Chapter 10 Isoparametric

Formulation

CAE A&D LAB

 Ch 6 ⇒ constant-strain triangle
Ch 8 ⇒ linear-strain triangular
Isoparametric method
⇒ simple computer program formulation
⇒ applicable for two-three-dimensional
stress analysis and for nonstructural
problems.
⇒ curved sides.
CAE A&D LAB
10.1 Isoparametric formulation of the Bar Element
Stiffness Matrix
Isoparametric ⇒ the are of the same
shape function [N] to define the element’s
geometric shape as are used to define the
displacement within the element. ⇒
That , shape function u= a1 + a2 s for displacement
we use x= a1 + a2 s for the nodal coordinate
of a point on the bar element.
⇒ natural coordinate system s
For a linear bar element (stiffness matrix)
CAE A&D LAB
 Step 1 Select Element Type
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 10-1 Linear bar element in (a) a global coordinate

system x and (b) a natural coordinate system s
linear bar element
L 1 1
x =xc + s s =0 x =xc s = 1 x =xc + s =−1 x =xc −
2 2 2
global coordinate of the element centroid .

CAE A&D LAB

We begin by relating the natural coordinate to the global
coordinate by man the s coordinate of any point in the
element to the x coordinate
x = a1 + a2 s −1 ≤ s ≤ 1
1
x1 =
a1 − a2 a1 =+ ( x1 x2 )
2
1
x2 = a1 + a2 a2 =− ( x2 x1 )
2
1 1
x= ( x1 + x2 ) + ( x2 − x1 ) s
2 2
1 1  1 1 
x =  x1 − sx1  +  x2 + x2 s 
2 2  2 2 
1
⇒= x (1 − s ) x1 + (1 + s ) x2 
2
 x1  1− s 1+ s
={ x} [ N1 N 2 ] =  N1 = N2
 x2  2 2

CAE A&D LAB

 © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

N1 represents the physical shape of the coordinate x when plotted over the length of the
element for x1=1 and x2=0 ,N2 represents the coordinate z when plotted over the length of
the element for x2=1 and x1=0
N1 + N 2 =
1

CAE A&D LAB

 Step 2 Select a Displacement Function

The displacement function within the bar is now

defined by the same shape functions

 u1 
{u} = [ N1 N2 ]  
u and x are defined by the same
 2
u
shape functions at the same
 x1 
{ x} = [ N1 N2 ]   nodes .
the element is called
 x2 
 u1 
⇒ isoparametric
{u} = [ N1 N2 ]  
u2 
CAE A&D LAB
 Step 3 Define the strain/Displacement and
stress/strain Relationship
→ [ B] → [k ]
 u1 
{u} = [ N1 N2 ]  
u2 
1 − s 1 + s   u1 
=   
 2 2  u2 
 du 
du du dx du  ds 
= ⇒=
ds dx ds dx  dx 
 
 ds 
1− s 1+ s du u2 − u1
u =u1 + u2 =
2 2 ds 2

CAE A&D LAB

 1
=
x (1 − s ) x1 + (1 + s ) x2 
2
dx x2 − x1 L
= =
ds 2 2
 du  u2 − u1
du  ds  2 = u2 − u1 =  − 1 1   u1 
= =  L   
dx  dx  L L L  u2 
 
 ds  2
 1 1   u1 
⇒ {ε x } =  − L L  u 
 2
 1 1
[ B ]{d }
{ε } = ⇒ [ B] =
 − L L 
σ E=
= ε EBd

CAE A&D LAB

Step 4 Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and
Equations
the stiffness matrix
T
[ k ] = ∫0 [ B ] [ D ][ B ] Adx
L

we need traneform the x to s

 [ B ] is a fnction of s
transformation

f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( s ) J ds
L 1
∫0 −1

for simple bar element

CAE A&D LAB
 dx L
=
J =
ds 2
L 1
⇒ [k ] = [ ] E [ B ] Ads
2 ∫−1
T
B

[ B ] =  −
1
( E = [ D ]) 1
L 
 L
AE  1 −1
⇒ [k ] = 
L  −1 1 
 1
L 1 − L   1 1
[k ]
2 ∫−1
=   E − Ads
 1   L L 
 L 

Body forces
Determine the body force→ using the natural coordinate
systems
CAE A&D LAB
 {}
∧
fb ∫∫∫
V
=
T
{} ∧
[ N ] x dv ( dv b Adx )

{}
∧
fb ∫0
A= [
L
N ]{ }
x
T 
b dx  dx

∧L 
ds 
2 
1 − s 

{}
∧
fb
1 
= A∫ 
 2  ∧ L
−1 1 + s

 xb ds
 2 {}
 2 

{}
∧
AL x 1
∧
⇒ fb = b  
2 1
1 indicates that this body force is equally
→
2 distributed to the two nodes of the element.

