Chapter 1.
Mathematics in Our World
Your all time favorite!
Have you ever wondered how well street food vendors give you your change “sukli” when you
hand them your payment “bayad” for your favorite “merienda”?
*pictures/images are not mine*
** ctto **
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Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to We Live in a World of Patterns
▪Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world
▪Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life
▪Argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed,
represented and used
▪Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor
What to learn?
▪Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World
▪Fibonacci Sequence
▪The Indispensability of Mathematics
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We see patterns everyday – the way we tie our shoe laces; the way spider Example 1. Patterns Displayed in Nature
make its web; the stripes in tigers, zebras and cats; the spots in dogs; the
blotch in giraffes; ocean waves; water ripples; the wave-like movement of
snakes; ferns; and the symmetry in snowflakes.
Patterns are regular ,repeated or recurring forms or designs which are
commonly observed in natural objects.
A pattern is a repeated decorative design or a regular arrangement of
elements that can be found in nature, human-made designs, or abstract ideas.
Patterns can be visual, such as the symmetrical arrangement of petals in a
flower, or abstract, like the sequence of numbers in mathematics.
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Patterns in nature can also be seen in the groupings of animals, birds, Early humans recognized some patterns in nature. Their awareness of
and fish such as: herd of cattle, ball of mackerel, and the v-formation some of these changing patterns allowed them to adapt and survive.
of geese in the sky.
herd of cattle ball of mackerel flying birds make a V
formation
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Example 2. Patterns in Arts and Designs Geometric patterns are deigns that depict geometric
shapes like lines, circles, and polygons. While these
When we buy clothes, accessories, furniture, house decorations, and patterns are observed in nature, others can be man-
other similar objects, we tend to look for geometric designs or patterns. made. Example: some patterns are associated to the
identity of some Philippine Ethnic group
Bonnets from Baguio
Panay Clothing Heritage Tattoos in the Cordillera
A mix of patterns in similar color creates a coordinated space Inabel Textile Designs T’nalak Festival
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Example 3. Patterns in Mathematics Patterns possess utility as well as beauty. Man was able to develop a
formal system of thought for recognizing, classifying, and using patterns
Patterns in mathematics are sequences or arrangements that follow a called Mathematics.
specific rule or set of rules. These patterns can be found in numbers,
shapes, and even in abstract concepts. By applying Mathematics, some people see an “intelligent design” on
how nature form
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Why students need to study patterns?
Studying patterns help students in identifying relationships and finding
logical connections to form generalizations and make predictions.
Palm Jumeirah, Dubai
Masungi Georeserve in Baras, Rizal
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Lesson from the Honeycomb In an activity using 1-peso coins to cover a piece of
paper, if you arrange the coins in a square formation,
Another marvel of nature’s design is the there are plenty of spots that are exposed. However,
structure and shape of a honeycomb. if you follow the hexagonal formation, more areas are
▪ People have long wondered how bees, despite covered.
their very small size, are able to produce such
“If you place a large number of identical coins on a
arrangement while humans would generally
table and try to pack them as closely as possible, then
need the use of ruler and compass to you get a honeycomb arrangement, in which every coin
accomplish the same. – except those at the edges – is surrounded by six
▪ It is observed that such formation enables others, arranged in a perfect hexagon”.
the bee colony to maximize their storage
of honey using the smallest amount of Hexagonal formations are more optimal in
wax. making use of available space.
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Types of Patterns in Nature a. bilateral symmetry
1. Symmetry ▪ Also known as line symmetry
▪ balanced proportions ▪ Imaginary plane/line divides the body into left and right sides that
also : beauty of form arising are mirror images of each other.
from balanced proportions
▪ a balanced and proportionate
similarity that is found in two
halves of an object
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b. There are other types of symmetry depending on the number of c. rotational (radial) symmetry
sides or faces that are symmetrical. Take a look at these images: ▪ The property that a shape has when it looks the same after
some rotation by a partial turn.
Rotated at 72 degrees
three-fold symmetry five-fold symmetry eight-fold symmetry
Original
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2. Fractals - a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the
same statistical character as the whole. A fractal is a never-ending
pattern found in nature. The exact same shape is replicated in a
process called “self similarity.” The pattern repeats itself over and
over again at different scales. For example, a tree grows by repetitive
branching. This same kind of branching can be seen in lightning
bolts and the veins in your body. Examine a single fern or an aerial
view of an entire river system and you’ll see fractal patterns.
Consider this:
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The Fibonacci Sequence
3. Spirals - A logarithmic spiral or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral
curve which often appears in nature. It was first describe by Rene watch video (nature’s numbers) @
Descartes and was later investigated by Jacob Bernoulli. A spiral is a https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkGeOWYOFoA
curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a series of circular
shapes that revolve around it. Examples of spirals are pine cones,
pineapples, hurricanes. The reason for why plants use a spiral form
is because they are constantly trying to grow but stay secure.
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What is a sequence?
▪ Is an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have repeated
values. The arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule.
