Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Placement Preparation- 4th year (2019-2023)

HCL- SYSTEM ENGINEER

 Technical Interview Round: For the technical round, questions can be asked from topics like
C, C++, JAVA, UNIX, LINUX, etc. A good practice for being able to crack this round would be
to be thorough with your fundamentals. We have listed some questions for the technical
round below. The interviewers might also ask questions on your current year projects.
 Our domain basics also will ask.

HCL Technical Interview Questions: Freshers and

Experienced
1. What is the use of the finalize () method in Java?

The finalize () method in java is a special method similar to the main method in java. Before the
garbage collector reclaims the object, finalize () method is called as its last chance for any
object to perform a clean up activity. This means releasing any fixed order resources held,
terminating a connection if open, and so on.

For instance:

protected void finalize throws Throwable{}

2. What is the use of polymorphism in Java?

A reason why polymorphism is needed in Java is that the concept is extensively used in
implementing inheritance. It plays a crucial role in allowing the object having a different
internal structure to share the same external interface.

Example:

class Vehicle{
void run(){System.out.println("running");}
}
class Bike extends Vehicle{
 void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Vehicle b = new Bike();
b.run();
}
}

In the above example, “class Bike extends Vehicle” means that the class Bike is inherited within
the class Vehicle. With this, new internal structures can be created within the same external
class.

3. What is input-output (I/O) in C++?

In C++, the input stream is used to get inputs from the console i.e. the user. The output stream
is used to display the results of the operations to the console, or to the output device. iostream
represents the standard input-output stream in C++. It contains different methods like cin,
cout etc.

4. What is the difference between a constant variable and a global variable?

Constant variables have a fixed value that cannot be modified throughout the
program. Global variables can be changed and are accessible by all the functions in a
program.

For example:

#include<stdio.h>
int m = 20, n = 40; //global variable
 int a = 50, b = 80;//global variable
int main()
{
printf("These are variables are accessed from main function");
a=24;
void sample()
{
int t=20; // Local variable
}
}

5. What do you mean by nested classes?

Nested classes mean that we can define a class inside another class in an Object-oriented
programming language (OOP). The enclosed class is called a nested class. A nested class has
the same access rights as other members of the class and is like another member of the outer
class.

For example:

class Outer_class{
//code
class Inner_class{
//code
}
}

In the above example, the Inner class is nested within the Outer class. The inner class will have
the same access rights as the outer class. Nested classes help to group classes in one group.

6. What are the different cloud computing service models?

The different Cloud computing service models can be categorized as follows:

 IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet.

 PaaS (Platform as a Service): PaaS cloud computing platform is created for programmers to develop,
test, run, as well as manage applications.
 SaaS (Software as a Service): In this, applications are hosted by a cloud service provider.
 FaaS (Function as a service): This provides a platform that allows customers to develop, run, and
manage app functionalities without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure that is
associated with the process of launching an app.

7. What is the meaning of the term Big Data?

Big data, as the name suggests, means large volumes of data. The data available to us from
multiple online platforms today is complex and huge. For traditional systems to analyze and
process, and to interpret something meaningful from the data is quite challenging. Here is
where big data comes into the picture. Big data is helpful to solve a large number of business
 problems right from predictive maintenance, machine learning, customer experience, and so
on.

Following are some of the features of big data:

 Velocity
 Volume
 Value
 Variety.
 Veracity.
 Validity.
 Volatility.
 Visualization.
 8. Name some software analysis & design tools?

Some of the most important software analysis and designing tools are:

 Data Flow Diagrams

 Structured Charts
 Structured English
 Data Dictionary
 Hierarchical Input Process Output diagrams
 Entity Relationship Diagrams and Decision tables

9. What is the major difference between structured English and Pseudo Code?

Structured English is used to write the structure of a program module. It is a native English
language. It uses the keywords of programming language. On the other hand, Pseudo Code is
more like a programming language without the syntax of any specific language.

