Solutions to Previous Insem Question Papers (0ct. 22 &Sept.

23)
Unit 2- Magnetostatics

Q.1(a) State and prove Biot Savart Law of Magnetostatics 081

Solu. Significance: (01 Mark):

Biot Savart Law is useful in obtaining the magnitude of the differential magnetic field
due to the current carrying filament having diferential length of line.

Statement: (03 Marks):

Biot Savart Law states that "At any point 'P' the magnitude of differential magnetic
field intensity produced by differential length of current carrying element is directly
proportional to the product of current, magnitude of differential length and the sine
of angle between the observation point 'P' and the differential length of current
carrying element. Also differential magnetic field intensity produced is inversely
proportional to the square of distance between point "P'and the differential length of
current carrying element.

Mathematical Interpretation/Proof (04 Marks):

Curnt
Carni
Condctor
dtontial
d# ts proporttonal to the product of Current and dtfferenttal ler.gth

dh ts proportl onal to the stne of an glo betwcon point of obs ervation Pand dtfferontial len gth
dH a Sin0

di is tnveresely proporttonal to the square of distonce between potnt Pand diffe ental length

R
 idis in 8
dH a R²
and is giren by:
Let K be the constant of proportionality
1
K=
47

Com bintng all abore equations we can write:

Idl Sin
dH =
4nR?
Biot Savart Law in rector notation can be giren as:
Idl Sinb£,
4rR2

Idl x a,
4xR2
Total Magnettc Fteld Intenstty canbe obtatned aS:

4R

0.1(b) Define conduction current, conduction current

density and derive current [071
continuity equation
Soln. Conduction current and Conduction current density: (03 Marks)
Consider a parallel R-C network to which voltage V' is
applied so their will be
currents flowing through the resistor and capacitor. The behavior of
current flowing
through both the components will be different.

Current flowing through Resistor: In case of

resistor when the voltage V is
applied; then there is movement of particles within the resistor is
happening due to
which steady current flows. If constant voltage is
applied then the constant current
will flow through the resistor and will be given by:

2
 I=R
As the current flows due to the movement of charged particles; the current is called
as conduction current.

And the density of this current is called as conduction current density.

I.= A

Continuity Equation of Current: (01 Mark)

The continuity equation of current is based on the principle of "Conservation of
Charges" which says that charges cannot be created nor destroyed.

Consider an arbitrary volume V' is bounded by a surface 'S' so there will be certain
charge "Q' will exist. Now if the current flows out of the region, then net charges in
the region will decrease. Also, if the current flows into the region, then the net
charge in the region will increase. This rate of change of charge in the region will be
equal to the rate of current flow in the region.

Integral Form of Continuity Equation of curTent: (1½ Marks)

Consider an arbitrary volume 'V' is bounded by a surface 'S. Now the current flowing
out of the surface will be given by:

fi.a
But the current flowing out will be defined as:

I=
dQ,
dt
Equating both the above equation we get:

dt

Above equation is the integral form of Continuity Equation of current

Point /Differential Form ofContinuity Equation of current: (1½ Marks)

We know that integral form of Continuity Equation of current is
obtained as:
3
 dt

Using Divergence theorem to the L.H.S side of the above equation; we can modif, .

equation as:

dQ
r. Ddv = dt

Also, fora volume charge distribution total charge enclosed by the volume will be
given by:

Substituting value of Q, in Equation 2:

As the surface area of the region is constant so above equation can be modified as:

fer.J)av=-o.4,
V.j=-at P
Above equation is the Point/ Differential form of
Continuity Equation of
Current

Q.2(a) Derive point form of Maxwell's Equation (yX

H=]) [08]
Soln. Magnetic Field Intensity (H) and Current Density (0)
can be expressed as:
H= H,à,+ H,â, + H,â,

According to Ampere Circuital Law;

Iene =
Also current for any
enclosed surface in terms of Current
density can be given by:

Eguating equations 3 and 4 above we can

rewrite them as:
4
 J.a5-4R.a
Obtaining the value of J:
Consider aconstantx- plane in a rectangular co-ordinate system as shown:

Const-2

2
For the above surface; equation 5 can be modified as:

From above fig. we can obtain the line integrals as follows:

H.d1- H,dy

ay

*a-(H, +dz
Hdl =H, (-4,)

Adding equations 8,9, 10 and 11 we get:

I,. dydz = ôy dydz O aydz

oH,
Ix. dydz dyd2

Oy az

5
 Obtaining the value of J,
Consider aconstant y -plane in a rectangular co-ordinate system as shown:

Conty
Panc

For the above surface; equation 5 can be modified as:

r. dxdz =

From above fig. we can obtain the line integrals as follows:

fua-(#, + dz )dz

fua-(4,+)-a) 20

Adding equations 17, 18, 19 and 20 we get:

I, .dxdz = dH,
-
dxdz

ly. dxdz = oH
oH
ax 23

6
 " Obtaining the value of ],:

Consider a constant z- plane in a rectangular co-ordinate system as shown:

Pianc

For the above surface; equation 5 can be

modified as:

I. dxdy = H.dl
J,

I.. dzdy = H.al+ H.a + H.dl +n.al

From above fig. we can obtain the line integrals as follows:

H dl = H dz
-3

H, (-dy) 27

*a=(%,+
#a-(u, +t dx dy

Adding equations 26, 27, 28 and 29 we get:

I. dxdy= OH,

I,. dxdy= dxdy

ay

I, = oH, OH,
Oy 32

7
 Substituting in Equation 2 values obtained for J. Jy and J:

AH,
a, +(")a,+
ax
(0H,_ H,

Performing curl operation on vector H we have the equation as:

VXH =
aâ, +äà,) x (M, â, +H,â, + H,à, )
(224
ax y 8z
|H, H, H
VXH -(H.)a,+ (,M,ay ôz
OH,

36
Comparing Equations 33 and 36 we can prove that;
VXH =

Q.2(b) Explain the Physical Significance of Curl.

[07]
Soln. Meaning of Curl: (02 Marks)
In vector calculus, the curl which is also called as a rotational field. Curl
operation is
always done ona vector field and the result of the
operation is also a vector.
On any vector field curl of any vector is obtained as follows:

VXA= avay t a, X(A,, + A, ay + A, â,)

ôy ôz
A,

OA, (OA, OA,

ax ) a, +

8
Significance of Curl: (02 Marks)
Curl operation on any vector field gives the direction of the maximum rotational field
of the vector around an infinitesimal (very small) point.

Note: If the curl of the vector exists, then the vector field is called as rotational
field. For irrotational vector field the curl vanishes that is curl is zero.

Mathematical Interpretation: (02 Marks)

Considering the Ampere Circuital Law:

Ienct =

Now dividing both sides of the equation by AS:

enc
AS AS

If the surface area starts to reduce to an infinitesimal value then R.H.S of Equation 2
can be represented as:

AS

Expression for Curlin various Co-ordinate system: (02 Marks)

Curl in Cartesian Co- ordinate System=

|A, A, A,|

Curl in Cylindrical Co- ordinate System= ðz

IA, rA A,l

9
 râg rSinea|
1
Crlin Sperical Co ordinate system = 2 Sinear
IA,. rAe rSinêA

Real time examples of Curl: (01 Mark)

Water Current

Tornado/Cyclone
Satellite images of a cyclone

Q.3(a) Obtain an expression for the magnetic field intensity (H) due to straight [OsL
infinite conductor carrying current I amperes along
Z-axis.
Soln. Consider a long infinite filament carrying current T is
placed along Z-axis of a
cylindrical co-ordinate system; thus the location of the
(0, , z) and point 'P' where the filament would be given by
magnetic field intensity is to be obtained is
in a constant z- plane located
whose location will be given by (r, , 0).

Magnetie

The magnetic field

intensity at þoint 'P' will be
obtained as:
According to the Biot Savart Law:

In this case dl 4aR

=dz a, as the
will also be alongz filament is along z- axis so the
direction; The value of a, will be direction of current tlow
obtained as follows:

10
 (r-0)à, +(0-0)à, +(0 z)à,
Vr²+ 0² +z²

Making the substitutions for dl and a, in equation 1we get:

dH = Idzà, ra, - z,

I dzr

Now total magnetic field will be obtained as:

l dz r

dz

Let us make the substitutions as z=r tant; dz = rsec²0

Also limits of integration will change to z = -0 will change to z = -1/2

z= 00 Will change to z = TU/2

rsec?6

i=a+Ptant'
Solving the denominator of the integration:

1+ tan1/2
(2 rsec20

11
 4

H=

H=
4

4m
21
4 [1-(-1))l@, = 4n

2nr
Above equation gives magnetic field intensity (H) due to straight infinite
conductor
carrying current l amperes along Z-axis.

