Heot : i Heoy is defthed oS the Tom of cegy thot is rorstered across the boundery oF 0 SySttm of a given temperdture 10 onother System (or the Sorrsundings) % 9 lower semperotute by the viTTUt of temperatere difference betwee the +00 SySttmB Thot iS the beot is trongkered fiom the Systm of higher ttmperoture to the sySttm Ot the loser temperoture, ond the heat thanahy ocwts solely 1 becouse oF the tmperotere df ference betvcén the THO Systems Fhe amount of heog tronsher fom the Stott | to the stote 2 is descgnobed 05 Qua or ond is mengeyed im joules (1) or Kilajoules (ka) 4n S1 units Gnd Colors (cot) oF klocalortes (kcal) in 4S units Heot ttorsfor per unit mass of q isystem is denoted by 4 ond is expressed ab i= (iy) Heat Lorroundings fo oF m1 ae, ie aay ‘yy : Bobsd “poloyo ‘ ot foo*c (>) Heop Uronsfer by viriue of temptrofare diFference Advobotic Process A process during whrch there 18 no heot tronsfer is Called on advobotic process . In on adrobotty, proces, the temperotute of 9 sytem ond energy Content con be chonged by other processed , Such 06 work » Se (b) Energy 05 beat creéais 9 ‘rhe bavodery Sutroundings Fig A Syst exchongir 3 ro heot with carrot dings 18 on okobope vo ollrrr Heot trongfer rote : ' The quont'ty of eof #ansfer in unr ties 1 called’ heot - tronsfer rate . Ik is designoted og G ond 13 measured fn Fils ow RW, @ = Gatat Heot V8" lngernol energy - In thermodynomive heot ond internal energy ore —jwo differ Forms of enetgy « Internal energy 15.10 Property while heot fe pot A body moy cintain energy (in stored form) but ndt heat. The intstno]ehegy 1S assotroped wih a Safe, while heot is associated | with a process . Thereforg heot or heots energy De ' defined oS a form of crergy in pransit ' Heot % 9 poth Funckion. Ik requires specific direction in its FepteSento4ion on o plot - Sign Caovertion for beat : serraundings Heot is a ditec onal quant'ty , od it Specif'cotion requires magnitude ond direction , UniverSally aecepted sign conventions ore 06 Shown . Fig Sign Coovengron for heap vongfer 5 TT Fou) ! T= Gilt) (1) Heot tronéfey to 0 Sy8tim (het Supply) is considered positive : |e 2) Frere a syatem (heat rejection) i considered Jn othor words , the quantity ef beak gbich inoreages the energy Content of a System 88 positive ond ony heat transfer thot deoreases the Chergy ContenL ef a system Is negative .Sign Govention For Heat : ‘Heat is a directional quantity , Ged its Speciffcotfon requires Magnitude ond direction. Universally Accepted Sgn Ceaventiong are as shown . Sarraundings - oor 6 ' 1 Heo transfer te the systim (heat Supply) 18 Considered positive 2. Heat phonsferred from a System (Heat refection) is congidered negative + In other words , the quortity of heop which inoeages the anergy Wotent Hs OF the System iS positive ond any beet tronsfer tho, decreases the energy Crtert of the a System is regotiveWork Work Kike heat i also a fom of energy in transit. tt 4g defined 08 energy transfer associabed With force acting through o digtanog - It is on interaction bepween f4Stm and its Surroundings . tregy con cogs the boundory of the SyStem aS beot of work . Therefore , IF the energy Crossing she boundory ig NOt hea, then it magt be work. 4 Moving piston, yotoging Shafk, a rising weight ore al] ossoeafed with work interaction Werk ig olso meagored in ki. Workdone during 0 process from the Siote 1 t0 the Srofe 2 js denoted by Wha of W. The wor Iore per only mags ig defined a6 ¢ w= (bifty) erergy FZ (wit) Tt Inoufoyion &- /woving blodesS e@ 4n insalofed chomber Cortoining a System of gos, ond GR changing MEY AS Work tronsfer only {6 % Shown above . The heat energy Connot CSS the systun boundary as the inguloted wal] ond the moving blodes add irterna] energy to the SysteSign Goavertion For Work : The Complete spect copion of work wonster olgo requires magnitude and direetion . The universally accepted ign Cenventions ore as shown befow . Surtoundings ———— 4 ! aL ty () ee) i ' ' | oH Win) Bede ~ boundary I The produchion of quork is desirable | therefore , the work done by & Gysttm is Considered positive . 