Chemistry - M

#2
Atomic Structure
The matter consists of atoms (from the Greek α-τομοσ = not divisible)

Atoms are the letters of the alphabet of chemistry. Each

element has its own SYMBOL

Each element has its own SYMBOL

“The atom is the smallest unit of matter that can take part
in a chemical reaction. It cannot be created or destroyed”
(John Dalton, 1808).
Atomic Structure
 Atom
• John Dalton (1803) – suggested that elements
were composed of in divisible atoms. All the atoms
of a particular element had the same mass and
atoms of different elements had different masses.
Atoms could not be broken down.

• The law of multiple proportions (J. Dalton 1766-

1844)
When two elements combine to form more than one compound,
the masses of one element that combine with a given mass of the
other element, are in a ratio that can be expressed by integers and
small numbers.
 DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY (1808)
• All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms.
• An atom cannot be created, destroyed, divided, or converted to any other
type of atom.
• Atoms of a particular element have identical properties.
• Atoms of different elements have different properties.
• Atoms of different elements combine in simple integer-number
• ratios to produce compounds (stable combinations of atoms).
• Chemical change involves joining, separating, or rearranging atoms.
 Atom
• J J Thomson (1897) – discovered the electron.
This was the first sub-atomic particle to be
discovered. He showed that electrons were
negatively charged and electrons from all
elements were the same. As electrons had a
negative charge, there had to be some source
of positive charge inside the atom too. Also, as
electrons were much lighter than whole atoms,
there had to be something to account for the
rest of the mass of the atom. Thompson
suggested that the electrons were located
within the atom in circular arrays, like plums in
a pudding or positive charge.
 Atom

Discovery of the electron – Watch it later

William Crookes (1875) – Tubo de Crookes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rb6MguN0Uj4&ab_channel=TylerDeWitt
 Atom
• Ernest Rutherford (1911) – and his team found that most of the mass and
all the positive charge of the atom was in a liny central nucleus

https://youtu.be/wVX45A1MuIQ
 The Arrangement of the Electrons
1913 Niels Bohr – Solar System

1926 Erwin Schödinger – Wave properties

1932 James Chadwick - discovered the neutron.

 The Arrangement of the Electrons
1913 Niels Bohr – Solar System

• In 1915, Niels Bohr hypothesized that surrounding each atomic nucleus were certain
fixed energy levels that could be occupied by the electron.
•This is referred to as the quantization of energy, meaning energy can have certain
values but cannot have amounts between those values.
•The levels were analogous to orbits of planets around the sun and were numbered
according to their relative distance from the nucleus (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
• An atom is in the ground state when the electrons of the atom are in the lowest
possible energy levels.
• Hydrogen is in the ground state when its electron is in the n = 1 level. The electron
can absorb energy and be promoted to a higher energy level, farther from the
nucleus;
so, it is elevated to an excited state.
• Once in the excited state, the electron spontaneously emits energy in the form of a
photon of light of the exact energy and wavelength necessary to return to the ground
state. This process is called “relaxation”.
 The Arrangement of the Electrons
MODERN ATOMIC THEORY

All current evidence shows that electrons

do not, indeed, orbit the nucleus.
✓ We now speak of the probability of finding
an electron in a region of space within the
principal energy level (1, 2, 3…), in a
sublevel called atomic orbital (s, p,
d…).

✓ The rapid movement of the electron

spreads the charge into a cloud of charge
(«clouds of electrons»). This cloud is
more dense in certain regions, the
electron density being proportional to the
probability of finding the electron at any
time point.
 Atom
• Structure

• Sub-atomic particles
Atom
Atom
 Atom
Neutral Atoms: # protons = # of electrons

Protons – ID of the atom = Atomic Number

Atom

Mass number:
Number of protons + Neutrons

Symbol
"#
!𝐶
Number of protons
 Atom

&#
""𝑁𝑎
Number of Protons: 11
Number of Neutrons: 12
Number of electrons: 11

Number of Protons: 17
#% #$ Number of Protons: 17

"$𝐶𝑙 "$𝐶𝑙
Number of Neutrons: 18 Number of Neutrons: 20
Number of electrons: 17 Number of electrons: 17

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PyVoMnRTlQ
 Atom
• Isotopes – Same number of proton
#% #$
"$𝐶𝑙 "$𝐶𝑙
• Isotones – Same number of neutrons
"! "%
'𝑂 $𝑁
• Isoelectronic – Same number of electrons
( $ )
&𝐻𝑒 #𝐿𝑖
 Atom
Atoms with:
• Different number of protons: Elements