CAE A&D LAB

 {} {}
surface forces
∧ ∧
f s = ∫∫ [ N s ] Tx dS
T

s
Assuming the cross section is constant
the traction is uniform
∧

{} {}
T ∧

∫0 [ N s ] T x
L
⇒ fs = dx

1 − s 

{}
∧ 1 
fs = ∫ 
−1 1 + s

{}
 2  ∧ L
 T x ds
 2
 2 

{}∧
⇒ fs =
L 1
∧
Tx  
2 1

CAE A&D LAB

 10.2 Rectangular Plane Stress Element

→ develop the rectangular place stress element stiffness

matrix.

Triangular element Ease of data input and simpler

Rectangular element interpretation of output stresses.

Disadvantage
→ poorly approximates the real boundary condition edges.

CAE A&D LAB

 Step 1 Select element type

Unknown nodal displacement © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

 u1 
v 
 1
u2 
v 
 2
{d } =  
u3 
 v3  Figure 10-3 Basic four-node
  rectangular element with nodal
u4 
 v4  degrees of freedom

CAE A&D LAB

 Step 2 Select Displacement Functions
Compatible displacement field

u ( x , y ) =a1 + a2 x + a3 y + a4 xy
v ( x , y ) =a5 + a6 x + a7 y + a8 xy
1
u ( x ,=
y) [( b − x )( h − y ) u1 + ( b + x )( h − y ) u2
4bh
+ ( b + x )( h + y ) u3 + ( b − x )( h + y ) u4 ]
1
v ( x ,=
y) [( b − x )( h − y ) v1 + ( b + x )( h − y ) v2
4bh
+ ( b + x )( h + y ) v3 + ( b − x )( h + y ) v4 ]
{ψ } = [ N ]{d }
CAE A&D LAB
 Shape function
=N1
(=
b − x )( h − y )
N
( b + x )( h − y )
2
4bh 4bh

=
( b + x )( h + y ) N
N1 =
( b − x )( h + y )
4
4bh 4bh
 u1 
v 
 1
u2 
u   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0   v2 
 =  
v   0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4  u3 
 v3 
 
u4 
 v4 

CAE A&D LAB

 Step 3 Define the Strain/Displacement and
Stress/Strain Relationships
Element strain for the 2-dimensional stress are
 ∂u 

 ε x   ∂x 

⇒ ε x is a function of y
   ∂u 
ε y  = 
γ   ∂x

 ε y is a function of x
 xy   ∂u ∂v 
 ∂y + ∂x  γ xy is a function of x and y
 
{ε } = [ B ]{d }
−(h − y) 0 (h − y) 0
1
[ B] [ 0 − (b − x ) 0 − (b + x )
4bh
− (b − x ) − ( h − y ) − (b + x ) − ( h − y )
(h + y) 0 (h + y) 0
0 (b + x ) 0 (b − x ) ]
(b + x ) (h + y) (b − x ) −(h + y)

CAE A&D LAB

 Step 4 Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix
and Equations

T
[ k ] = ∫− h ∫−b [ B ] [ D ][ B ]tdxdy
h b

={f} ∫∫∫ [ N ] { x} dV + {P} + ∫∫ [ N ]{T } dS

T
s
v s

{ f } = [ k ]{d }

Step 5-7
Assembling the global stiffness matrix and
equation

CAE A&D LAB

 10.3 Isoparametric Formulation of the Plane
Element Stiffness Matrix
Isoparametric {the use of the same shape functions.
To defines the element shape as are used to define
the displacement with the element.}
u =a1 + a2 s + a3t + a4 st → displacement
x =a1 + a2 s + a3t + a4 st → coordinate point
s-t natural-coordinate
s-t ←→ x-y
transformation mapping
simple linear plane element stiffness matrix

CAE A&D LAB

 Step 1 Select Element Type
• s ,t need not be orthogonal .
• neither has to be parallel to x ,y axis
Linear square element in s-t coordinates

For special case the distorted element

become a rectangular element

=
x xc + bs
=
y yc + ht
square element mapped into quadrilateral
in x-y coordinates