2. The Consumption of work i olwoys undesirable , therefore, work done on a SyStem 18 Considered 08 negative. By bign Convenfon, aver prodvoed by a cet engine, a bydtovlic motor, steam dnd gas turbines IS positive ond work consumed in operation oF 4 Compressor , 4 pump, v tefsigerafor, a Fan, ae iS regotive - ‘Speo'fic Heat : te is defined of the oncegy required 10 change temperature ot the unit mass of a Substance by one degree. It is designoted ag C ond measured in k/KOK of Ki] kg."C «in St or'ts and Koollkg-k io he units . ean ~m \dT dT Sinoe, heat pongfer i a path function, the Specific heat also becomes poth function and it depends gn how the process i erected . The value oF energy Slorage copacity of 4 Substance depends upon gpecific heat .Samilorittes _bebyeen heot ond york : Heo ond overk beth oire the inteactions bel of eneegy betueen o Syotem ond HS Sorreundings ond thoy hove some similorities between them . 1. Both ore tecogn‘zed of the boundory of the system os they UrosS it,and thus both heat and work are boundory phenomenon . BB A byStem troy have Chergy , but ot heat or work, because, hem and work ote trangrent phenomenon “Both org associoftd wth a process, not a Stote- Therefore , unlike propert#te , heot of Werk bos no meaning of o Stote. o e 4. Both ore poth functions. they ore expressed by poth followed during 9 process . 5. The equations for heot ond Work cannot be dFferentioted exoctly The differential equations of heol ond work oe represented 06 dB ond dy , respectively. Dissimiorities betareen heat + work Honsfer - e 1+ Heot tronsfer tokoé place due jo temperoture diFference only. while qootk bronrsfer 04 take place due to ony Potential dcHorence in pressure, voltage, height rvelodity , ete 2° A gtotionory Sytem cannot do work, qhile such a restiictior is not Imposed on heof trongfer 3. The entire quant'ty of work con be converted arto heot , or ary other form of enetgy , while Conversion of enting quantity of heot into wotk is not possible= First aw of thet mody namieg : ' The First low of thermody nomics , algo brdun a8 ConSevofion of energy Prioc’ple . It States thay, during oy process if the ener disoppeors in one form | jt appears sip other Form , bot its toto quantity always kemoin constant .Thol is , the ehergy Con neither be created nor destroyed Lit cap only chongt its form . ' For example, for the energy inferaction befureen a 8y8bem ond its Surroundings, the enegy lot by a System musty be equol to the ormourt ‘of energy gained by the Suttoundings . The first low Con be proved mothermarically but no nee Process in nature iS Frown to have violated the free low of ther rod ynami 6, Setrogndings ; a 30°C fousjo ' Sy saad os AE= HOF \ bbs -t0e Sas B Roarnalls Wie i feat a &srem Qs o0 ke eS ao Fig-(a)- Hot potoro loosing hs energy 0S heat Figi @). Electrical work WS MY Gy OS fooreoses the wergy in o aL IS bound ory fi bet US consider a process thot involves only beot onsFer bet PO wor Interaction . A bot pototo taker from ovw js exposed fo toom oft 08 shousn in fig.@) Aso result of hes} tronster from o bot Potodo , it energy will decrease . in olasenoe of other cHects | the decreose io toto] energy of the potato becomes equal to the Grrount of heat transfered to the surroundings Therefore , the prinolple of conservofion of ereray can be expressed Pe ~ Ab = ~Aq where, AE &-E\ absence of ony werk IDF 8F0fOn , befusten the system and the’ Surroundings , the amoung! of wet heat vransfer i equal to the change ip jenetgy of the Syspem ' gz 4e when W=0 Now Consider a vell insuloted room, heoked by on’ electric | heofer 05 chown in Hg-lh) 4S a result of clestsic enotk done, the” energy of the foam wall sincresge . Sin og the room IS adrobotic ond Cannot hove ary heat interaction with. its Surroundings , the conservation of encray Principle dictotes that eledric work done on the toom Must be equal 40 jngeoee in energy of toon. That iS yc dE ° For on odrobotie process, the amount oF werk done is equol to change in ohergy of the syetem, Tho Is, We -4B ater P=? P __ il | ween E ~20kT i = 4oht 2 (404 mol UE I sot | st FY ° I ggeo | basacapeag t) f1g.