• Different number of neutrons are: Isotopes

• Different number of electrons are: Ions

 Atom
• Atomic Number (Z) - Protons Atomic Number or
Number of protons
• Mass Number A – Protons + Neutrons

Mass Number

(
&𝐻𝑒
Atomic Number or Atomic Mass
Number of protons
 Periodic Table
• Dmitri Mendeleev

• Proposed in 1869
• 2019 – 150 years

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table/
Periodic Table
• Atomic number
 The Arrangement of the Electrons
PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS
• Principal energy levels are regions where electrons may be found, and have integral values
designated n = 1, n = 2, n = 3, and so forth.
• The principal energy level is related to the average distance from the nucleus. An n = 1
level is closest to the nucleus; the larger the value of n, the greater the average distance of
an electron in that level from the nucleus.
• The maximum number of electrons that a principal energy level can hold is equal to 2(n)2
 Atom
How is the Atomic Mass calculated?
 The Arrangement of the Electrons
SUBLEVELS
• A sublevel is a set of equal-energy orbitals within a principal energy level. The sublevels, or
subshells, are symbolized as s, p, d, and so forth; they increase in energy in the following
order:

s<p<d<f
Energy level designations for the first three principal energy levels are as follows:
• The first principal energy level (n = 1) has one possible sublevel: 1s (2 e-).
• The second principal energy level (n = 2) has two possible sublevels: 2s and 2p (8 e-).
• The third principal energy level (n = 3) has three possible sublevels: 3s, 3p, and 3d (18 e-).
• The fourth principal energy level (n = 4) has four possible sublevels: 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f (32 e-).
 The Arrangement of the Electrons
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF THE ELEMENT – LINUS PAULING
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"!
'𝑂
$ )
#𝐿𝑖
(
&𝐻𝑒
 TO KEEP IN MIND

• The mass number (A) is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons
in an atom. It is a whole number.
• The atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons for all
the natural isotopes of an element (natural abundance). It is a decimal
number.
• Atomic number is the number of protons
• Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons.
To-do list:
q Watch all videos in the slides
q Read Chapter 1 until page 9 of the textbook
q Make a revision of the main concepts of the classes
q Make a Linus Pauling electron configuration table without looking at the slide
q Do the exercises of the workbook in the end of this pdf
 Exercises:

1)
 Exercises:
2)
*' ) Number of Protons:

(%𝑋
Number of Neutrons:
Number of electrons:

3)

Number of Protons:
"(#
'*𝑍
Number of Neutrons:
Number of electrons:
 Exercises:
4)
"* + Number of Protons:

*𝑌
Number of Neutrons:
Number of electrons:

5)

Number of Protons:
#& &+
"!𝑆
Number of Neutrons:
Number of electrons:
 Exercises:
6)
 Exercises:
7)
 Exercises:
8)
 Exercises:
9)
 Exercises:
10)
 Exercises:
11)
 Exercises:
12)
 Exercises:
13)
 Exercises:
14) ( ) Atoms with different number of protons are isotopes
15) ( ) Atoms with equal number of neutrons are called isotones
16) ( ) Atoms with different number of electrons are ions
17) ( ) The atomic number is the same as the number of atoms
18) ( ) Atoms are indivisible
19) ( ) Atomic number is represented by the letter “Z”
20) ( ) The mass number (A) of an element is a weighted average of all the
element's isotopes based on their natural abundance
21) ( ) The atomic number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
 Exercises:
22) Have a look at the periodic table
 Exercises:
23) Have a look at the periodic table
 Exercises:
24) Have a look at the periodic table
 Exercises:
25) Have a look at the periodic table
 Exercises:
26) Have a look at the periodic table
 Exercises:
27) Have a look at the periodic table
 Exercises:
28)
 Exercises:
29)
 Exercises:
30)
Answer Key:
1) B
2) p=45, n=53 ,e=44
3) p=89, n=54 ,e=89
4) p=9, n=10, e=10
5) p=16, n=16, e=18
6) E
7) C
8)

9) D
10) E
11) C
Answer Key:
12) A
13) C
14) F – … are elements
15) T
16) T
17) F - … is the same as the number of protons
18) F – they can be divided into electrons, neutrons and protons.
19) T
20) F – this is the atomic mass definition
21) F
22) A
23) D
24) C
25) C
Answer Key:
26) A
27) C
28)

29)
Answer Key:
30)