CAE A&D LAB

 x =a1 + a2 s + a3t + a4 st
y =a5 + a6 s + a7t + a8 st
solving a's
1
x= [(1 − s )(1 − t ) x1 + (1 + s )(1 − t ) x2
4
+ (1 + s )(1 + t ) x3 + (1 − s )(1 + t ) x4 ]
1
y= [(1 − s )(1 − t ) y1 + (1 + s )(1 − t ) y2
4
+ (1 + s )(1 + t ) y3 + (1 − s )(1 + t ) y4 ]
 x   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0
⇒ = 0 N
  
y 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 

CAE A&D LAB

 N1
(=
1 − s )(1 − t )
N
(1 + s )(1 − t )
1
4 4
(1 + s )(1 + t ) (1 − s )(1 + t )
N3 = N4
4 4
 x  y 
1− 1− 
( b − x )( h − y )  b 
 h  (1 − s )(1 − t )
= N1 = =
4bh 4 4
x y
(s , t) → ( x , y) =s = t
b h
s =−1 , t =−1 → x1 , y1
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
s =1 , t =−1 → x2 , y2

square element in s-t

isoparametric → quadrilateral
element in global coordinates

CAE A&D LAB

 N1 + N 2 + N 3 + N 4 =
1 for all values of s and t

( variations of the shape functions over a linear square

element Fig 10.5 )
N

∑=
N
i =1
i ( i 1,2 n )
1=

Step 2 Select Displacement Function

 u1 
v 
 1
u2  (1 − s )(1 − t ) (1 + s )(1 − t )
u   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 = 
0   v2   N1 =
4
N1
4
 =  
0 N 4  u3 
v   0 N1 0 N2 0 N3
= N3 =
( 1 + s )(1 + t ) (1 − s )(1 + t )
 v3  N4
  4 4
u4  p ( x , y ) → p ( u , v )
 v4 

CAE A&D LAB

 Step 3 Define the Strain/Displacement and
Stress/Strain Relationship
∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s
∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= + Stiffness matrix → strain
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t
Cramer's rule
∂f ∂y ∂x ∂f
∂s ∂s ∂s ∂s
∂f ∂y ∂x ∂f
∂f ∂t ∂t ∂f ∂t ∂t
=
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂s ∂s ∂s ∂s
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

CAE A&D LAB

  ∂x ∂y 
 ∂s ∂s 
[ ] 
J = 
 ∂x ∂y 
 ∂t ∂t 
ε = Bd
→ to find B , B is function of s and t
∂( ) 
 0 
∂x
εx   
   ∂ ( )  u 
ε y  =  0  
γ   ∂y   v 
 xy   ∂
( ) ∂( )
 
 ∂y ∂x 
∂( ) 1  ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
=  − 
∂x J  ∂t ∂ s ∂s ∂t 
∂( ) 1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( ) 
=  − 
∂y J  ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s 

CAE A&D LAB

  ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 − 0 
 ∂t ∂ s ∂s ∂t 
εx 
  1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( )  u 
⇒ ε y  0 −  (10.3.14 )
  J  ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s   v 
 
γ xy   ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 ∂s ∂t − ∂t ∂s ∂t ∂s
−
∂s ∂t 

ε = D ' Nd
 ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 − 0 
 ∂t ∂ s ∂s ∂t 
1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( ) 
D' 0 − (10.3.16 )
J  ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s 
 
 ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 ∂s ∂t − ∂t ∂s ∂t ∂s
−
∂s ∂t 

Defing B as
B= D '× N
B is function of s , t
1
⇒ B ( s, t ) = [ B1 B2 B3 B4 ]
J

CAE A&D LAB

  a ( N i ,s ) − b ( N i ,t ) 0 
 
Bi  0 c ( N i ,t ) − d ( N i ,s ) 
 
 c ( N i ,t ) − d ( N i ,s ) a ( N i ,s ) − b ( N )
i ,t 

 0 1− t t−s s −1 
 s + 1 −s − t 
1 T t −1 0
J = {X c}   {Yc }
8  s − t −s − 1 0 t +1 
1 − s s + t −t − 1 
 0 
is a function of s and t and the known global
J coordinates x1 , x2 , y4

σ = DBd
CAE A&D LAB
 Step 4 Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and
Equations
→ To express the stiffness matrix in terms of s-t coordinates
For an element with a constant thickness h
[ k ] = ∫∫ [ B ] [ D ][ B ] hdxdy
T