(0) The energy chonge 9 dosed sy6tem during Fig (€)- Heoy Sopplicd to | O process a Sytem equo} yo work arangfer and energy chongé i low, consider odork ond het vonaft eimaltoneousl 06 shown in Fig. (ed. Conder on amount A 926 Ih q piston Oylinder device. The gaé is heoted inside the cylinder as) a) pegult of heat Gupply . Ag the energy of the 908 Increases, its _presgure and . temperot ate algo mnoreange - then the gos will expond , ond goetk will be done ap the boundory of the syetem . The cnnservotion ff snetoy prino’'fle spe tepeds. thot:Qe WH AE fe ee ee ee q-w = AB CH) where | ' q- net beot tronsfey aooss syste boondaries Wy Pa work ttorstey in all forms Ae - net change in toto] energy of the System The total energy of the system ie the gum of infernol energy kinetic rergy PE, and potentiol energy PE., ie. Abs AU 4 dee + abe (te) Host close Systems fo practice loro Stotidaoty tn nohure ve, + do! not: involve netic ereroy and’ pokertiol energy during a process... Thus the —Etaponory systems ofe colled 06 omfloco gysterg ond the First low oF thermodynamics ts reduced to q-W = du Crt) i for unit més, qe ws 40 In rote term , 5 ett ears in diFfecentiol form , do ~ dw = de ' Biol boergy : The Sum ok all the Forrng of srorgy 1S called toto energy & oF the system . Thus ‘ ‘Es UA PET KE + other forms of energyThe dther forms of energy Such 06 ‘magnetic , wind, thermol | efedttico), Gnd mechonital ore trongit, forma of enegy Moa often in thermo - Aynome onalyeis, the tojol energy OF the SySttm 1S cansidered 06 gum Of FE, PE ond intetno| oreray UO. That is E = U4RE + PC ! ' on unit mogs bagis , c= ut kes pe — Vlechonisms F tnerg] Transfer ' —-Bnuryy con be tronsfetred 40 of from a sistem in thee forms: heot, Wotk and mass Flow . Energy ints oetiong ore recognized of the boundary ef 06 they cross ib, ond itey Fepregent the enegy goined) ot leet by a 8ySt2M doting 0 process. The only two forms oF ereagy interacffonS wssocioted wlth a fixed moss icf control, closed system ote heot transfer and work. O Heat vorsfer , 9 Heat Bonsfey to 0 Byatt (heot goin) imoreases the energy of the molecules ond thes internal ewegy Ff the system, and heot tromsfr Tom a system (heot loss) decteoses i since the energy transferred ov os heot ames fiom energy of the molecules of the Sysitm . : @ wok sronshor wy i Ao eregy interaoyon thot is not caused by q A&mperatore difference between a system and its surroundings ° ib werk A rising piston, a pototing shaft, an electric wite crossing the syStem boundories ote all agsocioged with work interactions . I Work trongfer to a System (ie cwetk done on a eystem) increases the erergy of the system and wietk transfor from a | system (ie-cuetk done by the Systm) deoeoses ih o& Since the crergy transferred ov 06 woth Comes from the mergy contained in the Hstim .Cor engines , ond hydroulic , Steam or gas turbines produce work vqhile compressors, pumps ond mixtures gngume work. @ Poss Flow, m | Moss Flow in ond out of the sydtern Serves -o& on addition} mechanism of energy transfer, When moss cnters the seen , the energy of the syste incresses becouse of mods caries egy with it (in Foop, mage is energy’) - Likewlot , Some when Some moss [roves the System , the ergy Content within the Syston eoteoses beoouse the deporting moss tokes oot some ergy with ib. For example, when sore hot goter 16 token out of a woofer heoter, ond i& reploced by the Some amount oF cxld jwoter, the eneroy content of hot -woter sok (the control volume) decteoses 06 9 reault of ths mass inter ayion : : i Woting thot, ener con be srongferred in the form %F heot , work gnd moss, and the net ttonster, of a quontity 1 equal ao the diFforence beturcen the amounts trongferted in ond oub , the energy bolon og Gab Con be airitten , more opplicitly 06 in ~Eou = (Pn - Pout’) + (int Wort’) 4 CEmags,n' ~Emoes cut) : = Abgten . aubere, quontiby Ye! and ‘out! denote quontitirs that enter | and leave the 5y8tem, tespecpvely . :The beot srongtor } 1S zero for on wdisbotic prosess system , and the werk vansfor wl jg zero for a syettm thot idoes not involve ony Work Inter aefion ond the energy banspott with moss Emass | 1 eto fara Closed system . The et chonge in totol orergy of