10. What is the use of the pointer in C?

The following are some of the important uses of pointers in C:

 To access array elements: Pointers are used in traversing through an array of integers and strings. The
string is an array of characters that is terminated by a null character '\0'.
 For dynamic memory allocation: Pointers are used in the allocation and deallocation of memory while
the program is being executed.
 Call by Reference: The pointers are used to pass the reference of a variable to another function.
 Data Structures like a graph, tree, linked list, etc.: The pointers are used to construct a number of
data structures like graph, tree, linked list, and so on.

11. What are some of the differences between C & C++?

Following are some of the differences between C & C++:

 C does not support inheritance. Whereas, C++ supports inheritance.

 C focuses on method or process, instead of focusing on data. On the other hand, C++ focuses on data
instead of focusing on method or procedure.
 In C, scanf() and printf() functions are used for input / output. In C++, cin and cout are used for input /
output.
 Reference variables are not supported by C but are supported by C++.
 Exception handling is not supported by C, whereas Exception handling is supported by C++.
 C structures don‟t have access modifiers, while C ++ structures have access modifiers.

12. What are the 4 pillars of Object-oriented programming system (OOPs)?

The 4 pillars of Object-oriented programming systems (OOPs) are as follows:

 Inheritance: Using this property, one object can acquire some/all properties of another object.
 Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of selecting data from a larger pool to only show the relevant
details to the object.
 Encapsulation: Encapsulation is accomplished when each object inside a class maintains a private
state.
 Polymorphism: Polymorphism provides a way to use a class exactly like its parent so there is no
confusion with mixing types.

13. What are aggregate functions in SQL?

A function is a unit of code that is used for the purpose of reusability of a part of a program.
An SQL aggregate function calculates on a set of values and returns a single value. The
function should return a value. Some SQL aggregate functions are as follows:

 AVG() - It returns the average of a set.

 COUNT() - It returns the number of items in a set.
 MAX() - It returns the maximum value in a set.
 MIN() - It returns the minimum value in a set.
 SUM() - It returns the sum of all or distinct values in a set.
 14. What are constraints in SQL?

Constraints in SQL are the limits or rules that we can apply to the different types of data in a
given table. Constraints are used to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data in the table.

The constraints in SQL are as follows:

 NOT NULL: This particular constraint informs us that one cannot store a null value within a column.
 UNIQUE: When specified with a column, this constraint informs that all the values in a given column
must be unique.
 PRIMARY KEY: A primary key is a field that can uniquely identify each row in a table. This is typically
used to specify a field in a table as the primary key.
 FOREIGN KEY: A Foreign key is a field that can uniquely identify each row in another table.
 CHECK: This constraint helps us to validate the values of a column to attain a particular condition.
 DEFAULT: This constraint gives a default value for the column when the user does not specify a value.

15. What do you mean by DBMS?

The Database management system (DBMS), is software or a tool that helps in managing the
data of the entire organization. Large amounts of data can be stored properly and can be
presented as information whenever required to take business decisions.

Following are some of the features of a Database management system (DBMS):

 Database Customization.
 Easiness in Data Management.
 Data Availability.
 Minimized Redundancy.
 Data Accuracy, Consistency and Relevance.
 File Consistency.
 Improved Data Security.
 Data Structuring.

Some DBMS examples are MySQL, PostgreSQL, FileMaker, Oracle, Microsoft Access.

16. How do you achieve multiple inheritances in Java?

The only way to implement multiple inheritances is to implement multiple interfaces in a class.
In Java, one class can implement two or more interfaces. As all methods declared in interfaces
are implemented in the class, this does not cause any ambiguity.

Example:

// Importing input output classes

import java.io.*;
// Class 1
// First Parent class
class Parent1 {

// Method inside first parent class

void fun() {

// Print statement if this method is called

System.out.println("Parent1");
}
}

// Class 2
// Second Parent Class
class Parent2 {

// Method inside first parent class

void fun() {

// Print statement if this method is called

System.out.println("Parent2");
}
}

// Class 3
// Trying to be child of both the classes
class Test extends Parent1, Parent2 {

// Main driver method

public static void main(String args[]) {

// Creating object of class in main() method

Test t = new Test();

// When we try to call above functions of class, error is thrown as this class
is inheriting multiple classes
t.fun();
}
}

In the above example, we have defined a method inside both parent classes. When we use
“class Test extends Parent1, Parent2”, an error is thrown as this class is inheriting multiple
classes.

