experiences of having
a difficult life. The hardships of Filipinos drive them to take risks, work hard, and
develop the ability to survive.Unfortunately, poverty has also become an excuse for
graft and corruption in the government.

8. The Political Environment

The political environment is characterized by the centralization of power, particularly in
Manila. The political power and authority are concentrated only in the hands of the
upper class of the society.The participation of the Filipinos is often limited to voting
during the national and local elections. The basic services of the government are
concentrated in Manila and major municipalities, cities, and provinces. This political
situation in the Philippines may have led to the passivity of Filipinos.

9. Mass Media
Technology is intended for reaching a mass audience and primarily as a means of
communication. The common media platforms are newspapers, magazines, radio,
television, and the internet. In the Philippines, the media produces escapist movies,
soap operas, comics,and more, which could possibly cause the citizens' passivity.
Oftentimes,rather than confront poverty and oppression, certain personalities tend to
romanticize and exploit the issues instead.

10. Leadership and Role Models

The Filipinos look up to their leaders as role models. People in the government
particularly should display proper behavior. Thus,when the leaders violate the law and
appear to be self-serving or driven by interest,and there is a lack of public
accountability, the Filipinos are affected negatively.

Nationalism and Patriotism

The philosophy of nationalism nowadays does not concern itself much with the aggressive
and dangerous form of invidious nationalism that often occupies center stage in the news
and in sociological research. Although this pernicious form can be of significance, in that
there is instrumental value in mobilizing oppressed people and giving them a sense of
dignity, its moral costs are usually taken by philosophers to outweigh its benefits (James,
2006).

Nationalism is generally used to express two ideas,namely:

1. Nationalism is the attitude of the members of a nation, as well as their national identity,
origin, ethnicity, and culture.
2. It is the action taken by all members of a nation when seeking to achieve or sustain the
full statehood with complete authority over domestic and international affairs.

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 Coming from the Greek word, patris, meaning “fatherland,” patriotism means the love
of and devotion to one's country. However, the definition of patriotism is highly dependent
on context, geography, and philosophy. Although patriotism is a synonym of nationalism,
nationalism is not necessarily considered an inherent part of patriotism. Likewise,
patriotism is strengthened by the adherence to a native religion, particularly in some
communities that may have their specific holy places.This also implies a value preference
for a specific civic or political community (Griffin, 2005).

Development of Nationalism and Patriotism in the Philippines

Nationalism is characterized by the attachment of superiority-to one's country,an
aspiration for its continuity and prosperity, and a high regard and respect for its laws,
principles, and policies. A country is an artificial body of people that needs protection and
an identity. The government constitutes all nonpolitical and political personnel in the
service of the country. They range from the President to the last civil servant. Philippine
nationalism witnessed an upsurge of patriotic sentiments and nationalistic ideals in the
late 1800s as a result of the Filipino Propaganda Movement from 1872 to 1896. It became
the main ideology of the first Asian nationalist uprising, the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Spain already ruled the Philippines for about 333 years before Philippine nationalism was
developed (Rodao & Rodriguez, 2001).
The term Filipino originally referred to Spaniards born in the Philippines, not the
native inhabitants. However, certain events finally led to the development of native
patriotism and transcended the cultural and geographical boundaries that had been
barriers to the unification of the inhabitants of the archipelago.

Personal Development Plan

A personal development plan is a guide that can help a person figure out where
he/she is supposed to be in one, five, or ten years from now and help him/her get there.
Wells (2013), in his book, 7 Simple Steps-Life Transformation Guide,states that success
requires an articulated goal. It is not a product of wishful thinking.Purpose will set the
context and get a person thinking about his/her life and what is important to him/her.
When preparing a personal development plan, one may consult the following
components (Wells, 2013):
1. Your true self. Begin with some introspection to help you define your values,
your patterns, and your beliefs.
2. Make it personal. Understand šuccess and achievement, and what they mean to
you and to others.

