Comments

Electromagnetic Waves - j '? @_Whyshouldl_ • 1 yr ago

According to Faraday's law ,. · ·~ctron gnetic induction: "A time- Remember- Radio waves
varying magnetic field is ~ ! of ch, ~ing electric field". Me- microwave
On the basis of his theore, <well argued that "A I - Infrared
time-varying electric field i• anging magnetic field". Visited- Visible
Ur- Ultraviolet
X- X rays
Gf- gamma
I found this recently on YouTube.

1632 91 ~

1 rE>nlv >
0 Add a comment...
 An EM Wave is a wave radiated by an accele ated charge and which
propagates through space as coupled electric and magnetic fields
0
oscillatin er endicular to each other and to the direction of
0
propagation of the wave.
:.

1Jrl'\&
1
£ B

2/ Y'lV" o· E
1rection of propagation ~
 4.AII electromagnetic waves travel in free space with the
same speed _

f iY\ w"" q J0 (fa' t lf11.A-.<... «~ /IA diJ,,.___ t,,

f~vJ _
» 5. The amplitude ratio of the electric and magnetic field is
~

:)

6. The electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel

through space and this energy is shared equally by the
electric and magnetic fields. The average energy density of an
·s
 7. Electromagnetic waves transport linear momentum
as they traver(Q)through space:·
0 8. Electromagnetic waves are not deflected by electric

? and magnetic fields.

' 9. Electromagnetic waves obey the principle of
ID superposition. They show the properties of reflection,

refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization.

r Jhe electric field of an electromagnetic wave is
~.:iponsible for its optical effects, because E0 >> B0 •
7J
 Electromagnetic Spectrum:
The orderly distribution of the EM waves in accordance
~ ith their wavelengths or frequency into distinct groups
M:ving widely differing properties is called electromagnetic
' r,ectrum. ,
 Name avelength Range (m)
W Frequency Range (Hz)
I. C~lllllllil rt1\ S l(r 1,_ l(r 1 :1 x l(p - :j x lO 1'
..
II. \-ril\'S !()"Ii - 1(( :1 x IO~ 1
- :1 x IU Ii
I

X 10
11
iii. l·1trariolet r;1\ s l(f ' - -l X10-; :l X !Olli - i..i
- -
1r. \'isihle light i X 10-' - i j X I()"' ij x 1011- -l x 1011
\. Infra reJ li~lll ij X I(( - 1(( 1 -J xl0 11 - '.1X J011
l!r'- l!r
1
:1x IO11 _ IO 111
111
1
10- - 10
1
l0 - :1xl01
 Radio Waves Ill
These are the E.M. waves of longest wavelength and
minimum frequency.
~ Discovery: Marconi
How Produced: Oscillating circuits
~ Properties: Contain more wave nature as compare to-............ ,.....
nature. -r~nJ'--
'-'ses:
\fr, radio and television communication systems. In radio
, astronomy.
 Microwaves
They are the E.M. waves having wavelengths next
:> smaller to radio waves.
0
~ Discovery: Hertz
~ How Produced: Devices such as Klystromtube
~
:) Properties: Phenomenon of reflection, refraction and
~ diffraction
Uses of microwaves:
In radar systems for aircraft navigation, In microwave
ovens.
 Infrared waves:
These radiations lie close to the low-frequency or long-
Ill
wavelen~h of the visible spectrum. Infrared waves produced
heating effect, so they are also known as heat waves or thermal
radiation.
Discovery: William
.How produced: i) Change in molecular vibrational and rotational
energy
v ii) Re-arrangement of outer orbitals.
==>Properties: Thermal Effect
Uses:
In remote control of a TV or VCR.
In the treatment of muscular complaints.
In reading the secret writings on the ancient walls. In knowing the
molecular structure.
 Visible Light
It is a very small part of the e.m. spectrum toward which the
human retina is sensitive. The visible light emitted or
0
reflected from bodies around us gives information about the
i) world.
~
) Discovery: Newton
ID How produced: Outer orbit electron transition discharge tube
3 etc.
~ Properties: sensitive to human eye
Uses:
It provides us the information of the world around us.
It can cause chemical reactions.
-411
 ~~
These E.M. waves have wavelen~hs just shorter than ultraviolet light.
As X-rays can rass through many forms of matter, so they have many
-
liill
useful medica and industrial applications.
, Discovery: Roentgen
.._ How Produced: Collision o high energy e· with heavy targets
r~ Properties: i) Low penetratin ower
· ii) nchar ed
~ iii) Low ionization ower
:i Uses:
; In medical diagnosis because X-rays can pass through flesh but not
~ ~ .,,,h bones.
---'} ,:::.~ study of c stals struc re because X-rays can be reflected and
... , ,racted l:>y crysta s•
..., : ;iotherapy to cure untraceable skin diseases and malignant
; ,uWtfis:s.:---------- ------------
 Gamma Rays:
These are E.M. radiations of highest frequency range and lowest
wavelength range. These are most penetrating E.M. waves.
i)
i) Discovery: Henry Becquerel and Madam Curie
-~ How Produced: Due to decay of radioactive nuclei
(t 1

r~
f
~ roperties: i) high penetrating power
ii) Uncharged
iii) Low ionization power
Uses:
In radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant tumors.
To study the structure of atomic nuclei To initiate some nuclear
reactions.
 Uses of electromagnetic waves:
1. v-rays are highly penetrating, they can penetrate thick iron
blocks. Due to high energy, they are used to initiate some
0 nuclear reactions. y-rays are produced in nuclear reactions. In
~ medicine, they are used to destroy cancer cells.
2. X-rays are used in medical diagnostics to detect fractures in
bones, tuberculosis of lungs, presence of stone in gallbladder
and kidney. They are used in engineering to check flaws in
bridges. In physics X-rays are used to study crystal structure.
Ultraviolet rays provide vitamin D. These are harmful for skin
and eyes. They are used to sterilize drinking water and surgical
instruments. They are used to detect invisible writing, forged
documents, finger prints in forensic lab and to preserve food
'terns.
4. Infrared rays are produced by hot bodies and molecules. These
waves are used for long distance photography and for therapeutic
purposes.
m ·

~- Radio waves are used for broadcasting programs to distant

places. According to frequency range, they are divided into
following groups
{l}Medium frequency band or medium waves 0-3 to 3 MHz
{2}Short waves or short frequency band 3 MHz-30 MHz
{3}Very high frequency (VHF) band 30 MHz to 300 MHz
t4}Ultrahigh frequency (UHF} band 300 MHz to 3000 MHz
6. Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely;
klystrons, magnetrons and gunn diodes. Their frequency range is 3
GHz to 300 GHz. They are used in RADAR systems for aircraft
· ~ tion and microwave used in homes.
. -~