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 Eighth Edition

C++ PROGRAMMING
Program Design Including
Data Structures

D.S. Malik
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 C++ Programming:
Program Design Including Data Structures

Eighth Edition

D.S. Malik

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 C++ Programming: Program Design Including © 2018, 2015, 2013 Cengage Learning® 8
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 TO
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 Brief Contents

© HunThomas/Shutterstock.com

PREFACExxxiii

1. An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages 1

2. Basic Elements of C11 27

3. Input/Output 123

4. Control Structures I (Selection) 187

5. Control Structures II (Repetition) 265

6. User-Defined Functions 347

7. User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces,

and the string Type 467

8. Arrays and Strings 521

9. Records (structs)611

10. Classes and Data Abstraction 651

11. Inheritance and Composition 743

12. Pointers, Classes, Virtual Functions, Abstract Classes, and Lists 817

13. Overloading and Templates 907

14. Exception Handling 1007

15. Recursion 1051

16. Linked Lists 1085

17. Stacks and Queues 1179

18. Searching and Sorting Algorithms 1279

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
 vi | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

19. Binary Trees 1361

20. Graphs 1417

21. Standard Template Library (STL) 1455

APPENDIX A   Reserved Words 1575

APPENDIX B   Operator Precedence 1577

APPENDIX C   Character Sets 1579

APPENDIX D   Operator Overloading 1583

APPENDIX E    Additional C11 Topics ONLINE

APPENDIX F    Header Files 1585

APPENDIX G    Memory Size on a System 1595

APPENDIX H   References 1597

APPENDIX I      Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 1599

INDEX 1647

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 Table of Contents

© HunThomas/Shutterstock.com

Prefacexxxiii

AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS
1 AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1
Introduction2

A Brief Overview of the History of Computers 2

Elements of a Computer System 4

Hardware4
Central Processing Unit and Main Memory 4
Input/Output Devices 5
Software5

The Language of a Computer 6

The Evolution of Programming Languages 7

Processing a C11 Program 9

Programming with the Problem

Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle11

Programming Methodologies 20
Structured Programming 20
Object-Oriented Programming 20
ANSI/ISO Standard C11 22

Quick Review 22

Exercises 24
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
 viii | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

BASIC ELEMENTS OF C11 27

2
A Quick Look at a C11 Program 28

The Basics of a C11 Program 33

Comments34
Special Symbols 35
Reserved Words (Keywords) 35
Identifiers36
Whitespaces37

Data Types 37
Simple Data Types 38
Floating-Point Data Types 40

Data Types, Variables, and Assignment Statements 42

Arithmetic Operators, Operator Precedence, and Expressions 43

Order of Precedence 45
Expressions47
Mixed Expressions 48

Type Conversion (Casting) 50

string Type 53

Variables, Assignment Statements, and Input Statements 54

Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables 54
Putting Data into Variables 57
Assignment Statement 57
Saving and Using the Value of an Expression 60
Declaring and Initializing Variables 61

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 Table of Contents | ix

Input (Read) Statement 62

Variable Initialization 65

Increment and Decrement Operators 69

Output71

Preprocessor Directives 78
namespace and Using cin and cout in a Program 79
Using the string Data Type in a Program 80

Creating a C11 Program 80

Debugging: Understanding and Fixing Syntax Errors 84

Program Style and Form 87

Syntax87
Use of Blanks 88
Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and Commas 88
Semantics88
Naming Identifiers 89
Prompt Lines 89
Documentation90
Form and Style 90

More on Assignment Statements 92

Programming Example: Convert Length 94

Programming Example: Make Change 98

Quick Review 102

Exercises104

Programming Exercises 114

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
 x | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

INPUT/OUTPUT123
3
I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices 124
cin and the Extraction Operator >> 125

Using Predefined Functions in a Program 130

cin and the get Function 133
cin and the ignore Function 134
The putback and peek Functions 136
The Dot Notation between I/O Stream
Variables and I/O Functions: A Precaution 139