A
transform the s-t →x , y

∫∫ f ( x, y )dxdy = ∫∫ f ( s, t ) J dsdt
A A
T
[ k ] = ∫−1 ∫−1[ B ] [ D ][ B ] h J dsdt
1 1

→ too complicated numerically integrity

CAE A&D LAB

 Body Forces © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
T
{ fb } = ∫−1 ∫−1[ N ] { X } h J dsdt
1 1

Surface forces
T
{ f s } = ∫−1[ N ] {T } h
1 L
ds Along t=1
2
 f s 3s 
  T
 f s 3t  1  N 3 0 N4 0  ps  L
  = ∫−1    h ds
N 4 
or
f
 s4s  0 N3 0  pt  2
 f s 4t  evaluated Figure 10-6 Surface
along t =1

t =→
1 N1 =0 N2 =0 traction: ps and pt
L acting at edge t = 1
{ f s } = h [0 pt ]
T
0 0 0 ps pt ps
2
Similarly→surface forces along other edges
CAE A&D LAB
 10.4 Gaussian Quadrature (Numerical
Integration)
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Numerical evaluation of
definite integrate
1
1
I = ∫ ydx I = ∫ ydx
−1
−1

One-point Gaussian quadrature

Figure 10-7 Gaussian quadrature

∫ y ( x )dx ≅ 2 y ( 0 )
1 using one sampling point
I
−1

CAE A&D LAB

 Generalization of the Formula leads to
n
ydx ∑W y
1
=I ∫=
−1
i =1
i i

That is , to approximate the integral , we evaluate the

function at several sampling point , multiply each
value yi by the approximate weight Wi , and add the
terms .Gauss’s method chooses the sampling points so
that for a given number of points , the best possible
accuracy is obtained.

CAE A&D LAB

 Two-point formula

I =∫ yd x=W1 y1 + W2 y2 =W1 y ( x1 ) + W2 y ( x2 )
1

−1

four unknown W1 W2 X 1 X 2
So we assure a cubic function for y
y =C0 + C1 x + C2 x 2 + C3 x3

A = ∫ ( C0 + C1 x + C2 x + C3 x )dx = 2C0 +
1
2 3 2C2
−1 3
Gauss's method ⇒ W = 1 W2 X= 1 X2
AG = Wy ( −a ) + Wy ( a )
=2W ( C0 + C2 a 2 )
Symmetrically located gauss points at x = ± awith equal weight
CAE A&D LAB
 If the error e= A − AG is to vanish for any C0 and C2

∂e
=0 =2 − 2 w → w =1
∂C0
∂e 2 1
=
0= − 2a w
2
a= =
0.5773
∂C2 3 3
=
w 1=
a 0.5773

CAE A&D LAB

 Two-Dimensions

 
∫ f ( s , t )dsdt ∫−1 ∑ ( )
1 1 1
I ∫=
−1 −1
C
W c f s i , t dt

 
∑j j ∑i i ( i j ) ∑∑
= W W f s , t
i j
WW i j f ( si , t j )

i = 1,2 j =1,2
I 1 1 f ( s1 , t1 ) + WW
WW 1 2 f ( s1 , t 2 )

+ W2W1 f ( s2 , t1 ) + W2W2 f ( s2 , t2 )
1
si , ti =
±0.5773 =
±
3 In geranial , in three dimensions
wi = 1
∫ ∫ ∫ f ( s, t , z )dsdtdz
1 1 1
I =
−1 −1 −1

= ∑ ∑ ∑W W W f ( s , t , z )
i j k i j k
i j k

CAE A&D LAB

 10.5 Evaluation of the Stiffness Matrix and Stress
Matrix by Gaussian Quadrature

2-D
k = ∫∫ BT ( x, y )DB ( x, y ) hdxdy
A

x, y → s , t
BT ( s, t )DB ( s, t ) J hdsdt
1 1
k=∫ ∫
−1 −1

→ Four-point Gaussian quadrature

CAE A&D LAB

 k = BT ( s1 , t1 ) DB ( s1 , t1 ) J ( s1 , t1 ) h W
1W1

+ BT ( s2 , t2 ) DB ( s2 , t2 ) J ( s2 , t2 ) h W
2W2

+ BT ( s3 , t3 ) DB ( s3 , t3 ) J ( s3 , t3 ) h W
3W3

+ BT ( s4 , t4 ) DB ( s4 , t4 ) J ( s4 , t4 ) h W
4W4

S1 =
t1 − 0.5773, S 2 =
0.5773, t2 =
0.5773,
S3 =
0.5773, t3 =
−0.5773, S 4 =
t4 =
0.5773
=
W1 W=
2 W=
3 W=
4 1

Evaluation of element stresses σ = DBd

CAE A&D LAB

 10.6 Higher-order Shape Functions

Higher-order element →by adding additional

nodes to the sides of the linear element .
→higher-order strain variations
→convergence to the exact solution thus
occurs at a faster rate using fewer element.
→curved boundaries of irregularly shape
bodies.

