LESSON 1

Mobile Computing 1.​ Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

SIX TIME PERIODS Devices: 2.​ Tablet Computers
3.​ Smart phones
PRIOR TO 1960s - SIMPLE BEGINNINGS
Voice over To provide cheap voice communication for
Early 1950s Use of computers in both computer and Internet Protocol healthcare organizations.
medical industry grew (VoIP)

Computers Used in health care facilities for basic Health Insurance To streamline care transactions and reduce
business office transactions. e.g. punch Portability and cost
cards Accountability Act
Of 1996 (HIPAA)
1960s - ISSUES AND N.I RESEARCHES
Provider Legislation recommended healthcare
Areas of debate are centered on the application of computers and Identification providers to use
data that needs to be computerized. Number (PIN)

Cathode Ray Added more dimensions to computer FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS
Tubes (CRT) systems providing more accessible and
user friendly machines. PRACTICE Become an integral part of the EHR.

Hospital To process financial transactions but few ADMINISTRATION Most hospital policies and procedure
Information emerged to document and process manuals are accessed and retrieved by
Systems (HISs) healthcare activities. computers.

Computer Vendors Beginning to penetrate the healthcare field EDUCATION Most universities and schools of nursing
but the progress was slow due to limitations offer computer enhanced courses, online
in technology, lack of standardization and courses.
diversity in paper based patient records
RESEARCH - Provides the impetus to use the computer
1970s - GIANT LEAP FOR N.I for analyzing computer data.
- Software programs are available for
Nurses assisted in the design of HISs processing both quantitative and
qualitative research data.
Computer For financial and management functions of
applications patient care systems. STANDARD INITIATIVES
-​ Cost saving technologies
AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA)
Management Provide statistical and financial information
Information required local government and federal
●​ Official nursing organization
Systems (MISs) agencies for specific program funds.
●​ Contributes in the development and recommendation of
-​ e.g medicare, medicaid, other 3rd
standards of nursing practice worldwide.
party payers.
1998 - Published the Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice.
Microcomputer - Made computers more accessible, -​ Organising principles of clinical nursing practice &
Personal affordable and usable by nurses. standards of professional performance
Computer (PCs)
JOINT COMMISSION ON ACCREDITATION OF HOSPITAL
1990s - AFFIRMATION OF N.I AS SPECIALTY FIELD ORGANIZATIONS (JCAHO)

NI was approved by American Nurses Association (ANA) as a ●​ Focuses on the need for adequate records on patients in
new nursing specialty hospitals & Practice of standards for the documentation
of care by nurses.
Smaller & Faster Laptops and notebooks, workstations,
Computers: Local Area Network (LANs) and Wide Area PHILIPPINE NURSES ASSOCIATION (PNA)
Networks (WANs).
●​ Standardization of the nursing profession was
1995: 1.​ Email instigated by the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA)
New Cyberspace 2.​ File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ●​ Member of the International Council of Nurses, founded
Tools: 3.​ Gopher way back September 2, 1922
4.​ Telnet ●​ Board of Nursing which was empowered by the Republic
5.​ WWW protocols. Act 9173

WEB Means for communicating online services

and resources NURSING DATA STANDARDS

POST 2000s - RAPID GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN N.I Emerged as a new requirement for the EHR.

Electronic Patient Clinical information systems became 13 nursing terminologies that have been recognized by ANA such
Record (EPR) individualized here as:
1.​ Critical CareClassification (CCC)
Electronic Health Patient specific systems considered for the 2.​ Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)
Record (EHR) lifelong longitudinal record.
3.​ Nursing Information Classification (NIC).
ANA - Worldwide organization responsible for the recognition of
the terminologies in nursing education. - First Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) meeting

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM) - Council on Nursing Informatics formed in New York
- First invitational NMDS conference held
●​ Facilitates student centered instructional settings - Essentials of Computer Electives initiated in graduate
creating a motivating and active learning environment 1985 and undergraduate programs at Georgetown University
School of Nursing
HIGH LEVEL SEVEN (HL7) - American Nurses Association recognizes NANDA as the
first taxonomy in nursing
One of several American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
●​ Accredited Standards Developing Organizations Graduate program in Nursing Informatics introduced at
(SDOs) operating in the healthcare arena 1989
Maryland University in Baltimore and University of Utah