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 3. Know the outcome. Set your goals and how to achieve them. This section is
really about knowing where you are going.
4. Design success. Lay out your "success blueprint." If the prior section covers
where you are going, this is about how you will get there.
5. Harness the power. Be determined to make your plans a reality-To succeed, you
need more than a plan; that plan needs to be executed.
6. Accept success. Establish a mindset that will help you succeed in bringing your
desired outcomes to fruition.
7. Life is circular. Look forward to the future and move beyond the completion of
your plan.

CHAPTER 4: Leadership Training

Human Behavior
According to businesedictionary.com, human behavior is the "capacity of
mnental.physical,emotional,and social activitles experienced during the five stages of a
human being's life-prenatal, infancy, childhood,adolescence, and adulthood.It includes
the behaviors as dictated by culture,society,values, morals, ethics,and genetics."

Encyclopedia Britannica (2012) states that human beings have a typical life course
that consists of successive phases of growth, each of which is characterized by a distinct
set of physical, physiological, and behavioral features. These phases are prenatal
life.infancy,childhood, adolescence, and adulthood (including old age). Human
development or developmental psychology is a field of study that attempts to describe
and explain the changes in human cognitive, emotional, and behavioral capabilities and
functioning over the entire life.

Motivation

Motivation encompasses the internal and external factors that stimulate desire and
energy in people to be continually interested in and committed to a job, role, or
subject,and to exert persistent efforts in attaining a goal. It results from the interaction
among conscious and unconscious factors such as the (a) intensity of desire or need, (b)
incentive or reward value of the goal, and (c) expectations of the individual and of his/her
significant others.
According to Swindell (2012), motivation means the drive and ambition needed to
achieve our goals. We all need that extra push at some stage of our life, whether it be at
work, in school, or home; or maybe to give up a bad habit or shed a few pounds.We need
motivation to get a job done and achieve a goal. Self-motivation can work for some people.

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For example, if you are trying to lose some weight, just imagine how you will look and feel
when you can fit again in your smaller-sized clothes. An old photograph of a slimmer you
could help motivate you to keep going.
If you work in sales, it is important to stay motivated to achieve your targets in order to
carn cash bonuses or even job promotion in addition to commission.

It is also easy to become demotivated. For example, you may be way off your sales
targets and you realize there is no chance of reaching them, so you just give up.Negative
people can demotivate you as well.

Good Leadership

Leadership pertains to the qualities exemplified by a leader. It also refers to acts of

leading or the "process of social influence in which one person can enlist the ald and
support of others in the accomplishment of a common task." It is often said that some
people are good leaders while others are not. But what is really the basis for judging
one's capacity to be a good leader? From a follower's perspective,good leadership can
be attributed to qualities that make people follow a leader. It would be great to have all
these qualities,but not all leaders do have them.

Characteristics of a Good Leader

Here are ten essential characteristics of a good leader. Do you think you possess
them?

1. Vision. Good leaders know where they want to go and they can motivate
people to believe in their vision for their country, community, and
family.Good leaders view things as what they could be and not simply as
what they arc.
2. Wit. Good leaders can make sound judgments and decisions even during
crucial situations.
3. Passion. Good leaders are very passionate and intensely obsessed in
whatever they are focused on, be it business, sport, or hobby.

4. Compassion.Good leaders show compassion for their supporters and

followers.They possess exemplary coaching and development skills. While
these leaders have goals to accomplish, they can still consistently care for
their constituents.They are not selfish individuals who think only about
their own wants and needs.They have a heart for others.
5. Charisma. Good leaders are captivating, charming individuals who tend to
draw people toward them. It could be because of the way they talk,or carry

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 themselves. They excel in building relationships and eliciting performance
from their groups.
6. Communication skills. Good leaders are usually great orators and
persuaders.They can express their ideas clearly and convincingly.