a SySt9m during a process 18 | eqn] to she diffrence butaren the tnpl energy entering ond totol ory leaving the System doting thot, proceés . Tal Total Nek ch io | (sae) (a ) -( a i : tho System the syetern the Syston or Het energy trongher change in inteenal binetic , by feat work 4 moss potentio , eke energies “Ap vote form, , : 1 a! dEsistem j Soo fk Ey Rote of net enoray tronsfor by beot, wf Rote of chonge in internol ond mogg Hneic , potentiol , okt. energies For Constant robes, the tool quantities dering @ time ihfervol At ote related 19 the quantities, per anit time as = Gar od We WatPerpetual Motion Mochine of the first find (Pog ): A device thot viclottds First low oF thermody nomics by producing wotk from nothing js called 0 perpeuol motion muthing of Firep kend (Peinj 1). Consider the steam power plont as shown in Fig: BE bow Is fs proposed to produce steam by o resistance heater placed inside the boiler, instead by_comby Stir of fuel. the port of cleotn'oty produced is ustd for ipsistance esting and pump work. the rest of alectrieity 16 the net output The invertor cliims once the Syste ja stented , the power plant produces electricty for on infinite tine qi thou requiring any energy iDput trom the outside . Hence, the inventor tt't6 to Solve the ciorld energy crisis if at goths. Unfortunately {Buch a poposol 18 rot possible in prockice becauge the devices only produces ereray outpes of dlectle wer, wp ond beat rejeotion Gy, from the condenser without, any ener input which 15 8 vidlotten oF first Jow of thermodynamics . Theefore, gudh 0 device iS called the perpetual mation machine of the Tree kind (erietr) ,avcb Ie impossible - w, € Pomp Condenser io - our Fig A perpetual Motion efockine of Hest kod that viclayes the First lowTheemol Receavoit : ' ' Wt ig 0 hypothey/col body with an infinite heof copacity 4 thermal HeServolt CoM ‘ipply of absorb any amount of heat astthout affecting its temperature. Fer example, large bodies of woter such aS Cctan, Nver O8 Wel] of otmogphere con be conatdered a8 thermal reservoits . | A two phase system of fluids con olso be trated of 0 thermal reservoir og long a6 JL does not tofuen qo single phase as. Since the UO phase System Con absorb of tefease ony amount of heot hile MOdtoinjAy HS tmperotupe - Girmflorly, large jadostiol Furnaces ‘con also be tated of thermal reservoirs . ote MOinfained OL olmost af Constant — @ *peroture ond ore capable oF forsferring a lorge quantity of heat enetgy in an isolated manner 4 restaveis thay Gopplits het energy is called heot source ond) the ong thot abserbs heat energy is called heat siok Heat Engine : We know thoh act Omrount of heof connot be converted info work directly but conversion of heat ingo work requires Some Special devices. Such devices ore called ag beat engines , ; cos High temperature e@ C rear, Set) | soa at Ty | ‘ a / / ——y fl &) : _—— t—§_ enger hk — cond Low Temperaturg TeSCNNGIY Of TL (ear ook ' a Fig(b). Schematic Fig(a) « Schernotic’ diagram of Stearn Asdgrans of Heat Engine poorer plantlo broader Sense , werk produang devices moy be included’ in eof! engines Such aS intetnal Combustion engines Steam ond gas turbines. But thede devices ore Operoted sh mechanjeol yole , nok in ' thermodynamic Cycle , Since the uotking Fluid docs not undergo O Complete cycle - A heot engine thot reodues heat enegy from a high ferporoture FeBervarr , Conver some of heat energy ioto werk ond - rafts the remaining heat joa lew temperature reservoir. Heat engine -gperotes in a cycle . 