Trigonometric Functions 15-1. Trigonometric Ratios of Acute Angles A ratio ofthe lengths of sides of aright triangle is called a trigonometric ratio. The six trigonometric ratios are sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent. ‘Their abbreviations are sin, cos, tan, esc, sec, and cot, respectively. The six trigonometric ratios of any angle 0° <0 <90', sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent, are defined as follows. sing ~ length of se opposite io 0 _ a © . length of hypotenuse © sind a cos = engihotside adjacent bog 1 ec 7 fs length of hypotenuse ¢ cos tang —Hetath of side oppositeto@ a ogy 1D a > © Tength of side adjacent io 6 anda ‘The sine and cosine are called cofunetions. In aright triangle ABC, ZA and ZB are complementary. that is, m2A-+ m2 B= 90. Thus any trigonometric function of an acute angle fs equal to the cofunction ‘of the complement of the angle. ‘Complementary Angle Theorem sind =cos(90 -0) cos =sin(90' ~0) If sinZA=cosZB, then mZA+mZB= 90". ‘Trigonomettic Identities sin? 0+ c0s*0 =1 8 Example 1 Inthe right trlangle shown atthe right, find cos@ and tand if sind =2 3 A c Solution sin?0+c0s?0 = Trigonomeric identity GP -costo Subsite 2 for sino 3 3 4.5 a9 4 3 wig oA, 8 EE cosd 5/3 Ve Vovs 5 Example 2 a Inaright rangle, @ isan acute angle. If sind = 4, what is cos(90" -@) ? Solution By the complementary angle property of sine and cosine, 4 c0s(90" -4) = sindExercises - Trigonometrie Ratios of Acute Angles (a) v Questions 1-3 refer to the following information. In the triangle shown below AB= BC=10 and AC=12 B x Note: Figures not drawn to scale, 0 0 Inthe figures above y< x-<90 and A a e cos =siny’ If x=3a-14 and y=50-a, What isthe value of a? What isthe value of cos? A) 16 B) 21 A) 04 © 2 B) 06 D) 27 © 08 b) 12 (3) What isthe value of sind? B A) 04 4 B) 06 c . A © 08 D) 12 Given the right triangle ABC above, which of the a following ts equal vo 27 i 1 equal to What isthe value of tand ? 1 sin A I, cos ad U, wna 4 py 4 A) only a B) Ionly oo ©) Land I only s 1D) Hand Il only 5 pS 315-2. The Radian Measure of an Angle One radian is the measure of a central angle 0 whose intercepted arc has a length equal to the circle’s radius. Inthe figure atthe right, if length ofthe are AB= OA, then mZAOB= 1 radian. A Since the circumference of the circle is 2arr and 4 ‘a complete revolution has degree measure 360° 2m radians = 360°, or 2 radians = 180 Teco ns 0 ‘Ona coordinate plane, an angle may be drawn by two rays that share a fixed endpoint atthe origin. ‘The beginning ray, called the initial side of the angle and the final position, is called the terminal side of the angle. An angle is in standard position if the vertex is located atthe origin and the intial side lies along the positive x-axis. Counterclockwise rotations produce positive angles and clockwise rotations produce negative angles. When two angles have the same initial side and the same terminal side, they are called coterminal angles sive angle n negative ange in an angle of 60 is coterminal Sandard position Sedan pion ‘with an angle of ~ 300 ‘You can find an angle that is coterminal to a given angle by adding or subtracting integer multiples of 360° or 27 radians. In fact, the sine and cosine functions repeat their values every 360° or 2 radians, ‘and tangent functions repeat their values every 180° or x radians. Periodic Properties of the Trigonometric Functions sin(@+360))=sind —_cos(0+360°) = cos tan(9 +180") = tand Example 1 co Change the degree measure to radian measure and change the radian measure to degree measure, as 0. 