CPA 410 Particle

technology
4. Single particles in a fluid

BJ du Plessis
March 2024
 Forces on a particle in a fluid
Drag force

Drag
Buoyancy force Buoyancy Force
Force

𝑚 𝑑𝑣
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑎𝐸 𝑉𝑓 = 𝜌𝑎𝐸 𝑉𝑃 = 𝜌𝑎𝐸
𝜌𝑠
Resulting
Force 𝑚 = 𝐹𝐸 − 𝐹𝐵 − 𝐹𝐷
𝑑𝑡
External
force

External force
FE = maE

Gravity aE = g.
Centrifugal aE = 2r
 𝑑𝑢 𝜌 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝜌𝑢2 v (m/s)

𝑚 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑚 𝑔 −
𝑑𝑡 𝜌𝑠 2
t (s)

For du/dt = 0 and spherical particles

𝜋
𝜌 𝐶𝐷 4 𝑑 2 𝜌𝑢2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑔 1− =
𝐴 = 𝑑2 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑠 𝑑 3 𝜌𝑠 𝜋
4 6 2𝜌𝑠 6 𝑑 3

4𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑
𝑢2 =
3𝐶𝐷 𝜌
4𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑
𝑢=
3𝐶𝐷 𝜌
Definitions

𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑅𝑒 = 𝐺𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟 =
𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑑𝑃 𝑣𝜌 𝑔𝜌(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑 3
𝑅𝑒𝑃 = 𝐴𝑟 =
𝜇 𝜇2
𝑑𝑃 𝑢𝜌 𝑔𝜌(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑3
𝑅𝑒𝑃 = 𝐺𝑎 =
𝜇 𝜇2
 4𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑
𝑢2 =
3𝐶𝐷 𝜌
 10 000

1 000

100
CD

10

Rep
Laminar Flow and spherical particles

𝜌𝑢2 𝜌𝑢2 𝜋 2
𝐹𝐷 = 3𝜋𝑑𝜇𝑢 𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑑
2 2 4

𝜇 24
𝐶𝐷 = 24 =
𝑑𝑢𝜌 𝑅𝑒𝑃
Laminar Region Re < 0.2

4𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑
𝑢2 =
3𝐶𝐷 𝜌

𝜇 24
𝐶𝐷 = 24 =
𝑑𝑢𝜌 𝑅𝑒𝑃

𝑔 𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑑 2
𝑢=
18𝜇
Laminar Region Re <0.2

𝑔 𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑑2
𝑢=
18𝜇

𝑑𝜌 𝑔 𝜌𝑠 −𝜌 𝑑 2 𝑑𝜌
𝑢 =
𝜇 18𝜇 𝜇

1 𝑔𝜌 𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑑3
𝑅𝑒 =  𝐴𝑟 = 18𝑅𝑒𝑃
18 𝜇2

𝑔𝜌(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑 3
𝐴𝑟 =
𝜇2
Example
Determine the free settling velocity of a sphere diameter = 100 µm (SG = 1.2) in water (SG =1; µ = 1 cP)

Solution
2
100
Assume laminar 𝑔 𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑑 2 9.81 1200 − 1000
1000000
𝑢= = = 0.0011 𝑚/𝑠
18𝜇 18(0.001)

100
𝑑𝑃 𝑣𝜌 0.0011 1000
1000000
Check assumption!! 𝑅𝑒𝑃 = = = 0.109 < 0.2
𝜇 0.001
ALTERNATIVE
𝐴𝑟 = 18𝑅𝑒𝑃
3
100
𝑔𝜌(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑 3 𝑔1200 1200 − 1000
1000000
𝐴𝑟 = 2
= = 1.962
𝜇 0.0012

𝐴𝑟 1.962 𝑑𝑢𝜌
𝑅𝑒𝑃 = = = 0.109 < 0.2 =
18 18 𝜇

𝑢 = 0.0011 𝑚/𝑠
Transitional region

2
4𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑 𝑑 2 𝜌2 2
𝑢 =
4𝑔(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌)𝑑 𝑑 2 𝜌2
𝑢 = 𝜇2 3𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝜇2
3𝐶𝐷 𝜌

4 4
𝐶𝐷 𝑅𝑒𝑝2 = 𝐴𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝐶𝐷 ) = −2 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑅𝑒𝑝 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐴𝑟
3 3

Diameter known – velocity required

Transitional region

𝜇 4 𝑔 𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑑 𝜇
2
4𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑 𝐶𝐷 =
𝑢 = 𝑑𝑢𝜌 3 𝜌𝑢2 𝑑𝑢𝜌
3𝐶𝐷 𝜌

𝐶𝐷 4 𝑔𝜇(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌) 4 𝑔𝜇(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔൫𝐶𝐷 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑅𝑒𝑃 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑅𝑒𝑝 3 𝑢3 𝜌2 3 𝑢3 𝜌2

Velocity known – diameter required

Example 4.1
A glass sphere (SG = 1.8) with diameter of 200 m settles freely in water (SG=1;  = 1 cP).
Determine the terminal settling velocity of the particle
Example 4.1
A glass sphere (SG = 1.8) with diameter of 200m settles freely in water (SG=1,  = 1 cP). Determine the terminal settling
velocity of the particle

Solution: Assume laminar flow (i.e. ReP <0.2)

OR
Ar = 62.78  ReP = 3.49 > 0.2 Stokes u = 0.0174 m/s thus ReP = 3.49 > 0.2

4
𝐶𝐷 𝑅𝑒𝑝2 = 𝐴𝑟
3

Re CD
0.1 8371.2 4
𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝐶𝐷 ) = −2 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝑅𝑒𝑝 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐴𝑟
1 83.712 3
10 0.837
 100 000