17. What is init in Python?

„init‟ basically stands for initialization. The role of init is to create processes from the script
stored in the file which is a configuration file. This is then to be used by the initialization
system. The __init__ method is similar to constructors in C++ and Java.

Example:

# init method or constructor

def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
 In the above example, the name passed as an argument will be passed to the __init__ method
to initialize the object. The keyword self represents the instance of a class and binds the
attributes with the given arguments.

18. What is the role of Domain Name System (DNS)?

The main role of the Domain Name System (DNS) is to translate domain names into IP
Addresses. These IP addresses are the ones that computers can understand. It also gives a list
of mail servers that accept Emails for each domain name. Every domain name in the DNS will
nominate a set of name servers to be authoritative for its DNS records. For example, when a
Web address (URL) is typed into a browser, a DNS query is made to learn an IP address of a
Web server associated with that name.

19. What is the difference between C and Java?

Following are some of the differences between C and Java:

 C is more procedure-oriented, whereas Java is more data-oriented.

 C is a middle-level language as the binding of the gaps takes place between machine level language
and high-level languages. On the other hand, Java is a high-level language as the translation of code
takes place into machine language using either a compiler or an interpreter.
 C usually breaks down to functions, whereas Java breaks down to Objects.
 Memory allocation can be done by malloc in C, and memory allocation can be done by a new keyword
in Java.
 C does not support the concept of „threading‟. Java supports the concept of „threading‟.
 C supports pointers, whereas Java does not support pointers.

20. What is the difference between compiler, interpreter, and assembler?

One of the key differences between a compiler, an interpreter, and an assembler is this - The
compiler converts the whole high-level language program to machine language at a time. On
the other hand, an interpreter converts high-level language programs to machine language
line by line. An assembler converts assembly language programs to machine language.

HCL Coding Questions

1. Remove Nth Node from List End
2. Palindrome Integer
3. Reverse integer
4. Reverse Bits
5. Grid Word
6. sort linked list in ascending order
Technical Ability: In this Section, they asked the question on JAVA, Operating System, C++,
Networking and DBMS.

Round 2: In this round, they asked the technical questions from JAVA, OOPS, C Language,
DBMS.

Most frequently asked technical questions in HCL.

1. What do you mean by Class Cast Exception?

2. Differentiate between Primary key and a Unique key.
3. Why java is considered as dynamic?
4. What is joins in SQL?
5. Differentiate between Method Overloading and Method Overriding.
6. What is the purpose of finalize () method in Java?
7. What is Synchronization?
8. What is the function of DBMS?
9. Difference between Abstract class and Interface.
10. What is the purpose of "Register" Keyword?

HCL Technical Questions

1) Does every class have a Constructor?

Yes, every class needs a Constructor. It may be Parameterized or Default. If the user does not
define a constructor within a class, the default constructor is always included in that code.

The objective of Constructor is to initialize an object called object initialization. Constructors

are mainly created for initializing an object.

2) How Java enable High Performance?

Java uses a Just-In-Time Compiler to enable high performance. Just-In-Time Compiler is a
program that turns Java bytecode, which is a program that contains an instruction that must be
interpreted into instruction that can be sent directly to the processor.
3) Why is java considered as dynamic?
It is designed to change the evolving environment. Java can carry an extensive amount of
runtime information that can be used to verify and resolve access to the object at runtime.

4) What is joins in SQL?

Joins is nothing but connecting two or more table to fetch the record from two or more
databases.

5) Can we have Private Constructor in Java?

Private Constructor is used if you do not want other class to instantiate the object. Private
Constructor is used in Singleton design Pattern, Factory Method Design Pattern.

6) Differentiate Between Primary Key and Unique Key.

Primary Key Unique Key

1. In a Primary key, there should be only one 1. In A Unique key, there can be more than one
primary key in a table. unique key in a table.

2. Primary key will block duplicate value and a null 2. Unique key will block duplicate value and accept
value. a null value.

7) Differentiate between Method Overloading and Method Overriding.