2 radians radians Solution a a. 45° = 45: radians 180 4 ». ™ radians = = radians( 8°) = 120 3 3 7 radiansPan) O| o op fe | Inthe xy- plane above, O is the center of the cirele and the measure of 2400 is the Inthe xy- plane above, 0 isthe center of the radius of circle O is 6 what isthe length of AD? circle, and the measure of 4POQ is kr radians. ‘What is the value of k? A3 B) N2 1 nt ) e Cc) 45 1 D) we pt » 4 1 ot : 3 7 1 pt i; y 43.4) Which of the following is equal to cos(@) ? men 8 In the figure above, what is the value of cosZAOD? A) cos(2%) 8 3 as B) cost“) ° ie 3 a Dy © sin@) 8 4 CQ) 3 i" D) sing) D)15-3. Trigonometric Functions and the Unit Circle Suppose P(x, s) isa point on the circle x+y? = 7? and 0 isan angle in standard position with terminal side OP, as, shown atthe right, We define sine of @ and cosine of as sind. The circle x? + y= 1 is called the unit circle, This circle is the easiest one to work with because sin and cos@ are simply the y- coordinates and the x- coordinates of the points where the terminal side of @ intersects the circle. sing= Fak ; ne Rete, FL jm x : jw , cx te) Fy. -% : P/ Angles in standard position whose measures are multiples of 30 & radians ) or multiples of 45 @ radians ) are called familiar angles, To obtain the trigonometric values of sine, cosine, and tangent of the familiar angles, use 30°-60'-90' triangle ratio or the 45°-45'-90" triangle ratio. y y wv 2 Va 60 45 ole a | sinas 22 ee aL re roe cosas = 2 M2 cosz0° -*-1 re 72 ‘The reference angle associated with 0 is the acute angle formed by the x-axis and the terminal side of the angle @.. A reference angle can be used to evaluate trigonometric functions for angles greater than 90 y y 135) a 210 x oO 20 o “The reference angle ‘The reference angle for 135° is 45 for 210° is 3 y CIN oN Son ‘The reference angle for 300" is 60Familiar Angles in a Coordinate Plane Anges with a reference angle of 30° (=) are 150° (5%), 210°(@ 2), and s90'(« 4) 5 5 ¢ o Use the 30-60-90 tangle aot nd the tlgonometc ales ofthese angles and put the appropriate signs, On the unit circle, sind = y is positive in quadrant I and Il and cos@ = x is positive in quadrant I and IV. Angles with a reference angle of 60 a, © are 120 3 Use the 30'-60"-90" triangle rato to find the trigonometric values of these angles and put the appropriate signs, On the unit circle, sind = y is positive in quadrant I and IL and cosé = x is positive in quadrant I and IV. sin 60 2 caso = 1 2 tan 60° = V3 sin 240 sin300 08 240 03300) tan 240 = V3 tan300° = —¥3.Angles with a reference angle of 45°(=) a 138 %, 228 % and 315 Use the 45°-45'-90' triangle ratio to find the trigonometric values of these angles and put the appropriate signs. On the unit circle, sind = y is positive in quadrant I and Il and cosd = x is, positive in quadrant I and TV. sinas 2 2 casis 2 2 tans sisis «2 2 cosas 2 tan316°=-1 For the angles 0°, 90 ==, 180 = and 270) -= sind is equal to the y value of the 2 point P(x.) and cosé is equal to the x value of the point P(x, x). The points P(l,0). P01). P(-1,0) ,and P{0,—1) on the unit circle corresponds to 0 = 0=180 = 2, tan270"Exercises - The Trigonometric Functions and the Unit Circle v Questions 1 and 2 refer to the following information. PE-1N3) In the xy- plane above, O is the center of the circle, and the measure of 2POQ is a What is the cosine of a’? 1 a -5 B) V8 o D) What is the cosine of (a+180)'? A) 3 B) 8 2 o t 2 1 D) yi v Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following information. Inthe ay- plane above, O is the center of the circle, and the measure of the angle shown is kar radians. ‘What is the value of k? A) ale B) ° D) What is the value of tan(&z) ? A) -¥3 B) -1 9 - D)A € Note: Figure not drawn to scale In the right triangle shown above, if tand = 3, whatis sind? A) B) ° D) cl = A In the isosceles right triangle shown above, what is tan ZA? As pt v Questions 1 and 2 refer to the following information. Inthe ay- plane above, O is the center of the circle, and the measure of 2POQ is kx radians. ‘What is the value of k? A) B) ° Dd) What is cos(k-+1)2?A mF c Intriangle ABC above, AC L BD. Which of the following does not represent the area of triangle ABC? A) PlABeos ZA¥ BCCos ZO) ABeos ABD) 8) Z(ABcos Ae BCcos ZO)(ACSInZO) ©. (ABs ABD BCsinZCBDY ABS ZA) D) 4 (ABsin ZABD+ BCsin LCBD)(BC cos £0) 20. 2 In the isosceles triangle above, what is the value of sinx ? A) B) oO D) Intriangle ABC, the measure of ZC is 90°, AC= 24, and BC = 10. What is the value of sin A? c 4 In the right triangle ABC above, the cosine of x 2 If BC=12, what is the length of AC? If sin(Sx—10)’ = cos(3x+16)", what is the value of x?