CAE A&D LAB

x =a1 + a2 s + a3t + a4 st + a5 s 2 © 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

+ a6t 2 + a7 s 2t + a8 st 2
y =a9 + a10 s + a11t + a12 st + a13 s 2
+ a14t 2 + a15 s 2t + a16 st 2
ai ' s i = 16
for corner nodes Figure 10-12 Quadratic isoparametric element
1
Ni = (1 + ssi )(1 + tti )( ssi + tti − 1)
4
−1,1,1, −1 ( i =
si = 1,2,3,4 )
ti =−1, −1,1,1 ( i =1,2,3,4 )
CAE A&D LAB
 1 1
⇒ N=
1 (1 − s )(1 − t )( − s − t − 1) N=
2 (1 + s )(1 − t )( s − t − 1)
4 4
1 1
N=3 (1 + s )(1 + t )( s + t − 1) N=
4 (1 − s )(1 + t )( − s + t − 1)
4 4
for the midside nodes i =5,6,7,8
1 1
N 5 = (1 − t )(1 + s )(1 − s ) N 2 = (1 + s )(1 + t )(1 − t )
2 2
1 1
N 3 = (1 + t )(1 + s )(1 − s ) N 4 = (1 − s )(1 + t )(1 − t )
2 2

CAE A&D LAB

Ni =
1
2
(1 − s 2 ) (1 + tti ) −1,1 ( i =
ti = 5,7 )

N i =(1 + ssi ) (1 − t 2 )
1
si =
1, −1 (i =
6,8 )
2
u   N1 0 N 2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6 0 N7 0 N8 0
 =
 v   0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6 0 N7 0 N8 
 u1 
v 
 1
u2 
ε D ' Nd × 
 v2 

 
 v8 
© 2002 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 1-14 Cubic isoparametric element

CAE A&D LAB

Example 10.1
Evaluate the integral ∫ [x ]
+ cos ( x 2 ) dx using
1
I = 2
−1

three-point Gaussian quadrature.

Using Table 10-1 for the three Gauss points and
weights, we have x 1 = x 3 = ± 0 . 77459 ... ,
x 2 = 0 . 000 ... , W 1 = W 3 = 5 ,and W 2 = 8 . The integral then
9 9
becomes
  0 . 77459  5  0 8
I =  (− 0 . 77459 ) + cos  − rad   +  0 2 + cos
2

  2  9  2  9
  0 . 77459  5
+  (0 . 77459 ) + cos  rad  
2

  2  9
= 1 . 918 + 0 . 667 = 2 . 585
Compared to the exact solution, we have I exact = 2 . 585 .
In this example, three-point Gaussian quadrature
yields the exact answer to four significant figures.
 Using Eq. (10.5.3), we evaluate the k matrix. Using
the rule, the four points are
(s1 , t1 ) = (− 0.5773, − 0.5773)
(s 2 , t 2 ) = (− 0.5773, 0.5773)
(s3 , t 3 ) = (0.5773, − 0.5773)
(s 4 , t 4 ) = (0.5773, 0.5773)
W1 = W2 = W3 = W4 = 1.000.
k=B ( − 0.5773 , - 0.5773 ) D B ( − 0.5773 , - 0.5773 )
T

× J ( − 0.5773 , - 0.5773 ) ( 1 )( 1.000 )( 1.000 )

+ B ( − 0.5773 , 0.5773 ) D B ( − 0.5773 , 0.5773 )
T

× J ( − 0.5773 , 0.5773 ) ( 1 )( 1.000 )( 1.000 )

+ B ( 0.5773 , − 0.5773 ) D B ( 0.5773 , − 0.5773 )
T

× J ( 0.5773 , - 0.5773 ) ( 1 )( 1.000 )( 1.000 )

+ B ( 0.5773 , 0.5773 ) D B ( 0.5773 , 0.5773 )
T

× J ( 0.5773 , 0.5773 ) ( 1 )( 1.000 )( 1.000 )

