What is Process Capability?
• It is the behaviour of a process with respect to customer specifications. In other
words, It is the measurement of ability of process to meet
customer specifications
• Variation is contributed only by common cause. It isa measurable property of a
process to the specification
• The output of this measurement is usually illustrated by a histogram and joining
centers of each bar forms different distribution patters.
• The output of this measurement is usually illustrated by a histogram and joining
centers of each bar forms different distribution patterns.
• Higher the capability of the process means it is highly capable of achieving customer
specifications.(Higher is better)
Process Capability Ratio - Cp
Cp is a measure of ‘Process Potential Index’
or
Inherent Process Capability
or
Is a measure of “Capability by Design’
Process Capability Indices
Cp Measures how well data fits the specification
limits (USL,LSL)
Cpk Measures how centered the data is between the specification
limits (USL,LSL)
UNDERSTANDING SPECIFICATIONS
CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS
For the upcoming World
Cup, your company has Diameter of the
been engaged as one of balls should be
its official ball between 6.56 to
manufacturers." 6.86 cm
What is a capable process ?
Reject Accept Reject
LSL 6.56 USL 6.86
Cp = 1
LSL USL
Mean
For CP = 1, Customer Spec & Normal Distribution will have to be same
Interference:
• Normal process is capable of creating products that meet customer specification
• However, if any special cause variation happens we are almost sure to make defects
Cp < 1
LSL USL
Mean
For CP < 1, Customer Spec is smaller than Normal Distribution
Interference:
• Even the normal process is incapable of creating products that meet customer
specifications
Cp > 1
LSL USL
Mean
For CP > 1, Customer Spec & Normal Distribution will have to be same
Interference:
• Normal process is capable of creating products that meet customer specification
• However, even for special cause variation there is a little cushion on both sides
Process capability ratio
Specification width USL - LSL
Cp = =
Process width 6σ
Cp = 1 Cp < 1 Cp > 1
LSL USL LSL USL LSL USL
Arrive Cp Value
Exercise No : 1
Process Capability Ratio
tolerance range
Cp = process range
upper specification limit -
lower specification limit
=
6
Arrive Cp Value
Exercise No : 1 Specification = 6.40 0.15 grams
Upper specification limit = 6.55 grams
Lower specification limit = 6.25 grams
Process standard deviation = 0.054
upper specification limit -
lower specification limit
Cp =
6
6.55 – 6.25
Cp = 6(0.054) =
0.92
Cp Value
1. CP > 1 means that the process variation is less than the
specification.
2. CP < 1 means that the process is not capable of meeting the
specifications
3. Cp = 1 means that the process is just meeting specifications.
Cp VS Cpk
a. If Cp=Cpk, the process is centered at the midpoint of
the specification limits.
i. If Cpk<Cp, the process if off-centered.
ii. If Cpk>Cp. Not possible, Cpk can never exceed Cp.
b. Cp > 1 or Cpk > - Process is capable
d. If Cpk=0, the process mean is exactly equal to one of
the specification limits.
e. If Cpk<0, the process mean lies outside the
specification limits.
f. If Cpk<-1, the entire process lies outside the
specification limits. g. 1<Cpk<1.33 means that the
process is barely capable.
h. Automotive industry uses Cpk = 1.33 as a benchmark in
accessing the capability of a process.
i. More recently, quality requirements have become more
stringent, and many customers require Cpk values of 1.33,
1.66, or 2.00.
Process Capability Index (Cpk )
The formula for Cpk
USL - mean , mean - LSL
Cpk = min USL – mean 3 3
Cpk Process capability index
Mean Mean Value
USL Upper specification limit
LSL Lower specification limit
USL Standard deviation
Exercise No : 1 Specification = 6.40 0.15 grams
Upper specification limit = 6.55 grams
Lower specification limit = 6.25 grams
Process mean = 6.422
Process standard deviation = 0.054
=
upper specification limit - x ,
Cpk = minimum = 3
x – Lower specification limit
3
6.55 – 6.422 6.422 – 6.25
= minimum , = (0.79,1.06)
3(0.054) 3(0.054)
Cpk = Minimum 0.79
Process Capability Index (Cpk )
1. Cpk value is always equal to or less than Cp value
2. Cpk > 1 means that the process conforms the specification
3. Cpk < 1 means that the process does not conform to specifications
4. Cpk = 1 means that the process is just conforms to specifications.
5. Cp = Cpk then process is centered
Our Garage is 2M Wide.
The same as our car if
our car fit exactly in
the garage, then CP”1
So if the car I parked right in the middle
Cpk is 1And if the car I parked a little to the left or right then Cpk is<1!
Then CP is STILL 1 because It does not
If we want to take the target into consideration we use Cpk instead !
take the target into consideration
In our example we have added a central line to illustrate the middle of the garage
Yield% *Cpk *Sigma Level /Z *DPPM
50 0.5 1.5 500,000
60 0.6 1.8 400,000
70 0.7 2.0 300,000
80 0.8 2.3 200,000
90 0.9 2.8 100,000
95 1.0 3.1 50,000
99 1.3 3.8 10,000
99.9 1.5 4.6 1,000
99.99 1.8 5.3 100
99.999 1.9 5.7 10
99.9997 2.0 6.0 3
Cp, Cpk VS Pp, Ppk
Cp, Cpk Pp, Ppk
• This uses Sample Standard • This uses Overall Standard Deviation
Deviation • Used to check process capability in
• Used to check process capability overall population.
within sample subgroups • Uses Population standard deviation (S)
• Uses estimated Standard
deviation. Sigma (σ)Cap/Hat