Method Overloading Method Overriding

1. Method Overloading is used to gain the 1. Method Overriding is used to provide the specific
readability of the program. implementation of the method that already provided
by the superclass.

2. In the case of Method Overloading, the 2. In the case of Method Overriding, the parameter
parameter must be different. must be equal.

3. Overloading happens at Compile time. 3. Overriding happens at runtime.

4. The Return type of method does not matter 4. In the case of method Overriding, the return type
in case of method overloading it can be the must be the same.
same or different.

5. you can overload a static, final and private 5. You cannot override a static, final and private
method in Java method in Java.

8) What is the purpose of finalize () method in Java?

Finalize () method in java is a special method much like the main method in java. Finalize ()
method is called before garbage collector reclaims the object, its last chance for any object to
perform clean up activity i.e. releasing any fixed order resources held, terminating connection if
open etc.

9) Why can static method not override?

A static method cannot override because the static method is bound with class whereas
instance method is bound with an object. Static method belongs to the class area and Instance
method belong to the heap area.

10) What is singleton Class?

Singleton Class limited the number to one but allowing the flexibility to create more object if
the situation changes.

11) Can we override java main method?

No, because main is a Static Method.
 12) What is Class Cast Exception?
Class Cast Exception is thrown by java when you try to cast an object of one data type to
another data type. Java allows us to cast the variable of one type to another as long as the
casting happens between compatible data type.

13) Why polymorphism is used in Java?

The good reason for why polymorphism is a need in Java because the concept is extensively
used in implementing inheritance. It plays an important role in allowing the object having a
different internal structure to share the same external interface.

14) What is an Abstract class?

An Abstract class is one that is not used to create an object. It is only used as base class for the
other class. The Abstract class is always public or friendly.

Syntax:

1. public abstract class class_name

2. {
3. //class member
4. }

15) Can I have Private Constructor in Abstract Class?

Abstract Class can have Private Constructor But that class cannot be extended by another class.
Alternatively, of adding a static inner class inside the Abstract Class and extends that Abstract
Class.
 ECE- QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Q1. What is Electronics?
Ans: The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of
electrons or other electrically charged particles.

Q2. What is the difference between Electronics and Electrical?

Ans: Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of -48vDC to +48vDC. If the
electronic device is plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a transformer
inside which will convert the AC voltage you are supplying to the required DC voltage
needed by the device. Examples: Computer, radio, T.V, etc...
Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc...). Electric devices can also be
designed to operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v. Examples:
are incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc...

Q3. What is communication?

Ans: Communication means transferring a signal from the transmitter which passes
through a medium then the output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication
says as transferring of message from one place to another place called
communication.

Q4. Different types of communications? Explain.

Ans: Analog and digital communication.
As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or video signal (the human
voice) and translating it into electronic pulses. Digital on the other hand is breaking
the signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is represented by a
series of "1"s and "0"s.
Digital signals are immune to noise, quality of transmission and reception is good,
components used in digital communication can be produced with high precision and
power consumption is also very less when compared with analog signals.

Q5. What is latch up?

Ans: Latch-up pertains to a failure mechanism wherein a parasitic thyristor (such as
a parasitic silicon controlled rectifier, or SCR) is inadvertently created within a
circuit, causing a high amount of current to continuously flow through it once it is
accidentally triggered or turned on. Depending on the circuits involved, the amount
of current flow produced by this mechanism can be large enough to result
in permanent destruction of the device due to electrical overstress (EOS) .
 Q6. What is diode?
Ans: In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active
electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their
unidirectional current property.

Q7. What is transistor?

Ans: In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify
or switch electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of
computers, and all other modern electronic devices. Some transistors are packaged
individually but most are found in integrated circuits

Q8. What is sampling?

Ans: The process of obtaining a set of samples from a continuous function of time x(t)
is referred to as sampling.

Q9. State sampling theorem.

Ans: It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be taken
care that the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency and
the minimum sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.

Q10. What are the advantages of resistors?

Ans:

 Resistors are very small in size.

 It is very easy to carry resistors from one place to another place.
 Resistors are very cheap.