4, 6team power plort best fits into the delinition of a heat engine .the Schematic diagram of o hasic Steam Power plant and o) het engine fs a5. chown in fg. The working of a heot ehging con be illusproped os follows (i) he receives heat Gy from high temperoture peservaiy (source’) © ot Ty i) h Convets the port of heot supplied info useful) work, Whe Gi) He reeks remain jing heat G, to a low temperoture reservoir (sink) of T, - , \ The ve werk cutpur of the heot engine is the difference bebe the tuto] wotk done by the rurbing ond wotk input! to feed pomp, te. | What = Wout, “Wy © For any cyclic heat engine, the neg wrotk con algo be obtained from the difFerence between heat gupplted and heat Fejection . Vg = GO Thermal Effirenoy : Thermal efoto cy is the performance tenguring porameier of O bea engine. In Senero) , jk fs defined a8 the topo oF the desired output to the ehergy input . For heat engine rhe desired ovbput 16 the net work and Une and endigy input is hea, Supplied Gu» Then the thermal aliereny ‘nh! bsThermal effioreney , eh = Neb work ouput Week bnergy input as beat “UH mie whl, & ie H Gu Since Gy dod GQ, borh org positive! quantities, thermal eFFierency’ of work producing devjoos is always less thon unity . The ordinory Spork ignition ingen ‘ombustion engine is cbout go). eFfivvent , while the design engine js about aap effloreng . Lorge gos ond Steam power’ plonts have a theraral efficrtroy of about 467. | ’ 1 Refrigerator A velrrgerotor iS a device operoting in o ode, thot is montatms 0 body at lower tempeyatere thon its surroundings . A refrigerator oxtiags heat Contindousl From a Controlled space yand thus jrig mompained, ob lower temperatures than, its surroundings The working Fluid in the Heb Qoragor 8 called the peFrigetont ee 1 | Serminting® at Ty —t— { bvopsroyor Fl at | % bypansion oe ; { volve ‘Win / oy fae Eo -| Cordensey Ay aia ; af ee © cold refrigerated | Sono diggs oT) | Sp0ce oF Ti | Fig-(a) Bosic’ Compononys of 1 Aig-(b) Schemaic a tefrigerator Hagan of a tefugeratotThe most Frequently astd refi gerotion cycle ig! the vopour Compre8gion jel - The vapor Complession cycle is used in household Fefrigorators . Ike basic components are : a) Comprtgsor, 0 Condenser , QP expansign device and an evaporates og —Ghown The refrgeront enters the compressor of low pressure vapour Gnd is Compressed to high pressure and tenperature . In condenser, the refrigerom, vopoor passes through the long condenser caile, whore I reects its fopeny heot te the gutround ings. the Liquid telrigerant then enters a Capillay tube (on expansion devices for Gmoll refrigerators’), where Hts pressor reduces drostically doe 10 throttling effey and Ns tUrperature aloo reduces. This low - temperature and low pressure refrigerant then posses through the ewcpororor coils (freezer) where id vapor mes by absorbing heot, From refrigerated space to fesp ib of low Femperorure . This dle completes aS refrigerant te-enters the Gmplossor . coefficient of Performance of Refrigerator (Cole : The ‘performance F q refrigerator is measured vin termg of cocfticnnt oF performance (cop th is defined 0S the totvo of desired output (refrigerating effect) to the wergy (work) inpur Consider an amour of heot O iS termoved From the refrigoraed Space Ot temperature TL- The work inpob to the compressor 15 Win Ord heat rejected ot the Cendenser is y . - Refrigerating cHeot Oo (oP, Woek input Alin Fiom the beat, energy bolonoe, for a yolic device , the wuork input Wo can be eapressed as , Win = Qa ~ MH se (wr, = SH. at MH fulq -! The vahe of (Cor, f q refrigerator may be greotey than unity - Tho iS amount of beot removed fom the refrigerated space moq bo greater thon qork input._Heat_fymp : ; A beat pump iS a dhuive , Spetoting’ on a woke hk MOrboing o Space ot bigher temperature thon’ the Burcundings . The beot puryo supplies heat Continuously to the controlled sooce, and thus monteined of a higher temperature than its surroundings . The tehigerater ond heot pump ore operated on the same thermodynamic cycle, bot they differ in their objectives. The discharge oF heat of higher temperature to Space is the objective for a beat pump. The heot pump absorbs the hea From low temp- eroture Gutroundings and sopplies at to higher temperature space at the C8St oF work Mhput to the compressor, {fF an ordingey refrigerator iS placed in oa awndow of a house With it$ evoporator open fo the outside, ond iis condengep located in the room . Then the refirgerayor Oks aS o heat pomp and it Supplies heat te the room , let Om amounl oF heat Gi be absorbed from low raters ,region and Win be the ark input then ghe beot Supply, Qy te the room fe the desired effect for a heot pump . The Coefficient of performance of heat pump is ormpressed a ‘ __ Heab Supplied (CF), Weak input House | ; wh | Le . a Ga (Pie * Win ie but Vin = Wt Ho = Qt Win Cop - - = 4 we 7 : Win cold atmosphere (CoP yp = 14 (CoP)p fig aegle a M Ifor given values of Gy and Q, the creffioemy oF performance, oF a beak PUMPHig alwoys greater thoo the Coebherent of Peformance! of a refrigerotor by rity.