7. Persistence. Good leaders are determined to attain their goals in spite of the
obstacles and problems. They believe that the benefits of attaining their
goals outweigh the risks and hardships.
8. Integrity. Good leaders mean what they say.They walk the talk,practice what
they preach, and keep their promises. They are reliable.
9. Daring Good leaders are bold,willing to take risks,and determined to chase
their dreams amid the reality of fear and uncertainty. Winston Churchill states
that courage is the virtue on which aIl others virtues rest.
10. Deaplane. Good leaders observe self-control and order. Where most people
are easily distracted or dejected, good leaders manage to stay focused and
steady regardless of the situation.

Maxwell (1999) says that a leader should recognize, develop, and refine certain
personal characteristics needed to be a truly effective leader, the kind of leader people
will want to follow. These are some of the traits of that leader:

1. Character is the quality of a person's behavior as revealed by his/her

habits.thoughts and expressions, attitudes and interests, actions, and personal
philosophies in life. Be a piece of the rock. There are always two paths to
choose from:character and compromise. Opt for character.

2. Charisma is a special spiritual gift bestowed temporarily by the Holy Spirit on a

group or an individual for the general good.It is an extraordinary power in a
person, group, or cause, which takes hold of popular imagination and wins
popular support.
3. Commitment engages one to do something as a continuing obligation.It is a
state of intellectual and emotional adherence to some political, social, and
religious theory of action.
4. Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding,in
which participants do not only exchange (encode-decode) information but
also create and share meaning. The meaning of communication is in the
response and not in what is said or how it is said.

5. Competence indicates a sufficiency of knowledge and skills that enable

someone to act in a wide variety of situations. It is the capacity of a person to
understand a situation and to respond to it accordingly and reasonably.A core
competency is fundamental knowledge, ability, or expertise in a specific area.
6. Courage is the quality of the mind that enables a person to face difficulty and
danger without fear. It begins with an inward battle. It is making things right,

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 not just smoothing them over. It inspires commitment from followers.Life
expands in proportion to one'scourage.

Transformational Leadership
Bass (1990) explains that transformational leadership is a form of leadership that
occurs when leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees,when they

generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and mission of the group,and when
they stimulate their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the
group.

Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision, and most importantly, they manage
to communicate it effectively to all employees. By acting as role models,they inspire
employees to put the good of the whole organization above self-interest. They also
motivate employees to be more innovative, and they themselves take personal risks and
are not afraid to use unconventional (but ethical) methods to achieve the collective vision.

This form of leadership goes beyond traditional forms of transactional leadership that
emphasizes corrective action and mutual exchanges and rewards only when performance
expectations are met. Transactional leadership relies mainly on centralized
control.Managers direct most activities by telling each person what to do, when to do
it,and how to do it. Transformational leaders,on the other hand,trust their subordinates
and give them enough space to breathe and grow.

Transactional and Transformational Leadership

Transactional leadership is based on power that makes use of rewards and coercion to
deliver benefits to members (patronage), or to force or instill fear as illustrated by
colonization, vote-buying,and similar methods.

Transformational leadership or real leadership starts from the recognition of what the
members need and the steps toward achieving these needs, and relating rewards to effort.
The leader acts as a role model. He/She lives out values, demonstrates personal qualities,
is approachable and accessible, and accepts pressure to perform. The leader treats people
as individuals and involves many in decision-making, seeks to empower and give maximum
freedom, and is concerned with developing members collectively and individually.

Behaviors of a Transformational Leader

1. Is articulate in creating compelling vision of the future
2. Uses stories and symbols to communicate his/her vision and message
3. Specifies the importance of having a strong sense of purpose and a collective mission

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4. Talks optimistically and enthusiastically and expresses confidence that goals will be
achieved
5. Engenders the trust and respect of his/her followers by doing the right thing rather
than simply doing things right
6. Instills pride in employees
7. Talks most about important values and beliefs
8. Considers the moral and ethical consequences of decisions
9. Seeks different perspectives when solving problems
10. Encourages employees to challenge old assumptions and to think about problems in
new ways
11. Spends time teaching and coaching
12.Considers each individual employee's different needs, abilities,and aspirations
13. Is compassionate, appreciative, and responsive to each employee and recognizes and
celebrates each employee's achievements