INTERNATIONAL HEALTH TERMINOLOGY STANDARDS ANA Congress of Nursing Practice recognizes Nursing
DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (IHTSDO) 1990
Informatics as a specialty area

Not-for-profit association that develops and promotes use of

- International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP)
SNOMED CT
was initiated
-​ Support safe and effective health information exchange. 1991
- First Doctoral Specialty in Nursing Informatics
sponsored by Maryland University
SNOMED CT
●​ A clinical terminology and is considered to be the most
- American Nursing Informatics Association is initiated at
comprehensive, multilingual healthcare terminology in
California, has since become international
the world.
1992 - ANA recognizes taxonomies
- ANA recognizes Nursing Informatics as a specialty by
NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS
delineating the scope of practice
Statutory public advisory body to the Secretary of Health and
Human Services (HHS) 1993 Electronic Library goes online
●​ Has a 57 year history of advising HHS in the areas of
health data, health statistics, privacy and national - First International Nursing Informatics, Teleconference
health information policy held in Melbourne, Australia, Auckland, and New Zealand
1995
- Credentialing in Nursing Informatics initiated by
American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)
SIGNIFICANT YEARS & EVENTS
- First Harriet Werley Award for best nursing informatics
Healthcare Information and Management Systems
1961 paper
Society (HIMSS) is founded 1996
- Online Journal of Nursing Informatics (OJNI) first
published
Development of one of the first Hospital Information
1965 System (HIS) at El Camino Hospital in Mountain View,
Nursing Information and Data Set Evaluation Center
California
1997 (NIDSEC) standards and scoring guidelines published to
address documentation of nursing care
First Invitation conference on Management Information
1973 Systems (MIS) for public/community health agencies,
1999 Nursing Vocabulary Summit Conference Held
held in Fairfax Virginia

- Canadian Informatics Nurses Association received

First research: state-of-the-art conference on Nursing
1977 2001 emerging group status from the Canadian Nurses
Information Systems (NIS) held in Chicago
Association

First military conference on computers in nursing in

1979 - JCAHO identified clinical information systems as a way
Washington DC
to improve safety and recommended that hospitals adopt
2002 technologies
First workshop on computer usage in healthcare
1980 - Online MSN in Nursing Informatics offered by Duke
sponsored by the University of Akron Ohio
University

First national conference on computer technology and

- HIPAA deadline for electronic transaction standards
1981 nursing held in Bethesda, MD Nursing Information
enacted in October
Systems Journal first published 2003
- President calls for widespread adaptation of Electronic
Health Record (EHR) in 10 years
- First National Nursing Computer Technology
Conference, becoming an annual event, held in Newark,
The office of the National Health Information
New Jersey 2004
1982 Coordinator established
- First international meeting: Working Conference on
Nursing Uses and Computers in Nursing held in London
- First workshop on computers in nursing held in Boston

- First nursing computer journal is published: Computers

1984 in Nursing Counsel in Computer Applications in Nursing
(CCAN) formed in Kansas City
LESSON 2
the IOM report on CPRs was being released.
Electronic Health Record (EHR)
HIMSS - Healthcare Information Management Systems
Definition of An electronic record composed of health Society
EHR information regarding an individual patient that
exists as part of a complete system designed to HIMSS Vision Advancing the best use of information and
provide access to, and management of, such management systems for the betterment of
information. healthcare.

EHR Developed and managed by the health facility HIMSS Mission To lead change in healthcare information and
Management or provider. management systems through knowledge
sharing, advocacy, collaboration, innovation,
EMR vs. EHR The term "Electronic Health Record" (EHR) has and community affiliations.
largely replaced the older term "Electronic
Medical Record" (EMR).
THE FOUR CRITERIA

Development Recognizable efforts in the development of EHR

Management The organizational aspects of EHR
Efforts are distinguished by the Nicholas E. Davis
implementation, including strategy, planning,
Awards of Excellence Program, which highlights
project management, and governance.
improvements in EHR in different settings.
Functionality Delivered by the EHR to meet the organizational
Key Organizations and Contributions objectives and needs of patients and end-users.

