National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research (NITER)

Department of Textile Engineering

Level 1 Term 2
Course Code: TE-1210 Course Title: Engineering Workshop
Practices
Experiment no : 1
Name of the Experiment: Study of Different Hand Tools Used in the Machine Shop

Introduction: A tool that is powered by human muscles rather than a motor or engine is known
as a hand tool. A machinist must be skilled in the use of the numerous hand tools, which have
been designed to make his work easier. In addition to knowing how to use hand tools properly,
the machinist must also know the various types of tools available to do a particular job, and
how to select the best type and size for a given job. The following three rules are important to
get the best output from the tools,
- Purchase only quality tools.
- Keep tools in safe condition.
- Use the right tools for the right job.

Hand tools fall into two major groups:

# Non-cutting Hand Tools.
# Cutting Hand Tools.

Non-cutting hand tools:

# Hammering tools:
Hammer: A hammer is used to deliver a flat blow (force) or to shape and form metal. Hammer
comes in many types, sizes, and shapes. The size used depends on the work size and required
force.
Hammers are of two types according to their materials:
- Hard hammer
- Soft hammer
Three types of hard hammer are used in machine and metal trades:
1. Ball-peen hammer
2. Straight-peen hammer
3. Cross-peen hammer

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Instructions for Use:
# Always grip the hammer close to the end of the handle to increase leverage for a harder
blow.
# Whenever possible, strike the object squarely with the head's full face to prevent
damage to the hammer face and to the object.
# Never strike a steel hammer on a machined surface or another hammer.

Fig 1: (A) Ball-peen Hammer, (B) Straight-peen hammer, (C) Cross-peen hammer

#Fastening tools
1. Screwdriver
2. Hand wrench
A screwdriver is used to install and remove threaded fasteners. Common types of screwdrivers
are:
- Flathead screwdriver
- Phillips-head or cross-head screwdriver
- Offset screwdriver

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 Fig 2: Different types of screwdrivers

Wrenches: A wrench is a tool for turning nuts or bolts. It is usually made of steel. There are many
kinds of wrenches. They may consist of a slot, socket, pins or movable jaws for grasping the nut,
with the rest of the tool serving as a handle for applying pressure.
Types of wrenches are –

Fig 3: Different types of wrenches

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Use:
1. Be sure that wrench correctly fits the nut or bolt.
2. Always pulls in a wrench, don’t push.
3. If you must push, use the base of your palm and keep your hand open.
4. Never use a pipe piece on a wrench.
5. Never hammer on a wrench.

#Clamping tools
- Bench vises
- Clamps
- Pliers
1. Bench vises:
- Bench vise is a device to clamp work between their jaws.
- Regular vise jaws are serrated (grooved) to provide a good gripping surface.
- To prevent damage of machined parts some time protective jaw cover is used.
2.Clamps:
Clamps are more portable and versatile than vises, but don’t hold the complete work
stationary. However, they are handy for fastening materials together, as while welding and
grinding.
Clamps are two types:
- C-clamp.
- Parallel clamp.

` Fig 4: Different types of clamps

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3. Pliers: - Pliers are used for gripping, turning and drawing, wire and small parts.
- Cutting metal wires and pins.
There are many types of pliers used in the workshop. Some of them are:
Combination pliers:
- They are made of holding work; not for tightening or loosing nuts.
- A slip joint permits the jaws to be opened wider.
Diagonal cutting pliers:
- They are ideal for pulling cotter pins. Also can be used for spreading the end of the cotter
pins.
- Never use diagonal pliers for cutting large gauge wire.
Side cutting pliers : Are used for service technician who cuts a lot of gauge wire.
Needle nose pliers : Are used primarily for handling small objects and for reaching into
restricted areas. Never force them beyond their gripping
capacity.
Snap ring pliers : Used to spread snap rings just the right amount as they are
removed or installed.
Lock grip pliers : Used to clamp and hold a round object. One jaw is adjustable to
fit different sizes of nuts, bolt heads and pipes or rod.

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 Fig : Different types of pliers

Cutting and shaping hand tools

#Sawing tools

• Hacksaw
Hacksaw is mainly used for cutting of splitting metallic piece into parts. Main parts of hacksaw
are frame and blade.

#Chipping tools
1. Chisel: Chisel are used for dividing and chipping. They are also used for breaking rivets and
splitting nuts. Types of chisel are -
- Flat cold chisel: Used for general use.
- Cape cold chisel: Used for key way and groove cutting.
- Round nose cold chisel: Used for cutting semicircular grooves and chipping inside
corners, which have a fillet or radius.
- Diamond point cold chisel: For cutting V-groove and sharp corners.

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 Fig : Different types of chisel

#Filling tools: Files are extensively used to

1. Alter the shape of a part
2. Reduce the size.
3. Remove edges.
4. Finish surfaces that have tool marks.
Use:

• Before attempting to use a file equip it with a tight-fitting handle.

• Normally push the file across the work.
• Never hammer on a file.
• Clean the file with a brush.
• Do not throw files around on the bench or into a drawer.

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Different Types of Files are shown in the figure below

Fig : Different types of files

Punching tool
1. Hand punch
Use:

• To make indentations.
• To drive pins.
• To align parts.
• To punch holes.

Classification of punch:
1. Starting punch.
2. Pin punch.
3. Center punch: Is used to make the location of hole that is to be drilled. The
center punch has 60° to 90° included angels.
4. Aligns punch.
5. Prick punch: Is smaller than center punch and usually used for layout marking
purpose. The included angle is 30° to 60°.

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 Fig : Different types of punches

Conclusion: Keeping in mind the vast applications of the tools described in the previous section,
it is very essential to have a detailed knowledge about the hand tools used in the fitting and
machine shops.