Four Components of Transformational Leadership

1. Charisma. The leader's charisma or idealized influence is envisioning and building

confidence,and he/she sets high standards to be followed.
2. Inspirational motivation. The leader's inspirational motivation provides followers
with challenges and meanings/reasons for engaging in shared goals and
undertakings.
3. Intellectual stimulation. The leader's intellectual stimulation moves followers to
question assumptions and generate more creative solutions to problems.

4. Individualized consideration. The leader treats each follower as an individual and

provides coaching,mentoring,and growth opportunities.
The qualities of transformational leadership can be found at different
levels:community, national, and even global communities; and in various sectors of the
society.The leaders are able to translate their vision and commitment into institutional
practice.Transformational leadership is non-hierarchical in structure and participatory in
the processes. It is characterized by high moral and ethical standards in each of the
aforementioned components.
The transformation of values, processes, and instiutions appears as follows:
A. Transformation of values
● from power as dominion to power as liberation

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 ● from war and conflict to peace
● from efficiency consideration to equality and equity (balance between
genders)
● from growth to sustainability
● from"winner-take-all" norm to sharing and caring

B. Transformation of processes
● from hierarchical to participatory
● from corrupt to clean
● from secretive to transparent
● from burdensome to empowering

C. Transformation of institutions
● from bureaucratic to egalitarian, responsive,and accountable
Moving from transactional leadership to transformational leadership requiresa shift in
leadership functions.
1. People are taking more responsibility for their own1 decisions. This situation requires
the leaders to provide conditions for creativity and develop fewer levels of leadership-
flatter structures.
2. Leaders concentrate on strategy to help people respond to the changing world.

In this context, transformational leadership is critical for an organization. The primary

leader needs to come from the ranks of members. Leadership cannot be left to the
executives. The organization must grow its own leaders.

Transformational leadership has three types of functions: task functions,team

functions,and individual functions. There has to be balance among the three functions.

1. Transformational leadership and task functions:

● Defining the tasks-involves others
● Making the plan-involves others
● Allocating the tasks-involves others rather than the leader giving out
tasks
● Controlling the tasks-uses peer pressure and self-control rather than
being disciplinary
● Checking the performance-more self-management within the
transformational approach
● Adjusting the plan-with group review

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 2. Transformational leadership and team functions:
● Setting the standards-involves the group
● Enforcing discipline
● Promoting team spirit
● Encouraging and motivating
● Developing sub-leaders
● Communicating with the group-has to be open and honest
● Training-lifelong learning process everyone needs to undergo

3. Transformational leadership and individual functions:

● Attending to personal problems
● Praising individuals, enhancing confidence
● Giving status pride
● Using abilities of the people within the organization-trainingas a
continuing process
● Involving individuals in decision-making processes

Leadership Development

● ·Develop a pool of leaders

-find people with basic leadership qualities
-widen the "catchment area"

-assure a democratic process

● ·Provide knowledge and skills
-build leaders' personal capacities
-recognize this as a lifelong process
● ·Support active leaders
-actively support leaders continuously and not to place them in positions and
leave them there

Virtuous Cycle of Leadership Control

There has to be awareness of the framework through which transformational
leadership must operate, emphasizing that an active and informed membership is critical
to effective leadership.

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 A leader has wholehearted faith and belief in the rightness of a cause.A leader who
shows his/her full support to an organization indirectly tells the members to do the same.
1. A leader should be energetic, sympathetic, friendly, and understanding to ensure
the enthusiastic cooperation of followers.
2. He/She should have confidence in knowing and doing his/her job to gain the
confidence of followers.
3. He/She should be an example to followers.