Computer-Based Founded in 1992, CPRI focused on clinical Technology The technical design and architecture that
Patient Record applications of healthcare information enable the EHR to deliver the required
Institute (CPRI) technology. functionality and performance.

CPRI's Role Developed the CPR project evaluation criteria Value The concrete return on investment as well as the
in 1993, which became the basis for assessing intrinsic value derived from the implementation
CPR projects and the Nicholas E. Davies of the EHR.
Awards.

Application and Assessment Process

HIMSS Founded in 1961, HIMSS is focused on
(Healthcare providing global leadership for the optimal
Application EHR systems are scored based on established
Information use of healthcare IT and management
Scoring objective criteria, updated regularly to reflect
Management systems for improving healthcare.
changes in EHR adoption.
Systems Society)
Threshold 11-page review to determine if the applicant
Nicholas E. Davies Awards Program Application meets initial screening criteria.

Program Obj. Details Full Application If threshold is met, a 50-page full application
is submitted for evaluation.
Promote the Promote the vision of EHR systems through
Vision concrete examples. Site Visit A site visit is conducted to confirm the
application details.
Documented Understand and share the documented value
Value of EHR systems.
Characteristics of EHR Excellence Awardees

Recognition Provide visibility and recognition for

Common Characteristics
high-impact EHR systems.
EHR as a Key Considered EHR as a key component in the
Share Strategies Share successful EHR implementation Component strategic vision. EHR implementation is part of
strategies. healthcare being an information business.

Excellence in Encourages and recognizes excellence in the Organizational EHR implementation strategies defined by
Implementation implementation of EHR systems, including Goals remarkably similar organizational goals.
strategy, planning, project management, and
governance. Adequate Provision of adequate funding and resources
Resources for successful project execution.
Nicholas E. Davies - Key Facts
Governance Creation of governance for the EHR system
Dr. Nicholas E. An Atlanta-based physician and
Creation implementation.
Davies president-elect of the American College of
Physicians. He was a member of the Institute
Operational Present short but concrete operational
of Medicine (IOM) committee in improving
Planning planning.
patient records.
Documentation Organize a documentation system for value
Tragic Event Dr. Davies was killed in a plane crash just as
 System for the implementing organization. decision-making.

Cost-effective Allocation of a cost-effective budget for EHR Nurses as Digital Residents

Budgeting implementation.
Digital “Why change?” Unwilling to adapt to digital
Differences Foreigner technologies and prefers traditional methods.
Needs significant support.
Variable Variable years spent in EHR program
Program development. Digital “I’m getting there!” Developing digital skills but
Development Immigrant retains some traditional methods. Experiences a
learning curve with new technologies.
External Different external agendas and societal
Challenges challenges faced by institutions. Digital “I’m always in!” Familiar with digital terms and
Settler adapts well to new technologies. Not born in the
Technological Application of new technologies and digital age, but has developed solid digital skills.
Application techniques in EHR development.
Digital “I thrive in tech!” Born into the digital world,
Native adapts easily to new technologies, and intuitively
LESSON 3
understands digital systems.
Reality-Virtuality Technologies in Nursing
Industrial Revolutions and Nursing
Historical Development of Nursing and Technology:
Visual representations of nursing practice, sourced from publicly Revolution Period Key Innovation
available digital media, reflect the profession’s technological
transformation, akin to Darwin's evolutionary theory.
First 1760-1840 Mechanization and steam power
Industrial revolutionized manufacturing and
Demographic Shift:
Nurses must develop enhanced geriatric competencies and digital Revolution production.
literacy to address the aging population's health needs while
advancing their knowledge of digital health technologies. Second 1870-1914 Electrical energy and assembly line
Industrial production enabled mass
Nursing Informatics: Definitions and Core Concepts Revolution production and improved efficiency.