Q11. What is the principle of microwave?

Ans: Microwave essentially means very short wave. The
microwave frequency spectrum is usually taken to extend from 1GHZ to 30GHZ. The
main reason why we have to go in for microwave frequency for communication is that
lower frequency band are congested and demand for point to point communication
continue to increase. The propagation of the microwave takes place in spacewave in v

Q12. What is cut-off frequency?

Ans: The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to the maximum
response.
 Q13. What is pass band?
Ans: Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a
filter without being attenuated.

Q14. What is stop band?

Ans: A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits, in which a circuit,
such as a filter or telephone circuit, does not let signals through, or the attenuation
is above the required stopband attenuation level.

Q15. Define Power Rating?

Ans: The power rating of a diode is defined as the maximum value of power that can
be dissipated without failure if V f is the forward biased voltage and I f is the forward
biased current.
Pd= V f x I f.

Q16. What is rheostat.

Ans: Rheostat is a type of variable resistor which is used to control the flow of electric
current by manually increasing or decreasing its resistance.

Q16. What is demodulation?

Ans: Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an analog signal to get
the original baseband signal back. Demodulating is necessary because the receiver
system receives a modulated signal with specific characteristics and it needs to turn
it to base-band.

Q17. Explain radio environment in building.

Ans:

 Building penetration: Building penetration depends on the material used for

construction and architecture used. This varies building to building and is based on
building construction.
 Building Height Effect: The signal strength is always higher at top floor and generally
floor gain height is about 2.7dB/floor which is not dependent on building
construction.
 Building Floor Reception: The signal isolation between floors in a multi floor building
is on the average about 20dB. Within a floor of 150 * 150 feet, the propagation loss
due to interior walls, depending on the wall materials is about 20 dB between the
strong and the weak areas.
Q18. What is resistor?
Ans: A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric
current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the
current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR.

Q19. What is inductor?

Ans: An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its
property of inductance. An inductor can take many forms.

Q20. What is conductor?

Ans: A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc.
Copper is a good conductor of electricity.

Q21. What is a semi conductor?

Ans: A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in between
that of a conductor and that of an insulator(An Insulator is a material that resists the
flow of electric current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical
conductors without passing current through itself); it can vary over that wide range
either permanently or dynamically.

Q22. Name the modulation techniques.

Ans: For Analog modulation--AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM
Digital modulation--OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK, CPM, PPM, TCM, OFDM

Q23. Explain AM and FM.

AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier
signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.
FM-Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier
signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.

Q24. Explain RF?

Ans: Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of
about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current
electrical signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is
beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually
refers to oscillations in electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation.
 Q25. What is modulation? And where it is utilized?
Ans: Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a periodic wave with
an external signals.
Radio communication superimposes this information bearing signal onto a carrier
signal.
These high frequency carrier signals can be transmitted over the air easily and are
capable of travelling long distances.
The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the carrier signal are varied in
accordance with the information bearing signal.
Modulation is utilized to send an information bearing signal over long distances.

Q26. Where do we use AM and FM?

Ans: AM is used for video signals for example TV. Ranges from 535 to 1705 kHz.
FM is used for audio signals for example Radio. Ranges from 88 to 108 MHz.

Q27. What is a base station?

Ans: Base station is a radio receiver/transmitter that serves as the hub of the local
wireless network, and may also be the gateway between a wired network and the
wireless network.

Q28. What are the parts of Network Management System (NMS)?

Ans: Following are the parts of network management system:

 OMC: Operation and maintenance center – Computerized monitoring center.

 NMC: Network Management Center – Centralized control of a network is done here.
 OSS: Operation and support system – Used for supporting activities performed in an
OMC and/or NMC.

Q29. How many satellites are required to cover the earth?

Ans: 3 satellites are required to cover the entire earth, which is placed at 120 degree
to each other. The life span of the satellite is about 15 years.

Q29. What are GPRS services?

Ans: GPRS services are defined to fall in one of the two categories:

 PTP (Point to point)

 PTM (Point to Multi point)
 Some of the GPRS services are not likely to be provided by network operators during
early deployment of GPRS due in part to the phased development of standard. Market
demand is another factor affecting the decision of operators regarding which services
to offer first.