Input Failure 139

The clear Function 142

Output and Formatting Output 143

setprecision Manipulator 144
fixed Manipulator 145
showpoint Manipulator 146
C1114 Digit Separator 149
setw 150

Additional Output Formatting Tools 152

setfill Manipulator 152
left and right Manipulators 154

Input/Output and the string Type 156

Debugging: Understanding Logic Errors

and Debugging with cout Statements 157

File Input/Output 160

Programming Example: Movie Tickets

Sale and Donation to Charity 164

Programming Example: Student Grade 170

Quick Review 173

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 Table of Contents | xi

Exercises175

Programming Exercises 181

CONTROL STRUCTURES I (SELECTION) 187

4
Control Structures 188
SELECTION: if AND if . . . else 189
Relational Operators and Simple Data Types 189
Comparing Characters 190
One-Way Selection 191
Two-Way Selection 194
int Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 198
bool Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 198
Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions 199
Order of Precedence 201

Relational Operators and the string Type 205

Compound (Block of) Statements 207
Multiple Selections: Nested if 207
Comparing if . . . else Statements with a Series of if Statements 210
Short-Circuit Evaluation 211
Comparing Floating-Point Numbers for Equality: A Precaution 212
Associativity of Relational Operators: A Precaution 213
Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood
Concepts and Techniques 215
Input Failure and the if Statement 218
Confusion between the Equality Operator (==)
and the Assignment Operator (=)221
Conditional Operator (?:)223
Program Style and Form (Revisited): Indentation 224

Using Pseudocode to Develop, Test, and Debug a Program 224

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 xii | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

switch Structures 227

Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Partially Understood
Concepts and Techniques (Revisited) 234

Terminating a Program with the assert Function 236

Programming Example: Cable Company Billing 238

Quick Review 244

Exercises245

Programming Exercises 257

CONTROL STRUCTURES II (REPETITION) 265

5
Why Is Repetition Needed? 266

while Looping (Repetition) Structure 269

Designing while Loops 273
Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops 274
Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops 277
Case 3: Flag-Controlled while Loops 283
Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops 286
eof Function 287
More on Expressions in while Statements 292

Programming Example: Fibonacci Number 293

for Looping (Repetition) Structure 297

Programming Example: Classifying Numbers 305

do. . .while Looping (Repetition) Structure 309

Divisibility Test by 3 and 9 311
Choosing the Right Looping Structure 313

break and continue Statements 313

Nested Control Structures 315

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 Table of Contents | xiii

Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Patches 321

Debugging Loops 324

Quick Review 324

Exercises326

Programming Exercises 340

USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS 347

6
Predefined Functions 348

User-Defined Functions 352

Value-Returning Functions 353

Syntax: Value-Returning Function 355
Syntax: Formal Parameter List 355
Function Call 355
Syntax: Actual Parameter List 356
return Statement 356
Syntax: return Statement 356
Function Prototype 360
Syntax: Function Prototype 361
Value-Returning Functions: Some Peculiarities 362
More Examples of Value-Returning Functions 364
Flow of Compilation and Execution 375

Programming Example: Largest Number 376

Void Functions 378

Value Parameters 384

Reference Variables as Parameters 386

Calculate Grade 387

Value and Reference Parameters and Memory Allocation 390

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 xiv | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

Reference Parameters and Value-Returning Functions 399

Scope of an Identifier 399

Global Variables, Named Constants, and Side Effects 403

Static and Automatic Variables 411

Debugging: Using Drivers and Stubs 413

Function Overloading: An Introduction 415

Functions with Default Parameters 417

Programming Example: Classify Numbers 420

Programming Example: Data Comparison 425

Quick Review 435

Exercises438

Programming Exercises 453

USER-DEFINED SIMPLE DATA TYPES, NAMESPACES,

7 AND THE STRING TYPE 467
Enumeration Type 468
Declaring Variables 470
Assignment470
Operations on Enumeration Types 471
Relational Operators 471
Input /Output of Enumeration Types 472
Functions and Enumeration Types 475
Declaring Variables When Defining the Enumeration Type 476
Anonymous Data Types 477
typedef Statement 477