Re CD
0.1 8371.2
10 000
1 83.712
10 0.837
1 000
CD

100
×

10

ReP = 2.7

0 𝑅𝑒𝑃 𝜇
𝑢= = 0.0135 𝑚/𝑠
𝑑𝜌
Rep
 10 000

1 000

100

CD
10

101 102 103

1

Rep

100 101 102 103

Transitional region
24 𝑢2
4𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑
SCHILLER and NAUMANN 𝐶𝐷 = 1 + 0.15 𝑅𝑒𝑃0.687 =
3𝐶𝐷 𝜌
𝑅𝑒𝑃

 Ar = 18 ReP + 2.7 ReP1.68

Example 4.1
A glass sphere (SG = 1.8) with diameter of 200m settles freely in water (SG=1,  = 1 cP). Determine the
terminal settling velocity of the particle

Solution:
Ar = 62.78  ReP = 3.49 > 0.2

Ar =18Re +2.7Re1.687
Re Guess Re Calc’d
0.00 3.49
𝐴𝑟 − 2.7𝑅𝑒 1.687 Re Guess Re Calc’d
3.49 2.25
𝑅𝑒 = 3.00 2.53
18 2.25 2.90
2.53 2.77
2.90 2.59
2.77 2.65
2.59 2.74
2.65 2.71
2.74 2.66
2.71 2.68
2.66 2.70
2.68 2.70
2.70 2.68
2.70 2.69
2.68 2.69
2.69 2.69
2.69 2.69
 Student Name _____________________________________
Student Number ___________________________________

C D Re 2P = 43 Ar

CD 4 g (  s −  )
=
Re P 3 u 3  2
 ut

Q m3/s
Stokes viscometer

𝑔 𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑑 2
𝑢=
18𝜇
Rotameter

𝑄 =𝐴𝑣

Q m3/s
Sedigraph

Measure mass in distance L between t1 to t2 𝑔 𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑑2

𝑢=
m1 grams collected 18𝜇
Elutriator
Spitzkasten
 Vx

VY
4.6.1
Determine the terminal velocity of spherical particles with diameter = 400 m and
SG = 1.03 falling through air at 35 C ( = 0.026 cP) and at a pressure of 1 atm.
Repeat this for a cube with sides = 400 m

Sphere
Density fluid =PMM/RT = 1.1475 kg/m3.
Ar = 1096.5
Ar = 18Re + 2.7Re1.687
Solve for Re = 25.507
Thus u = 1.445 m/s
4.6.2
Glass spheres settle freely in water at 21 C (SG = 0.9966,  = 0.982 cP) The SG of
glass = 2.6. The free settling velocity has been determined as 20 mm/s. Calculate
the diameter of the glass spheres.

18𝑢𝜇
Assume laminar 𝑑 = = 149.91 𝜇𝑚
𝑔(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌)

Test for laminar flow conditions Re =du/ = 3.04  not laminar flow conditions

Solve Ar = 18Re + 2.7Re1.687.

From which diameter = 174.69 m

4.6.3
The steel ball of a viscometer is 2.5 mm in diameter (SG = 7.8). Calculate the viscosity of the oil in cP if
the SG of the oil = 0.959. At terminal velocity, the ball falls 10.3 seconds through 250mm of the oil.

Velocity of falling ball = 250/10.3 = 0.02472 m/s

Assume laminar flow

𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝑑 2 9.81 ∗ 7800 − 959 ∗ 0.00252

𝜇= = = 0.9601 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑠
18𝑢 18 ∗ 0.2472

Test for laminar flow Re = du/ = 0.0606  Laminar flow regime

4.6.4
Solids with a particle distribution as given below settle in a column with water. The water flows upwards
with a linear velocity of 4 mm/s. The density and viscosity of water are 1000 kg/m3 and 1.1 cP
respectively. The density of the solids particles is 1200 kg/m3.
If assumed that the particles are fed into the column as a very dilute slurry, i.e. no particle interaction
occurs, what percentage of the particles will report to the underflow and overflow of the column.
Draw a graph for the cumulative particle percentage bigger than d for both the under and overflow.

Size (mm) Cum fraction > dP

1000 - 850 0
850 - 600 5
600 - 425 18
425 - 300 35
300 - 212 50
212 - 150 65
150 - 106 80
106 - 75 95
75 - 53 100
4.6.4
Determine the diameter of particles settling with a velocity of 4 mm/s

Assume laminar d = 200.9153 m Re = 0.731  not laminar

Ar = 18Re + 2.7Re1.687. Solve this equation for d = 213.19 m

Interpolation gives 49.8% of particles are bigger than this diameter (i.e. will
settle to the bottom) and 50.2% of particles are smaller (i.e. will report to
the top of the column)
Si
ze Cum fraction Fraction Fraction Cum fract Fraction Cum fract
() Avg Size > dP fi undersize undersize oversize oversize
8
5 0 0.00 0.00
0
0 725 5 5 10.04 10.04
2
5 512.5 18 13 26.10 36.14

0 362.5 35 17 34.14 70.28 0.00 0.00

256 50 15 29.72 100.00 0.40 0.40

181 65 15 29.88 30.28

6 128 80 15 29.88 60.16

7
5 90.5 95 15 29.88 90.04
5
3 64 100 5 9.96 100.00
 100
90
80
70

Cum Fraction > d

60
50 Original
40
Underflow
30
Overflow
20
10
0
10 100 1000

d (m)