Pulse Code Modulation
L1
Analogue to Digital
The conventional methods of communication used analog signals for long
distance communications, which suffer from many losses such as distortion,
interference, and other losses including security breach.
In order to overcome these problems, the signals are digitized using different
techniques. The digitized signals allow the communication to be clearer and
more accurate without losses.
Advantages of digital communication
Low Pass Filter
This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input
analog signal which is greater than the highest frequency of the message
signal, to avoid aliasing of the message signal.
Sampler
This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data at instantaneous
values of message signal, so as to reconstruct the original signal. The
sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency component W
of the message signal, in accordance with the sampling theorem.
Quantizer
Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data.
The sampled output when given to Quantizer reduces the redundant bits and
compresses the value.
Encoder
Encoder assigns code words to quantized sampled values. This coding
techniques uses bits 0 and 1. If number of quantized levels are 16 then each
sample is assigned with 4 bit code word.
Regenerative repeater:
The PCM has an ability to control the distortion and noise caused by the
transmission of bits along the channel. This ability is accomplished by several
regenerative repeaters located at sufficient placing along channel.
Sampling
Sampling is defined as, “The process of measuring the instantaneous values of
continuous-time signal in a discrete form.”
Sample is a piece of data taken from the whole data which is continuous in
the time domain
Sampling Rate
To discretize the signals, the gap between the samples should be fixed. That
gap can be termed as a sampling period Ts.
Sampling frequency is the reciprocal of the sampling period. This sampling
frequency, can be simply called as Sampling rate.
The sampling rate denotes the number of samples taken per second, or for a
finite set of values.
Sampling
Nyquist Rate
Suppose that a signal is band-limited with no frequency components higher
than W Hertz. That means, W is the highest frequency.
For such a signal, for effective reproduction of the original signal, the
sampling rate should be twice the highest frequency.
Sampling
Sampling
A theorem called, Sampling Theorem, was stated on the theory of this Nyquist
rate.
The sampling theorem states that, “a signal can be exactly reproduced if it is
sampled at the rate fs which is greater than twice the maximum frequency
W.”
Example
An analogue signal is given as
Quantization
The discrete amplitudes of the quantized output are called as representation
levels or reconstruction levels. The spacing between the two adjacent
representation levels is called a quantum or step-size
Types of Quantization
I. Uniform Quantization - quantization levels are uniformly spaced
II. Non-uniform Quantization - unequal and mostly the relation between them
is logarithmic
There are two types of uniform quantization, Mid-Rise type and Mid-Tread
type. The following figures represent the two types of uniform quantization.
Quantization
Quantization
The Mid-Rise type is so called because the origin lies in the middle of a raising
part of the stair-case like graph. The quantization levels in this type are even
in number.
The Mid-tread type is so called because the origin lies in the middle of a tread
of the stair-case like graph. The quantization levels in this type are odd in
number.
Both the mid-rise and mid-tread type of uniform quantizers are symmetric
about the origin.
Coding
Companding in PCM
The word Companding is a combination of Compressing and Expanding, which
means that it does both.
It is a non-linear technique used in PCM which compresses the data at the
transmitter and expands the same data at the receiver. The effects of noise and
crosstalk are reduced by using this technique.
There are two types of Companding techniques. They are −
1. A-law Companding Technique
Uniform quantization is achieved at A = 1, where the characteristic curve is
linear and no compression is done.
A-law has mid-rise at the origin. Hence, it contains a non-zero value.
Cont’d
A-law companding is used for PCM telephone systems.
2. µ-law Companding Technique
Uniform quantization is achieved at µ = 0, where the characteristic curve is
linear and no compression is done.
µ-law has mid-tread at the origin. Hence, it contains a zero value.
µ-law companding is used for speech and music signals.
µ-law is used in North America and Japan
SNR IN PCM
SNR stands for Signal to Noise Ratio.
To calculate (SNR) for the quantization of the sinusoidal signal, the following
formula is used
SNR(dB) = 1.8 + 6n ,
where n is the number of bits and SNR is in decibels