Q.3(b) State and Prove Ampere Circuital Law.

Soln.
[06]
Statement: (02 Marks)
Ampere Circuital Law states that "The line
integral of Magnetic Field Intensity
along the closed path is equal to the total
current enclosed by the closed path"

Proof: (04 Marks)

Consider a long cylindrical conductor
carrying current 1":

Maqnetie
fed der ebpd
Orond Hhe Curyent
Conduhr
Comii
As shown in the figure above the
magnetic field will be
developed around the
12
 aurrent carrying filament. The magnetic flux density around the current carrying
Blament at a distance 'R' from the filament will be given by:

2rr

Let's calculate the magnetic flux density over a closed line integral. Substituting the
value of Bfrom Equation 1; Also dl =rdo as the flux will be generated on the loop.

=2r J
do

2n
= ul
B

Hence proved Ampere Circuital Law.

steady magnetic [03]

03(c) Define Biot-Savart Law. Enlist the applications employing
field.

Soln. Statement of Biot Savartlaw: (02 Marks)

Savart Law.
Refer Que. 1(a) for the statement of Biot

Applications: (01 Mark)

law
A. Applications of Biot- Savart
wire owing to
To calculate the magnetic field in an indefinitely long straight
"
a constant current.
current-carrying arc.
calculate the magnetic field in the centre of a
To
current-carrying
between two parallel and lengthy
To calculate the force
conductors.
current-carrying
field along the axis of a circular
magnetic
To calculate the
13
 coil.

B. Appllcations employing steady Magnetic Field

Thunder Lightning

MRI (MagneticResonance Imaging) Scan

Magnetic Levitation

Electric Generators and Electric Motors

Q.4(a) State Maxwell's Equation for static field in Integral and Point form.
[06]
Soln. A. Maxwell's Equation for static field in Integral Form: (03 Marks)
1« Equation: The equation is derived from
Guass Law (Electrostatics)
applied to volume charge. It states that "The surface integral of electric flux
density measured over a closed surface is equal to the
volume integral of
volume charge density".

2nd Equation: This equation is

derived from law of
that "The line integral of Electric conservation. It states
field intensity around a closed path is
zero".
E.dl = 0

3rd Equation: The equation is

derived rom the extension of Ampere
Circuital Law which leads to the
concept of Curl. It states that
integral of the magnetic field "The line
intensity over a closed path is equal to the
surface integration of current density
obtained over a closed surface.

4th Equation: The equation is derived

from Guass Law
applied to closed surface. It states
the closed surface is that "Net magnetic flux (Magnetostatics)
zero. That is the surface passing through
integration of magnetic flux
14
 density over the closed surlace is zero.

B. ds = 0

B. Maxwell's Equation for static field in Point / Differential Form: (03

Marks)

1« Equation: The equation is derived from

Guass Law (Electrostatics)
applied to volume charge. It states that "The electric flux per unit volume,
leaving a vanishingly small volume is equal to the volume charge density"

V.D= p

2nd Equation: This equation is derived from fact that the rotational field for
an electric field intensity does not exist. It states that "The curl of
electric
field intensity will be always zero":

VXE = 0

3rd Equation: The equation is derived from the

extension of Ampere
Circuital Law which leads to the concept of Curl. It states that "Curl of
magnetic field intensity is nothing but the current density vector".

4th Equation: The equation is derived from Guass Law

(Magnetostatics)
applied to closed surface. It states that "For the static field net
outgoing
magnetic flux is equal to zero".

.D0

Q.4(b) Find H in rectangular components at P (2, 3, 4) if there is a

current [06]
filament of infinite length on the z axis carrying 8mA in the a,
direction.
i. Repeat if the filament is located at x =-1,y=2

15
 aza
Soln. Part A: (03 Marks)
c0,0,2) H: I ag
(o.o,+)
3) 2mR

a: (2a +3ay), 20x+3ay

V2913)
2a + 3ay
13
: 2a- 2ad
N13
H x 103
2n xfi3xl3
: q7:9K6(-ea 2ay)- -243-82a4 41 95 884y
Part B: (03 Marks)

UAs a ment is paralle) to z-x)

A

Q.4(c)
H- 127.32 a t 381., q7ay
Explain the physical
127-32*16-ai3)
A m
significance
of Curl.
Soln. Refer Q.2 (b) [03]

16