Nursing Informatics Third 1950s-2010s Automation through electronics and

Industrial computerization, transforming
- A specialty integrating nursing science with information and Revolution information processing and
analytical sciences to manage and communicate data, communication.
information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)
INFORMATION RELIABILITY MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY INTELLIGENCE STANDARDS Definition: Represents a fundamental shift in how physical and
digital systems integrate, enabling unprecedented capabilities.
Role of Technology in Nursing
Focus: Contemporary research aims at facilitating the integration
Improving Patient Care Enhances patient care quality and of 4IR technologies into various disciplines, especially healthcare
safety. and nursing.

Clinical Decision-making Improves clinical decision-making Defining Technologies of Industry 4.0

capabilities.
Big Data Computational analysis of large, complex
Streamlining Healthcare Streamlines healthcare workflows Analytics datasets that traditional methods cannot
Workflows and processes. process effectively.

Supporting Facilitates evidence-based practice Internet of A network of interconnected devices, appliances,

Evidence-based Practice (research). Things (IoT) and other objects embedded with sensors,
software, and connectivity that act
Facilitating Enhances communication among autonomously on data.
Communication healthcare teams.
Cloud On-demand delivery of computing services over
The Data to Wisdom Continuum (DIKW Model) Computing the internet, enabling faster innovation, flexible
resources, and economies of scale.
Data Raw facts and figures without context.
Wireless Autonomous sensors monitoring physical
Information Processed data that has meaning. Sensor conditions and wirelessly transmitting data for
Systems processing and analysis.
Knowledge Information combined with experience and
judgment. Extended An umbrella term for immersive technologies,
Reality (XR) including Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented
Wisdom Knowledge applied with compassion and ethics in Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR). Enhances
 human perception and interaction. Facility for medical, allied health, and marine training at
OLFU, funded by DOST-PCIEERD.
Robotics The design and operation of robots that can
perform tasks autonomously, often replacing or Purpose The facility provides state-of-the-art equipment for
augmenting human labor. simulations, training, and research in various fields,
including medical, allied health, and maritime.
Advanced Computer-based systems that create realistic
Simulation models for training, research, and testing Applications
Technologies without real-world risks.
Medical Training: Immersive simulations for medical students.

The Reality-Virtuality Continuum

Allied Health Education: Virtual scenarios for nursing and medical
Real The physical world as we naturally perceive it, technology students.
Environment with no digital augmentation.
Marine Simulations: Training for the maritime industry, reflecting
Augmented Digital information overlaid onto the real world, the Philippines' needs.
Reality (AR) enhancing physical environments with virtual
elements.

Augmented A predominantly virtual environment

Virtuality incorporating real-world elements, like virtual
(AV) meetings with real video feeds.

Virtual Entirely computer-generated content without

Environment any direct representation of the real world, like
video games and VR simulations.

Virtual Agents in Nursing

Virtual Digital humanoid technologies capable of

Agents (VAs) interacting with users through natural language
and showcasing human-like interfaces.

Virtual VAs used in community health programs, such as

Coaches health interventions and physical activity
compliance programs. Mixed reality technology
is used for personalized health guidance.

Head-mounted Devices for Extended Reality Technologies

Microsoft A mixed reality headset that overlays digital

HoloLens holograms onto the real world, providing users with
an immersive AR experience.

Meta Quest A consumer-oriented VR headset with wireless

Series functionality. The Quest 3 is known for its high
performance and affordability.

Apple A premium device for spatial computing, blending

Vision Pro physical and digital worlds with
ultra-high-resolution displays.

HTC Vive A hybrid device designed for VR gaming and

Series productivity applications.

Metaversity

Definition: A metaversity is a virtual reality-based immersive

educational platform where students can attend classes, socialize,
and interact within a digital twin of a traditional campus.

Ex: An anatomy class in a metaversity where students can

virtually interact with a cadaver, allowing for innovative and
immersive learning experiences.

MARVEL Facility at Our Lady of Fatima University (OLFU)

MARVEL A cutting-edge mixed reality laboratory developed