Tutorial 1
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sikhanyisondlovu390Tutorial 1
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sikhanyisondlovu390MAT 212, Tutorial 1(1) : Parametric Equations
Keywords: Parametric Equations, Tangents, area, arc length, surface area with parametric equations
Some curves such as the cycloid are best handled when both x and y are given in terms of a third variable t
called a parameter [x = f (t), y = g(t)].
1. Sketch the curve by using the parametric equations to plot points. Indicate with an arrow the direction
in which the curve is traced as t increases.
t2
(a) x = t2 − 4, y = 2, −2≤t≤3
2 2
(b) x = t + t, y = t − t, −2≤t≤2
2
(c) x = cos t, y = 1 − sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2
2. (a) Sketch the curve by using the parametric equations to plot points. Indicate with an arrow the
direction in which the curve is traced as t increases.
(b) Eliminate the parameter to find a Cartesian equation of the curve.
(a) x = 3 − 4t, y = 2 − 3t
(b) x = 1 − t2 , y = t − 2, − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2
√
(c) x = t, y = 1 − t
3. (a) Eliminate the parameter to find a Cartesian equation of the curve.
(b) Sketch the curve and indicate with an arrow the direction in which the curve is traced as the
parameter increases.
(a) x = sin 12 θ, y = cos 12 θ, −π ≤θ ≤π
(b) x = sin t, y = csc t, 0 < t < π/2
(c) x = e2t , y = t + 1
(d) x = sinh t, y = cosh t
(e) x = 3 cos θ and y = 4 sin θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
4. Find a set of parameteric equations that represents the graph of y = 1 − x2 , using each of the following
parameters.
dy
a. x = t b. the slope m = dx at the point (x, y).
dy
5. Find dx of x = t sin t, y = t2 + t
6. Find an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point corresponding to the given value of the
parameter.
(a) x = 1 + 4t − t2 , y = 2 − t3 , t = 1
(b) x = t cos t, y = t sin t, t = π
7. Find an equation of the tangent to the curve at the given point by two methods: (a) without eliminating
the parameter and (b) by first eliminating the parameter.
(a) x = 1 + ln t, y = t2 + 2, (1, 3)
√ 2
(b) x = 1 + t, y = et , (2, e)
8. Find the second derivative for the following set of parametric equations.
x = t5 − 4t3 , y = t2
9. Find an equation of the tangent(s) to the curve x = sin t, y = t2 + t at the point (0, 0).
1
dy d2 y
10. Find dx and dx2 . For which values of t is the curve concave upward?
(a) x = t2 + 1, y = t2 + t
(b) x = et , y = te−t
(c) x = 2 sin t, y = 3 cos t, 0 < t < π
11. Determine the x − y coordinates of the points where the following parametric equations will have
horizontal or vertical tangents. x = t3 − 3t, y = 3t2 − 9
12. Find the points on the curve where the tangent is horizontal or vertical.
(a) x = t3 − 3t, y = t2 − 3
(b) x = cos t, y = cos 3t
13. Determine the area under the parametric curve given by the following parametric equations. x=
6(θ − sin θ), y = 6(1 − cos θ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
14. Find the area enclosed by the x−axis and the curve x = 1 + et , y = t − t2
15. Find the exact length of the curve.
(a) x = 1 + 3t2 , y = 4 + 2t3 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
(b) x = t sin t, y = t cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
16. Determine the surface area of the solid obtained rotating the following parametric curve about the
x−axis. x = cos3 θ, y = sin3 θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 .