Seven Habits of Highly Effective People

Adopted from Seven Habits of Highly Effective People byStephen Covey (2007)

1. Be proactive.
Proactive means being able to take responsibility for your life. You have
the freedom to choose your behavior and response to stimuli. Use your
creativity and have some initiative. You are the one in charge.

2. Begin with the end in mind.

Know where you want to go. When making plans and decisions, see to it
that the time and effort that will be spent conform to what you want to
achieve.Envision your goal and make it happen.

3. Put first things first.

Practice self-management. Know your priorities.
4. Think win-win.
Look at life as a cooperative arena, not a competitive one. Enter
agreements or make solutions that are mutually beneficial and satisfying to
both parties.
5. Seek first to understand, then to be understood.
As the saying goes,"The best way to understand is to listen." The practice
of empathy governs this habit. It is about putting yourself in someone else's
shoes.By listening to a person's explanation, only then can you
evaluate,probe,give advice, and interpret his/her feelings.

6. Synergize.
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. More tasks can be done
if all things within reach are maximized and utilized.Synergize is the habit of
creative cooperation. Better results can be produced as a group than as
individuals.
Sharpen the saw.

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 What you have learned a couple of years back will have become
outdated.Many things evolve and develop so fast that you need to update
through various food-for-the brain resources. A sense of humor is vital to
relieve tension and boredom as well as to defuse hostility. Effective leaders
know how to use humor to energize his/her followers. Humor is a form of
power that provides some control over the work environment even as it fosters
camaraderie.

Teamwork
Teamwork is the process of working collaboratively with a group of people in order
to achieve a goal. It is often a crucial part of a business as it is often necessary for
colleagues to work well together and try their best in any circumstance. Teamwork
means that people will try to cooperate by using their individual skills and providing
constructive feedback,despite any personal conflict between individuals. Teamwork
brings people together for a common purpose or goal and subordinates the needs of
individuals to the needs of the group. Many management gurus define a team as a group
of individuals passionately committed to their end goal. When groups have common
goals,teamwork is vital to success. Teachers expect teamwork among students;employers
expect employees to function effectively as a team; and most organizations convene
teams to handle problems or projects. Therefore, it is important to learn teamwork skills
even if you prefer to work independently.

What does teamwork look like in action? Basically, group members focus on the goal.
They put aside individual differences and petty grievances to get the job done.They show
passion for the project and each contributes to its success.

Time Management

The succeeding sections have been adopted from the writing of Paulla Estes edited by
Niki Foster (May 28, 2012).
Time management is the art of arranging, organizing, scheduling, and budgeting one's
time for the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity. There is an
abundance of books, classes, workshops, day-planners, and seminars on time
management, which teach individuals and corporations how to be more organized and
productive.Time management has become crucial in recent years, thanks to the
24/7,busy world in which we live.

Time management is important for everyone. While time management books and
seminars often place their focus on business leaders and corporations, time management

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Is also necessary for students, teachers,factory workers, professionals, and homemakers
Time management is perhaps most essential for the person who runs a business of bis/her
own or not.Managing work and home responsibilities under the same roof takes a special
type of time management.

An important aspect of time management is planning ahead. Sometimes,successful time

management involves putting in more time at the outset in order to reorganize one's life.
Though many time management books and teachings differ in their suggestions,most agree
that the first step in efficient time management is to organize the workspace. Even if one's
schedule is well ordered but if the office and filing systems are a disaster, time will be
wasted trying to work efficiently in a disorderly place.

After cleaning,purging,and reorganizing the home or office, the next step in time
management is to look at all the activities one participates in during a week. Every last
detail should be written down, including the time it takes to shower, dress,
commute,attend meetings, make phone calls, clean the house, cook dinner.pick up the
children from school, take them to after-school activities, and eat meals. Also include time
for entertainment or exercise, such as driving to the gym,going for a walk, watching
television, or surfing the Internet.