| & Gtatements of the Fw Second low of Themodynomits | {] Kelvin - Plook Stotement : ' Tr telates the worbing of heat engines ond fs stored a6 "te is impossible to! construct an engine wh'|e operating in o cycle , produces no other effect accept’ to extract the heat from a Single temperature reservoir and do equivalent omount of work ” According 49 the Felvin-Plook Stofement o heot engine Cannot be 007 efficent .In practice, no heat engine Com Convert a) hest Sepplitd to usetul work . The engine receives heot from a bigh-temperotore resetvolt ond it mugy reject Some Gmount of beat £0 0 fow-temperature reservolp. The Work done by a cydic heat enging io ‘the difference between heot supplied and beat rejection - W] Clusius Stotement : tt relotes werking of refrlgerators ond heof pumps and it con be Stated aS 4 + "TE is impossible Foy ony device ‘thot operates on a yde dnd produce no other effect other thao the transfer of heok cnorgy From o lower tempordture body to higher tomperopure kody -” It is wall brown tendency oF heot nervy to How Tom o hot body to 4 eld body sand jt Conn FJow itself from a lous -tomperoturee body to 0 high-temperature body without ddd'tion oF work. Refrigerators ond heot pumps tronafer ehegy ftom a Jow-tempetoture region to a high temperatute region ob the cast of work input to their Compressors . ‘tguivolence of two Stoterents : Ae Fitst sight, the two Stotements appeoy’ to be antelaed but | it can be easily proved that these) are two ‘porallel statements OF the Second Jaw. Ary device thot wolates ene Stotement also leads to volatton oF other Stotument, - ; High -temperature | High femperaure vesevary | tebetvoir at Th \ at Ty, | ee / . 4 = (Ro \ w= Qy / Aciual ns yo (HEN \ Hoot TL Refidge: } of Sagine+ Hoe / tober / ‘ iene —; Yaar pr, ' fo. 4 , © [ bow: Wanperotore “reservoir Low -temp ef ature, | at I | Foservoir of T Congider a aot engine (PAin| 2) ond an acfso| religerobot as ghowo in Fy. above , operating beywten a high: gumperatore restmvoir of Ty and a, low-temperature, reservoir of T,. the heal engine receiving heat Qu from the high- temperatore reservoir of Ty Od Converts all heat into mek work ag It dove not reject ony ormoont of eag fo the low- temperature © restrvoir, thus violating | felvin Plonk stowee-eny of Steen law het uS aSGume thot the work ptoduoed by the engine Is supped 19-4 yoke refrigerator thot removes hea them a low- temperoture pesetveir at TL ond dischorges heak in amount fy 4G to o high. temperature beSorvorr of Ty . Now, HF the refrgerotor ond heat engine of6 grooped together, thy conétitube a device whose -solg effect, is to tronefer heot eeGY PL From the low-tempepoture reservoir to the high-temperature reGervo'y Without ony work input ftem outside . This device cleorly violates the Cassius Stotement .Perpetual Motion Moching of Second bind (Pam in) : According to the Hirst low of thermodynamios the heat ond work are mutually convertible one imo another . Hf the-tota) heat supplied is Converted frto nek cuotk by any machine , then jts efficrengy would be 180 percent and it iS called o perpetual motion maching of Second bind (pry 2+) . Consides g Steam power /plont gsithout oO condenses_as shown in Hg; below ft 18 thought thot the cundenser Hjects more thon one half of heat supplied as waste. Let uch a Steam power ploot, be where all the heat prangferred into the boiler | quill be Converted to woth by turbine, and thug the power plug — ill theoretically have 190 percent efficiency . St is & perpetual © motion maching of the second Bnd ashich works in a ode gotisfying the Fret lou, bot vidlotes the Seomd Jaw Therefore, it will] not Work becouse heat is a low grode energy ond cannot be complerely converted into work. Heat i Boiler | Wet, Eo Fg Perpjuof Motor Mache. { the! Second kindReveible frooess * A