Programming Example: The Game of Rock, Paper, and Scissors 478

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 Table of Contents | xv

Namespaces487

string Type 492

Additional string Operations 496

Programming Example: Pig Latin Strings 505

Quick Review 510

Exercises512

Programming Exercises 517

ARRAYS AND STRINGS 521

8
Arrays523
Accessing Array Components 525
Processing One-Dimensional Arrays 527
Array Index Out of Bounds 531
Array Initialization during Declaration 532
Partial Initialization of Arrays during Declaration 532
Some Restrictions on Array Processing 533
Arrays as Parameters to Functions 534
Constant Arrays as Formal Parameters 535
Base Address of an Array and Array in Computer Memory 537
Functions Cannot Return a Value of the Type Array 540
Integral Data Type and Array Indices 543
Other Ways to Declare Arrays 544

Searching an Array for a Specific Item 544

Sorting547

Auto Declaration and Range-Based For Loops 551

C-Strings (Character Arrays) 552

String Comparison 555

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 xvi | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

Reading and Writing Strings 556

String Input 556
String Output 558
Specifying Input/Output Files at Execution Time 559
string Type and Input/Output Files 559

Parallel Arrays 560

Two- and Multidimensional Arrays 561

Accessing Array Components 563
Two-Dimensional Array Initialization during Declaration 564
Two-Dimensional Arrays and Enumeration Types 564
Initialization567
Print568
Input568
Sum by Row 568
Sum by Column 568
Largest Element in Each Row and Each Column 569
Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays
as Parameters to Functions 570
Arrays of Strings 573
Arrays of Strings and the string Type 573
Arrays of Strings and C-Strings (Character Arrays) 573
Another Way to Declare a Two-Dimensional Array 574
Multidimensional Arrays 575

Programming Example: Code Detection 577

Programming Example: Text Processing 583

Quick Review 590

Exercises592

Programming Exercises 604

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 Table of Contents | xvii

RECORDS (STRUCTS)611
9
Records (structs)612
Accessing struct Members 614
Assignment617
Comparison (Relational Operators) 618
Input/Output618
struct Variables and Functions 619
Arrays versus structs620
Arrays in structs620
structs in Arrays 623
structs within a struct 624

Programming Example: Sales Data Analysis 628

Quick Review 642

Exercises643

Programming Exercises 648

CLASSES AND DATA ABSTRACTION 651

10
Classes652
Unified Modeling Language Class Diagrams 656
Variable (Object) Declaration 656
Accessing Class Members 657
Built-in Operations on Classes 659
Assignment Operator and Classes 659
Class Scope 660
Functions and Classes 660
Reference Parameters and Class Objects (Variables) 660
Implementation of Member Functions 661
Accessor and Mutator Functions 666
Order of public and private Members of a Class 670

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 xviii | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

Constructors671
Invoking a Constructor 673
Invoking the Default Constructor 673
Invoking a Constructor with Parameters 674
Constructors and Default Parameters 677
Classes and Constructors: A Precaution 677
In-line Initialization of Data Members and the Default Constructor 678
Arrays of Class Objects (Variables) and Constructors 679
Destructors681

Data Abstraction, Classes, and Abstract Data Types 682

A struct versus a class 684

Information Hiding 685

Executable Code 689

More Examples of Classes 691

Inline Functions 700

Static Members of a Class 701

Programming Example: Juice Machine 707

Quick Review 722

Exercises724

Programming Exercises 736

INHERITANCE AND COMPOSITION 743

11
Inheritance744
Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class 747
Constructors of Derived and Base Classes 754
Destructors in a Derived Class 763
Multiple Inclusions of a Header File 764
C11 Stream Classes 768

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 Table of Contents | xix

Protected Members of a Class 769

Inheritance as public, protected, or private 769
(Accessing protected Members in the Derived Class) 770

Composition (Aggregation) 773

Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) 778
Identifying Classes, Objects, and Operations 780