Example. Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the
next three terms.
a. 1, 10, 100, 1000
b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20
c. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
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Fibonacci Sequence The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers where, the next
The sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, … was
number in the series is found by adding up the two numbers before
discovered by an Italian named Leonard Pisano it.
Bigollo who is known in mathematical history by 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, ...
several names: Leonardo of Pisa and Fibonacci.
So we can express the Fibonacci sequence by Zn = Zn−1 + Zn−2.
In 1202, Fibonacci discovered the number sequence Where Zn is the nth number in the Fibonacci sequence.
through a practical problem involving the growth of a
hypothetical population of rabbits based on idealized
assumptions. When we make squares with those
widths, we get a nice spiral.
This problem has an assumption that a pair of rabbits
will be born each month and will reproduce a new
pair of rabbits two months after they were born.
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This spiral is also found in nature. Golden Ratio
If you construct a series of squares with lengths equal to the Fibonacci The ratio of consecutive numbers in the Fibonacci sequence
numbers (1,1,2,3,5, etc) and trace a line through the diagonals of each approaches a number known as the golden ratio, or phi
square, it forms a Fibonacci spiral. Many examples of the Fibonacci (=1.618033989...). b a a/b
spiral can be seen in nature, including in the chambers of a nautilus shell 2 3 1.5
3 5 1.666666666…
and the seeds of sunflower. 5 8 1.6
8 13 1.625
13 21 1.615384615...
21 34 1.61905
34 55 1.61765
. . .
φ=a+ba=ab=1.618033987…. 144 233 1.618055556...
233 377 1.618025751...
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The golden ratio was first called as the Divine Proportion in the early Golden Ratio is so special it is found in all most every where in the world
1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s work which was explored by Luca Pacioli
entitled “De Divina Proportione” in 1509. This contains the drawings
of the five platonic solids and it was probably da Vinci who first called
it “section aurea” which is Latin for Golden Section.
The Golden Ratio is a design concept based on using the Fibonacci
sequence to create visually appealing proportions in art, architecture,
and graphic design. The aesthetically appealing ratio is found in much
human architecture and plant life.
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Golden Ratio & Mathematics Golden Ratio & Beauty
Triangle with golden ratio Platonic Solids
Pentagram
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Golden Ratio & Theology Golden Ratio & Design
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Golden Ratio & Nature Golden Ratio & Arts
It is often said that math contains the The golden ratio can be used to
answers to most of universe’s questions. achieve beauty, balance and
Math manifests itself everywhere. One harmony in art, architecture and
such example is the Golden Ratio. This design. It can be used as a tool
in art and design to achieve
famous Fibonacci sequence has
balance in the composition.
fascinated mathematicians, scientist and Check out some examples of
artists for many hundreds of years. The golden ratio in arts.
Golden Ratio manifests itself in many
places across the universe, including right
here on Earth, it is part of Earth’s nature
and it is part of us.
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The Indispensability of Mathematics
Mathematics is often seen as an abstract discipline but in reality it is the ▪ Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving. Mathematics develops our
foundation of our modern world. ability to think logically and solve problems. It teaches us to analyze
situations (break down complex problems into manageable parts),
Mathematics is indispensable for several reasons
identify patterns (recognize trends and relationships), and develop
▪ Daily Life Applications. Math is a part of our daily life. It helps us solutions (create strategies to solve problems efficiently).
manage our finances (budgeting, saving, investing), plan and organize our
schedule, and make informed decisions (compare prices, understand
▪ Foundation of Science and Technology. Mathematics is the
statistics in the news, make better choices). backbone of scientific inquiry and technological advancement. It provides
the tools and frameworks necessary for understanding and describing
natural phenomena. Example: Physics relies on mathematical equations to
explain the laws of nature; Engineering uses math to design and analyze
structures, systems, and processes; and Computer Science is built on
algorithms and data structures, which are fundamentally mathematical
concepts.
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▪ Economic and Financial Systems. Math is essential in economics and ▪ Universal Language. Math is often called the universal language because its
finance for modeling markets, analyzing economic trends, and making principles are consistent and understood globally. This universality allows for
financial decisions. Concepts like interest rates, risk assessment, and statistical collaboration and communication across different cultures and languages,
analysis are all grounded in mathematics. fostering global scientific and technological progress.
▪ Medical and Biological Sciences. In medicine and biology, math is used to ▪ Career Opportunities. A strong foundation in mathematics opens up a wide
model biological processes, understand the spread of diseases, and analyze range of career opportunities. Fields such as data science, engineering,
medical data. finance, and research all require robust mathematical skills. Moreover, the
analytical and problem-solving skills gained from studying math are highly
valued in virtually every profession.
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Applications of Mathematics in the World
Thank You!
a. Mathematics for Organization
b. Mathematics for prediction
▪ Apply concept of probability to calculate the chance of an
event occurring (path of typhoon, predict the occurrence of
meteor showers, etc.)
c. Mathematics for control
▪ through the use of mathematics, man is able to exert
control over himself and the effects of nature.
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