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Sand

Sand is a granular material composed of rock and mineral particles, with a grain size between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm. It is primarily made of silica, with various types including river, desert, and beach sand, each having distinct properties and uses in construction, glass-making, and landscaping. Sand is abundant on Earth and can be shaped by natural forces like wind and water.

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30 views3 pages

Sand

Sand is a granular material composed of rock and mineral particles, with a grain size between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm. It is primarily made of silica, with various types including river, desert, and beach sand, each having distinct properties and uses in construction, glass-making, and landscaping. Sand is abundant on Earth and can be shaped by natural forces like wind and water.

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Science Notes: Sand

1. Definition
●​ Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock
and mineral particles.​

●​ Grain size: 0.0625 mm to 2 mm in diameter.​

●​ Sand is larger than silt but smaller than gravel.​

2. Composition
●​ Silica (SiO₂) – most common (quartz sand).​

●​ Other minerals may include feldspar, mica, magnetite, and calcium carbonate.​

●​ Color varies depending on mineral content: white, yellow, red, black.​

3. Properties of Sand
Physical Properties

●​ Granular texture – gritty to touch.​

●​ Non-cohesive – does not stick together easily unless wet.​

●​ Porous – allows water and air to pass through.​

●​ Hardness – mainly quartz sand is very hard.​

●​ Color – varies with minerals and impurities.​

Chemical Properties
●​ Mostly inert – does not react with most chemicals.​

●​ Solubility – generally insoluble in water.​

●​ Alkalinity/Acidity – depends on mineral composition.​

4. Types of Sand
1.​ River Sand – smooth, rounded grains, good for construction.​

2.​ Desert Sand – fine, uniform grains, often blown by wind.​

3.​ M-Sand (Manufactured Sand) – crushed rock, used in construction.​

4.​ Beach Sand – contains shells, coral fragments, often used in glass-making.​

5.​ Volcanic Sand – dark, contains volcanic minerals, found near volcanoes.​

5. Uses of Sand
●​ Construction: concrete, mortar, bricks, roads.​

●​ Glass-making: silica sand is the main ingredient.​

●​ Foundries: casting metal molds.​

●​ Landscaping: playgrounds, gardens, golf courses.​

●​ Filtration: water purification systems.​

●​ Recreation: sandboxes, beaches, sports courts.​

6. Interesting Facts
●​ Sand is one of the most abundant natural resources on Earth.​
●​ Sand grains can be carried by wind, water, or glaciers, shaping landscapes.​

●​ Desert sand is too smooth for construction, so river or crushed sand is preferred.​

●​ Some beaches have colored sand, e.g., black (volcanic), pink (coral), green
(olivine).​

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