EE601- ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Unit-4
System optimization - strategy for two generator systems –
generalized strategies – effect of transmission losses -
Sensitivity of the objective function - Formulation of optimal
power flow-solution by Gradient method-Newton’s method
 INTRODUCTION

Optimization- Economy & Security----& Reliability

OPTIMISATION IN POWER SYSTEM-COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES

 Power System Security

 Generation Expansion and
Reactive Power Planning
 Network Planning
 Operational Planning
 Power System Controls
 Power Plant Controls
 State Estimation
 Power System Security
 Power Plant Controls
Suppose
Then for reactive power dispatch,
(recall the objective function)

(1)

(2)
 (3)

(1&3)

For m in im u m cost t h e sy st e m m u st
operate as far down as possible on the cost
surface while remaining on the constraint
plain.
By slicing the cost and
constraint surfaces horizontally
the minimum point lies where
the constraint line

is tangential to the equicost contours

(4)

(5)

(6)
(5&6)

(7)

(8)

(8)

(9)
 (10)

(11)

The partial derivatives of equations (9) can be obtained from equations (1)
and (3), i.e.

(12)

(13)
Substituting (12) & (13) in (9), we get the optimum dispatch equations as in (14)

(14)

(15)
 Note: An equation
(16) with THREE LINES
means that it is an
IDENTITY OR
UNCO ND IT IO NAL
E Q U AT I O N ( a n
(3) equation that is true
for all values of the
va ria ble except
v a lu es th a t will
(17) make the equation
undef in ed)... ”is the
same as”
(18)

Handling Inequality Constraints

(19)
 (20)

Handling Functional Constraints

(21)

If the voltage stays within its permissible

range, no penalty term is added but when a
limit is exceeded, a penalty term is added

The penalty term will force the voltage closer to

the permissible range. The limit is treated as ‘soft’
(22) rather than ‘rigid’ and the lower the factor k is in
(21), the softer the limit will be. Experience has
shown that soft constraints are well suited for
handling voltage limits on P,Q nodes
 (23)

As in the previous section the effect on PL by the reactive power f lows is ignored, and
partial differentiation of equation (23) yields the following equations for optimum real
power dispatch:
Incremental transmission loss

(24)

The n optimum dispatch equations (24), together with the power balance equation (2
), permit the solution of the n + 1 unknowns PG1,. . . , PGn, plus λ..
ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM
ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM
(λ- ITERATION METHOD)
Eg-1
Use limit equation
Min

Difficulty in solving the set of equations with losses?

Computation of the network losses and satisfying the constraints

1) Development of a mathematical expression for the loses soley as a function of the

Power output of each of the units.
2)Incorporating power flow equations-Optimal Power Flow.
Eg.

(simplified loss formulae)

(For unit 1)

Also How to solve?

Iterative Procedure
 Piecewise linear functions
In mathematics, a piecewise linear function is a piecewise-defined function
whose pieces are linear.
The function defined by:

is piecewise linear with four pieces. (The graph of this function is shown to the right.)
Since the graph of a linear function is a line, the graph of a piecewise linear function
consists of line segments and rays.

Lamda iteration technique is good when fuel cost function is quadratic or picewise linear.
i.e, given an incremental cost, the output of the generators can be found out. However???
In optimization, gradient method is an algorithm to solve problems of the form with the
search directions def ined by the gradient of the function at the current point. Examples of
gradient method are the gradient descent and the conjugate gradient.
the same Eg.
Note:
Newton’s Method
 . .

.
previous examples
Previous Eg.
Previous Eg.
The gradient components are the first-order sensitivities of the objective
function with respect to control parameters.
Gradient components for control parameters that reached a limit give a measure of the
costs associated with imposing the limit.
This is in fact a linearisation of the power-
flow equations around the solution point.
-Maintain system Security (keeping the system components operating without fail)

Eg-Failure of a generating unit

-Transmission line failure( Taken out by automatic relaying)

-Power System equipments operated within certain limits –Series of actions-

Cascading failures occur- System Blackout

Eg – Cascading Outage (a single line opened due to insulation failure-one line may
be heavily loaded-opened due to relay action-more load on remaining lines)
•Up-to-date information
• Critical quantities to be measured and its values to be sent to central locations
• Measurement and data transmission- Telemetry Systems

Digital computers- Display Monitors- Alarming the operators

 (Time)

•Study outage events

•Contingency analysis put together with standard power flow program

 Example

mVA Limit = 400 mW

Base-Operating Conditions (no loading problem)

 (1)

(2)

(3)

Due to outages
(different monitoring quantities & limit conditions)
(different level of security)
 Suppose at Security level 1, the change of the control variable at each state is

(4) (no post contingency preventive action taken)

At Security level 2, post-contingency corrective rescheduling is carried out to remove

any contingency limit violations and thus results in lower operating costs.

Now the control variable change at each state becomes

(5)