Often,when individuals write down every last activity,they find that there is very little time
left for sleeping. The end result is that many activities must be pared
down.climinated,consolidated, or delegated. Prioritizing activities on a scale of one to
three-one being the most important and three being the least-can help with this task.

Lastly,good time management involves keeping a schedule of the tasks and activities that
have been deemed important. Keeping a calendar or daily planner is helpful to stay on
task, but self-discipline is also required. The most efficient to-do list in the world will not
help someone who does not look at or follow his/her own daily planner.
Of course,the other side of the argument is to remember to live. Get on top of your time
management,get organized, and stay on task, but live your life. Schedule some time off
every day and at least one day off each week.Be organized,but do not be a slave to time
management.

Decision-making

Decision-making is a process that involves selecting the most logical choice from among
two or more options. An example is deciding whether to move to a new apartment, to live
with the in-laws, or stay in the same apartment.Making a decision is instrumental in the
survival and prosperity of human beings. The right choice is what sets an average individual
from the rest. Although the ability of making the correct decision within a short span of
time is a highly valued trait, we cannot simply follow a
set of patterns when deciding on a course of action at all points in time. There are
different types of decision-making that we do depending on the situation at hand.
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Consider the following in decision-making:
1. Identification of alternative solutions
2. Evaluation of possible options to determine which one meets the decision objectives
3. Selection of the best option after an in-depth evaluation

Involvement in Decision-making

Every group has to make a decision at one time or another and all the members
have to make a commitment to choose the best option available. The following are the
different types of involvement in making decisions:
1. Consensus or agreement involves compromising various possibilities after all
opinions have been heard. Disagreements and minority viewpoints are
discussed fully. Everyone feels free to express himself/herself. This method
helps build understanding, unity, cooperation, and commitment.
2. Majority voting is considered the most effective way to make a
decision.However,one may lose the interest or loyalty of the members of the
minority who voted against the decision, especially if they feel their side was
not heard.

3. The minority is not consciously organized, but a few powerful personalities

dominate the group, often unconsciously. These people later wonder why the
others are apathetic.
4. The silent consensus of some groups leads to unanimous decisions. This type of
involvement in decision-making is rarely applied when tackling important
issues. Unanimous agreement is sometimes assumed when some members
do not want to disagree and have chosen to stay silent.

5. The clique is a small group whose members plan beforehand to get their way in
decision-making. Because they are better organized than those who disagree,
they are often successful in getting/having their own way in resolving an
immediate issue, but they bring a spirit of rivalry, rather than cooperation, to
the group.
6. The handclasp happens when one person makes a suggestion and another
commends it. Without further discussion, the matter is decided.
Resentment,however,surfaces later on.
7. The one-person decision is quickly made, but later when the decider needs free
or voluntary support from others to implement the decision, he/she might
find trouble getting it.
8. The plop occurs when a group makes a decision by not making a decision
at all.Someone makes a suggestion, but it is dropped or junked
altogether and no one pays any attention to it.

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Difficulties in Decision-making

1. Fear of consequences brings division and disagreement.

2. Conflicting loyalties of one person as a member of different groups
frequently leads to divided loyalties about decisions.
3. Interpersonal conflicts and personal differences evoke various feelings
among members, which interfere with sound decision-making.
4. Hidden agenda or secret motive can hinder decision-making for reasons
a member does not share with the group.
5. Blundering methods include using rigid procedure that leaves little room
for expressing differing views, substituting personal opinions for
adequate information, and disregarding proper consultation or
consensus.
6. Inadequate leadership restricts the expression of opinions and
discussion on issues. Leaders fail to provide assistance in selecting
appropriate methods for decision-making or are insensitive to the
factors that cause difficulty in the group.
7. Clash of interest occurs when different groups or individuals within an
organization have opposing interests.

Conclusion

Transformational leadership is an organizational system framework that

influences people to come together around a common vision. One of the marks
of a good leader is the ability to listen, learn, and lead his/her followers toward
the attainment of goals.He/She is adept in teamwork,time management,and
decision-making.