Programming Example: Grade Report 781

Quick Review 802

Exercises802

Programming Exercises 811

POINTERS, CLASSES, VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS,

12 ABSTRACT CLASSES, AND LISTS 817
Pointer Data Type and Pointer Variables 818
Declaring Pointer Variables 818

Address of Operator (&) 820

Dereferencing Operator (*) 821

Classes, Structs, and Pointer Variables 826

Initializing Pointer Variables 829

Initializing Pointer Variables Using nullptr 829

Dynamic Variables 830

Operator new 830
Operator delete 831

Operations on Pointer Variables 835

Dynamic Arrays 837

Arrays and Range-Based for Loops (Revisited) 840
Functions and Pointers 841
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 xx | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

Pointers and Function Return Values 842

Dynamic Two-Dimensional Arrays 842

Shallow versus Deep Copy and Pointers 845

Classes and Pointers: Some Peculiarities 847

Destructor848
Assignment Operator 849
Copy Constructor 851

Inheritance, Pointers, and Virtual Functions 858

Classes and Virtual Destructors 865

Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions 866

Array-Based Lists 874

Unordered Lists 881

Ordered Lists 886

Address of Operator and Classes 887

Quick Review 889

Exercises892

Programming Exercises 903

OVERLOADING AND TEMPLATES 907

13
Why Operator Overloading Is Needed 908

Operator Overloading 909

Syntax for Operator Functions 910
Overloading an Operator: Some Restrictions 910
Pointer this 913
Friend Functions of Classes 918
Operator Functions as Member Functions and Nonmember Functions 921
Overloading Binary Operators 924

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 Table of Contents | xxi

Overloading the Stream Insertion (<<) and Extraction

(>>) Operators 930
Overloading the Assignment Operator (=)935
Overloading Unary Operators 943
Operator Overloading: Member versus Nonmember 949
Classes and Pointer Member Variables (Revisited) 950
Operator Overloading: One Final Word 950

Programming Example: clockType950

Programming Example: Complex Numbers 959

Overloading the Array Index (Subscript) Operator ([]) 964

Programming Example: newString 966

Function Overloading 973

Templates973
Function Templates 973
Class Templates 975

Array-Based Lists (Revisited) 978

C1111 Random Number Generator 985

Quick Review 987

Exercises989

Programming Exercises 996

EXCEPTION HANDLING 1007

14
Handling Exceptions within a Program 1008
C11 Mechanisms of Exception Handling 1012
try/catch Block 1012
Using C11 Exception Classes 1019

Creating Your Own Exception Classes 1023

Rethrowing and Throwing an Exception 1032
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 xxii | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

Exception-Handling Techniques 1036

Terminate the Program 1036
Fix the Error and Continue 1036
Log the Error and Continue 1037

Stack Unwinding 1038

Quick Review 1041

Exercises1043

Programming Exercises 1049

RECURSION1051
15
Recursive Definitions 1052
Direct and Indirect Recursion 1054
Infinite Recursion 1054

Problem Solving Using Recursion 1055

Tower of Hanoi: Analysis 1065

Recursion or Iteration? 1065

Programming Example: Converting a

Number from Binary to Decimal 1067

Programming Example: Converting a

Number from Decimal to Binary 1071

Quick Review  1074

Exercises  1075

Programming Exercises  1080

LINKED LISTS 1085

16
Linked Lists 1086
Linked Lists: Some Properties 1087
Deletion1093
Building a Linked List 1094
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 Table of Contents | xxiii

Linked List as an ADT 1099

Structure of Linked List Nodes 1100
Member Variables of the class linkedListType 1100
Linked List Iterators 1101
Print the List 1107
Length of a List 1108
Retrieve the Data of the First Node 1108
Retrieve the Data of the Last Node 1108
Begin and End 1108
Copy the List 1109
Destructor1110
Copy Constructor 1110
Overloading the Assignment Operator 1111

Unordered Linked Lists 1111

Search the List 1112
Insert the First Node 1113
Insert the Last Node 1114
Header File of the Unordered Linked List 1119