J (− 0.5773, - 0.5773) =
1
[3 5 5 3]
8
 0 1 − (− 0.5773) − 0.5773 − (− 0.5773) − 0.5773 − 1 
 − 0 . 5773 − 1 0 − 0 . 5773 + 1 − 0 .5773 − (− 0 . 5773)
× 
 − 0.5773 − (− 0.5773) − 0.5773 − 1 0 − 0.5773 + 1 
 
 1 − (− 0 . 5773 ) − 0 .5773 + (− 0 . 5773) − 0 . 5773 − 1 0 
2 
2 
 
×   = 1.000
4 
4

J (− 0.5773, 0.5773) = 1.000

J (0.5773, − 0.5773) = 1.000
J (0.5773, 0.5773) = 1.000
Even though J = 1 in this example, in general, J ≠1 and varies
in space.
B(− 0.5773, − 0.5773) =
1
[B1 B2 B3 B4 ]
J (− 0.5773, - 0.5773)
aN 1, s − bN 1,t 0 
 
B1 =  0 cN 1,t − dN 1, s 
 cN1,t − dN 1, s aN 1, s − bN 1,t 

a = [ y1 (s − 1) + y 2 (− 1 − s ) + y 3 (1 + s ) + y 4 (1 − s )]
1
4
= {2(− 0.5773 − 1) + 2[− 1 − (0.5773)]}
1
4
+ 4[1 + (− 0.55773)] + 4[1 − (− 0.5773)]
= 1.00
N 1, s =
1
(t − 1) = 1 (− 0.5773 − 1) = −0.3943
4 4
= (s − 1) = (− 0.5773 − 1) = −0.3943
1 1
N 1,t
4 4

Similarly, B 2 , B 3 , and B 4 must be evaluated like B 1 , at (-0.5773, -0.5773).

B(− 0.5773, −0.5773) =

 − 0.1057 0 0.1057 0 0 − 0.1057 0 − 0.3943
 − 0.1057 − 0.1057 − 0.3943 0.1057 0.3943 0 − 0 .3943 0 
 
 0 0.3943 0 0.1057 0.3943 0.3943 0.1057 − 0.3943
  ν 
 1 0  32 8 0 
D=
E
ν 1 0  =  8 32 0  × 10 6 psi
1 −ν 2  1 − ν   
0 0   0 0 12
 2 

 1466 500 − 866 − 99 − 733 − 500 99 

133
 500 1466 99 133 − 500 − 733 − 99 − 866

− 866 99 1466 − 500 133 − 99 − 733 500 
 
− 99 133 − 500 1466 99 − 866 500 − 733
k = 10 4 
− 733 − 500 133 99 1466 500 − 866 − 99 
 
− 500 − 733 − 99 − 866 500 1466 99 133 
 133 − 99 − 733 500 − 866 99 1466 − 500
 
 99 − 866 500 − 733 − 99 133 − 500 1466 
J is
 0 1 0 − 1  2 
− 1 0 1 0   2 
J (0 , 0 ) =
1
[3 5 5 3 ]  
8  0 −1 0 1 4
 
 1 0 −1 0   4 
2
2
 
=
1
[− 2 − 2 2 2 ] 
8 4
 4 
J (0 , 0 ) = 1

aN i , s − bN i ,t 0 
 
Bi =  0 cN i ,t − dN i , s 
cN i ,t − dN i , s aN i , s − bN i ,t 

a =1 b=0 c =1 d =0
 1 1 1 1
N 1, s = − N 1,t = − N 2,s = N 2 ,t = −
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
N 3, s = N 3, t = N 4,s =− N 4 ,t =
4 4 4 4

 1   1  1   1 
− 4 0   4 0  4 0 − 4 0 
 1  1  1  1 
B1 =  0 −  B2 =  0 −  B3 = 0  B4 =  0 
 4  4  4  4 
− 1 − 
1 − 1 1  1 1  1 − 
1
 4 4   4 4   4 4   4 4 
J =1
 1 0.3 0 
10 6 0.3 1 0 
 
0 0 0.35
σ = D B d = (30) 
1 − 0.09
 0 
 0 
 
 0.001 
− 0.25 0 0.25 0 0.25 0 − 0.25 0  
 
×  0 0.25  
0 .0015
− 0.25 0 − 0.25 0 0.25 0 
0 .003
− 0.25 − 0.25 − 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 − 0.25  
0.0016
 
 0 
 0 
 
3.346 ⋅ 10 4 
 
σ = 1.154 ⋅ 10 4  psi
1.024 ⋅ 10 4 
 