Dynamics of Structure
By: Engr. Guile M. Liz
Dynamics of Structure
• A structural analysis which covers the behavior of a
structure subjected to dynamic (actions having high
acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind,
waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be
subjected to dynamic loading.
• Determine deformations and stresses developed in
structures when they are subjected to dynamic excitation
Idealization of Structures
• It is impossible to perfectly model (physically or
mathematically) any real engineering problem.
• Most dynamic analysis problems involve complex material
behavior, loading, and supporting conditions, all of which
make idealizations of the system necessary to be able to
render the problem manageable;
• rigorous analysis is, however, possible using advanced
computational tools such as finite element analysis or
physical modeling
Idealization of Structures
Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) systems
Analytical models for SDOF System
Analytical models for SDOF System
Stiffness
• measure of the amount
of force required to
cause a certain amount
of deformation in the
structure
• K = force/deformation
• Flexibility = deformation/
force
Stiffness
• measure of the amount
of force required to
cause a certain amount
of deformation in the
structure
• K = force/deformation
• Flexibility = deformation/
force 3𝐸𝐼
𝐾=
𝑙
Springs in Parallel or in Series
n springs in parallel n springs in series
Damping
• The process of reducing the vibrations and oscillations of a
structure by dissipating its energy
Time-Dependent Excitations
• excitation caused by an unbalanced rotating machine in a
building can be represented using a simple sinusoidal
variation
Time-Dependent Excitations
• Air blast load can be represented as an impulsive loading
Undamped System
• SDOF system in which we disregard or “neglect” frictional forces or
damping.
• we consider the system, during its motion or vibration, to be free
from external actions or forces.
Undamped System
• Free Body Diagram
The application of Newton’s Law of Motion gives
Undamped System
• D’Alembert’s Principle
which states that a system may be set in a state of dynamic equilibrium
by adding to the external forces a fictitious force that is commonly
known as the inertial force.
Undamped System
• Solution of the Differential Equation of Motion
General solution is
expression for velocity,
initial conditions
Undamped free-vibration response
amplitude of motion, C
Frequency and Period
The equation previously shows that the motion The period T (in seconds) is:
described by this equation is harmonic and
therefore periodic.
These are harmonic functions, which means:
So after every time 𝑇, the motion
• They repeat in a smooth, oscillatory pattern. repeats exactly.
• Their shape is sinusoidal.
Periodic
• The sine and cosine functions repeat at regular • period is usually expressed in seconds
time intervals. per cycle or simply in seconds
• The system returns to the same position and • natural frequency f is usually expressed
velocity every cycle. in hertz or cycles per second (cps)
Frequency and Period
• quantity ω differs from the natural frequency (f) only by the constant factor
2π, ω also is sometimes referred to as the natural frequency
• Natural frequency, ω may be called the circular or angular natural
frequency
• Most often, the distinction is understood form the context or from the
units.
• natural frequency f is measured in cps as indicated,
• circular frequency ω should be given in radians per second (rad/sec).
Example 1
• A heavy table is supported by flat steel legs (Fig. P2.1). Its natural
period in lateral vibration is 0.5 seconds. When a mass of 222.4 N (≈
50 lbf) is clamped to its surface, the natural period in lateral vibration
is increased to 0.75 seconds. What are the weight and the lateral
stiffness of the table?
Example 2
• An electromagnet weighing 1779 N (≈ 400 lbf) is suspended by a
spring with stiffness of 17,533 N/m (≈ 100 lbf/in). It lifts 889 N of iron
scrap (≈ 200 lbf). Determine the equation of motion of the
electromagnet when the current is turned off and the scrap is
dropped (see figure).
Example 3
An elevated water tower tank with a capacity of 18.93
cubic meters (m³) of water is shown in the figure. When
the tank is empty, its natural period in lateral vibration
is 1.0 second. When the tank is full of water, the natural
period lengthens to 2.2 seconds.
Determine:
• The lateral stiffness 𝑘 of the tower (in N/m), and
• The weight 𝑊 of the empty tank (in newtons).
Neglect the mass of the supporting columns.Take the
density of water as 𝜌=1000 kg/m3 ρ=1000kg/m3 , and
g=9.81m/s2.
Example 4
A steel frame, fixed at the base and supporting a rigid top
platform, has a weight of 4448 N (equivalent to 1000 lb).It
has been determined experimentally that the structure has
a natural period of lateral vibration of 0.10 seconds. It is
required to either increase or decrease the period by 20%
— that is:
• Lengthen the period to 0.12 seconds, or
• Shorten it to 0.08 seconds,
by either adding additional mass or increasing the lateral
stiffness.
Determine needed additional weight or additional stiffness
Assume gravitational acceleration g=9.81m/s , and neglect
the mass of the columns.