Q30. What is a repeater?

Ans: A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a
higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the
signal can cover longer distances without degradation.

Q31. What is an Amplifier?

Ans: An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the
power, voltage or current of an applied signal.

Q32. Example for negative feedback and positive feedback?

Ans: Example for ve feedback is ---Amplifiers And for +ve feedback is Oscillators

Q33. How can a Pseudo Random Noise Code be usable?

Ans: To be usable for direct sequence spreading, a PN code must meet the following
conditions:

 Sequence must be built from 2 leveled numbers.

 The codes must have sharp auto correlation peak to enable code synchronization.
 Codes must have a low cross-correlation value, the lower it is, more are the number
of users which can be allowed in the system.
 The codes should be “balanced” i.e. the difference between ones and zeros in code
may only be one.

Q34. What is Oscillator?

Ans: An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current
input. The two main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic
oscillators have smooth curved waveforms, while relaxation oscillators have
waveforms with sharp changes.

Q35. What is an Integrated Circuit?

Ans: An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit etched
onto a silicon chip. Their main advantages are low cost, low power, high performance,
and very small size.
 Q36. What is handover and what are its types?
Ans: Handover in mobile communication refers to the process of transferring a call
from one network cell to another without breaking the call. There are two types of
handover which are as follows:

1. Hard Handoff: hard handoff is the process in which the cell connection is
disconnected from the previous cell before it is made with the new one.
2. Soft Handoff: It is the process in which a new connection is established first before
disconnecting the old one. It is thus more efficient and smart.

Q37. What is crosstalk?

Ans: Crosstalk is a form of interference caused by signals in nearby conductors. The
most common example is hearing an unwanted conversation on the telephone.
Crosstalk can also occur in radios, televisions, networking equipment, and even
electric guitars.

Q38. What is op-amp?

Ans: An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp , is a DC-coupled high-gain
electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs[1] and, usually, a single output.
Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled either by negative feedback, which
largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain, or by positive feedback,
which facilitates regenerative gain and oscillation.

Q39. Explain Bluetooth.

Ans: Bluetooth is designed to be a personal area network, where participating entities
are mobile and require sporadic communication with others. It is Omni directional
i.e. it does not have line of sight limitation like infra red does. Ericsson started the
work on Bluetooth and named it after the Danish king Harold Bluetooth. Bluetooth
operates in the 2.4 GHz area of spectrum and provides a range of 10 meters. It offers
transfer speeds of around 720 Kbps.

Q40. What is a feedback?

Ans: Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system
is passed (fed back) to the input. This is often used to control the dynamic behaviour
of the system.

Q41. What is CDMA, TDMA, FDMA?

Ans: Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by
various radio communication technologies. CDMA employs spread-spectrum
technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code)
to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By
contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency.
An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people
wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns
speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in
different directions (spatial division). In CDMA, they would speak different languages.
People speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people.
Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes
occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can
understand each other.

Q42. explain different types of feedback

Ans: Types of feedback:
Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in amplifiers, stabilizes and
linearizes operation). Negative feedback feeds part of a system's output, inverted, into
the system's input; generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated.
Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive feedback, sometimes
referred to as "cumulative causation", is a feedback loop system in which the system
responds to perturbation (A perturbation means a system, is an alteration of
function, induced by external or internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the
perturbation. In contrast, a system that responds to the perturbation in the opposite
direction is called a negative feedback system.
Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease output.

Q43. What are the main divisions of power system?

Ans: The generating system,transmission system,and distribution system

Q44. What is Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) and what are all the
advantages?
Ans: An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providing high
input impedances with ease of gain adjustment by varying a single resistor.

Q45. Explain the concept of frequency re-use.

Ans: The whole of the geographical area is divided into hexagonal shape geometrical
area called cell and each cell having its own transceiver. Each BTS (cell site) allocated
different band of frequency or different channel. Each BTS antenna is designed in
such a way that i cover cell area in which it is placed with frequency allotted without
interfering other sell signal.