Ordered Linked Lists 1120

Search the List 1121
Insert a Node 1122
Insert First and Insert Last 1126
Delete a Node 1127
Header File of the Ordered Linked List 1128

Print a Linked List in Reverse Order

(Recursion Revisited) 1131
printListReverse1133

Doubly Linked Lists 1134

Default Constructor 1137
isEmptyList1137

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 xxiv | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

Destroy the List 1137

Initialize the List 1138
Length of the List 1138
Print the List 1138
Reverse Print the List 1138
Search the List 1139
First and Last Elements 1139

Circular Linked Lists 1145

Programming Example: DVD Store 1146

Quick Review 1166

Exercises1166

Programming Exercises 1173

STACKS AND QUEUES 1179

17
Stacks1180
Stack Operations 1182

Implementation of Stacks as Arrays 1184

Initialize Stack 1187
Empty Stack 1188
Full Stack 1188
Push1188
Return the Top Element 1190
Pop1190
Copy Stack 1192
Constructor and Destructor 1192
Copy Constructor 1193
Overloading the Assignment Operator (=)1193
Stack Header File 1194

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 Table of Contents | xxv

Programming Example: Highest GPA 1198

Linked Implementation of Stacks 1202

Default Constructor 1205
Empty Stack and Full Stack 1205
Initialize Stack 1206
Push1206
Return the Top Element 1208
Pop1208
Copy Stack 1210
Constructors and Destructors 1211
Overloading the Assignment Operator (=)1211
Stack as Derived from the class unorderedLinkedList 1214

Application of Stacks: Postfix Expressions Calculator 1215

Main Algorithm 1218
Function evaluateExpression 1218
Function evaluateOpr 1220
Function discardExp 1222
Function printResult 1222

Removing Recursion: Nonrecursive Algorithm

to Print a Linked List Backward 1225

Queues1229
Queue Operations 1230
Implementation of Queues as Arrays 1232
Linked Implementation of Queues 1241
Queue Derived from the class unorderedLinkedListType 1246

Application of Queues: Simulation 1247

Designing a Queuing System 1248
Customer1249
Server1252
Server List 1255
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 xxvi | C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

Waiting Customers Queue 1259

Main Program 1261

Quick Review 1265

Exercises1266

Programming Exercises 1275

SEARCHING AND SORTING ALGORITHMS 1279

18
Searching and Sorting Algorithms 1280

Search Algorithms 1280

Sequential Search 1281
Binary Search 1283
Performance of Binary Search 1288
Binary Search Algorithm and the class ordered ArrayListType 1289

Asymptotic Notation: Big-O Notation 1289

Lower Bound on Comparison-Based Search Algorithms 1297

Sorting Algorithms 1297

Sorting a List: Bubble Sort 1297

Analysis: Bubble Sort 1301
Bubble Sort Algorithm and the class unorderedArrayListType 1302

Selection Sort: Array-Based Lists 1303

Analysis: Selection Sort 1305

Insertion Sort: Array-Based Lists 1305

Analysis: Insertion Sort 1309

Lower Bound on Comparison-Based Sort Algorithms 1310

Quick Sort: Array-Based Lists 1311

Analysis: Quick Sort 1317

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 Table of Contents | xxvii

Merge Sort: Linked List–Based Lists 1318

Divide1320
Merge1322
Analysis: Merge Sort 1325

Programming Example: Election Results 1328

Quick Review 1349

Exercises1350

Programming Exercises 1356

BINARY TREES 1361

19
Binary Trees 1362
Copy Tree 1367
Binary Tree Traversal 1368

Implementing Binary Trees 1373

Binary Search Trees 1381

Binary Search Tree: Analysis 1392

Nonrecursive Binary Tree Traversal Algorithms 1393

Nonrecursive Inorder Traversal 1393
Nonrecursive Preorder Traversal 1395
Nonrecursive Postorder Traversal 1396

Binary Tree Traversal Algorithms and Functions as Parameters 1397

Programming Example: DVD Store (Revisited)  1401

Quick Review 1409

Exercises1410

Programming Exercises 1414

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