reveteible process 46 détined ag the process thot once having’ token place ‘in one diteetfon, gan bt wevetsed without any face ob either syStem of Grroun dings . A reversible process a the ‘one which proceeds io Such GF us4 thot of the vondldsion 4 the process , both system and Surroundings Moy be restored te their inifol stages qyithout produving any change i the universe This is pogeible ooly ¥ net transfer of heat and wovef between thé 6ystem and surroundings Fer Original and reverse process’ ig #40 Oneg a top of hot tea cools off due to heat ttonefer to its gurrouhdings , it cannot be heot op ggain by recover'ng © the Je6r heat from the Settoundings , without ony exyerno| cfect Hit could be possible then the system ond surroundings ~ oan be restored to theit orginal stofeg ond it would b¢' 0 beversi ble process . Actually _teverbible processes do not occur im notere. The ore idealization of actudl processes . Reversible process con be opptocienaged by actual devices, buy they can never be achieved . Thot ig al] the Precesses ocoring tm notere We ierevererble . Yue reversible processed oro of interest fo4 e thd reogong | first, they ote C08) to analyze , since o system passes through a serté of equilibrium states doring a rewergible, proce8s. Second, they detve ad ideoltued models to ahich actual processes con be Compored . Engineerg ore ingerceted ip rorergible processes becouse otk -preduoing deviees such a5 cor engines and gos ot Steam turbines deliver the most work, and work congyming devices Guth a8 compreggors, fons and pumps Consume the leost ork qhen reversible processes ore goed indtcad of irreversible ones .Ireversible Provesses : Y AN processes eCouring ih noture are irreversible . when these processed are reversed , they Cannot Heuto’ to thelr raityo} stote! of the Syetem, without changing the Surroundings. And when Such processes are teversed , they oluoys fears Some mark on the surroundings or eystem . . The irreversibility F the processes Moy be Caused due 0 () Mechanical of thermo} irreversibility (ii), External or Internal inreversibility echontea} ireversibllity 55, qgsooroted with frichion Whén two bodes have telative moverent 0 frrckonal Force Opposes the! Motion of the intorfd oe ‘of thest two bodies ond some Work iS lost’ to overoame this factional force . When the direction of motion is reversed, Some work is Further required to overcome the frictlon. Friction sg algo involved between Fludd and sdid Surtaces ond between loyers of flurd moving of differnt velov'tles during ony process Thermal irreversibility is osseciofed with heol tronsfer que te Finite tamperdture difference, betureen oa System and its Surroundings . An amount of het Josh From a S Stam during o Gimpression process Connot be tegained during ap expansion process, thus Causing irreversibility . All oopuol preceases ore internally Tereverdi ble During go iogsenally Trrewersible process 0 Sy8kom dues not proceed through a serreg of equilibrium totes. Congider on amount of gos in the piston-cylnder destce. If the piston 8 pushed ropidly , the -go6 moleattes otor the ploton will not hove SuHicnnt time de e8¢ore god they lll pile-up iofront of piston foot of shown in ig-(a). ths wil] roiso the 5 proasure neor the piston foce , while the ged in the other port will hovo lourer prosgote , Becavge of th's higherad Valve of pressore ear the piston face, the compression process Gill require Jorge work inpuf thon required for a quasi-static process. This non-gniformiy of pressure cil) cause, the process Itreversible . _ PE Oe wl — i — ans Soffa | (© vogtrained expansion Tost Compinssion, (L) bast Exparsyen when the process i8 teversed ond gas expands ropidly ,the Qos molecules im Container ql] not be able to follow the piston as Fost, thus creating a low-pressure region befere the piston face ag Shown in fig: (b) Because of this low-pressure volue , at the piston Jace, the process delivers 1e85 work thon a. corresponding ‘reversible ore. Thus, the worl done by the gas during expansion 18 less thon work done ty the surroundings on the gos durihg Gmpression. Thus surroundings hove a net deko't of dork