GEN BIO - a thin barrier that forms a boundary

separating an individual cell from

Lesson 2.3
the external environment
BASIC CELL TYPES - it is a thin coat of lipids that
surrounds a cell. It forms the
Cell membrane physical boundary between the cell
- also known as Plasma membrane and it’s environment
- it regulates the passage of materials - it controls the passage of needed
into and out of the cell materials into and out of the cell
- flexible and not rigid
Cytoplasm - move side to side and slide past
- a gel-like substance making up the each other within each layer
cell’s internal environment Bilayer phospholipids
- inside it are organelles that are
suspended in microscopic fibers 1. Hydorphilic – water-loving
called cytoskeleton 2. Hydrophobic – water-hating
- the watery fluid that surrounds all Each phospholipids molecule is composed
the organelles of 3 basic parts
- it fills the space between the
nucleus and the cell membrane 1. Charged phosphate group
2. Glycerol
Simple Prokaryotes 3. Two fatty acid chains
- pro meaning “before” and karyon  The nonpolar tails are attracted
meaning “nut” with each other
- “before the nut”  The polar head are facing two
- Organisms made up for cells that different directions
lack a cell nucleus or any Cholesterol molecules
membrane encased organelles
- Strengthen the cell membrane
More complex Eukaryotes
Carbohydrates
- eu meaning “true” and karyon
meaning “nut” - Serve as identification tags
- true/good nut
Membrane Proteins
- have their genetic material
- present in fungi, protest, animals  Transport proteins – extend
and plant cell from the phospholipid layer to
help materials cross the
membrane
Lesson 2.4  Channel proteins – form
tunnels that help cells to import
THE CELLS”S INTRICATE and export materials
MACHINERY  Cell recognition proteins –
enables cell to distinguish own
cells
Cell Structure for Proteins  Enzymatic proteins – metabolic
Plasma Membrane reactions
  Cytoskeleton proteins – essential for making proteins
muscles and skeleton are assembled.
 Junction Proteins – assist cell-  This organelles are called
to-cell adhesion and ribosomes.
communication between cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Receptor proteins – facilitate
exchange of signals with other - An interconnected network of thin
cells and folded membranes
- Arranged like a maze of enclosed
Fluid Mosaic Model
space with many creoles and folds
- describe the structure of the plasma - The interior is called as lumen –
membrane as a mosaic of the sites for many processes such
components as the production of proteins and
lipids.
Cell Wall
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- the cell wall makes a plant cell stiff
and strong - Covered by ribosomes
- the cell membrane is surrounded by - Most protein synthesis occurs in
an additional boundary the cell
- it is a rigid layer that gives
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
protection, support, and shape to
cell - Responsible for the production of
 Hole in the cell wall (special lipids
openings) PLASMODESMATA - Break down drugs and alcohol
 Plant cell and algae –
polysaccharide cellulose Vesicles
 Fungi – chitin - Organelles are interconnected with
 Bacteria – peptidoglycan each other by means of membranes
Genetic Control Organelles or by the transfer of materials
- Small and membrane – bound sacs
 The nucleus is the storehouse that enclosed the protein
of genetic information in the - The enclosed proteins are
form of DNA inside the cell. transported to the Golgi Apparatus
 The structure of the of the - Also called as “small vessels”
nucleus facilities this demand,  Storage vesicles
since it has a special membrane  Transport vesicles
called nuclear envelope.  Secretory vesicles
 Also, the nuclear envelope is - Some vesicles can develop into
filled with holes called nuclear lysosomes and vacuoles
pores that allow large
molecules to pass between the Vacuole
nucleus and cytoplasm. - Fluid – filled sac for the storage of
 The nucleus also possesses the materials enclosed by the cell
nucleolus, which is a dense - Filled with watery fluid that
region where small organelles strengthens the cell and helps
support the entire plants
Lysosomes - ATP production or cellular
respiration (converting food
- Round–shaped membrane – bound
molecules into usable energy)
structures containing chemicals
that can break down materials in Plastids
the cell
Chloroplasts
 Lysosomes – outend the cells
from invading bacteria and - Organelles that help a plant to
viruses convert solar energy to chemical
- Break down damaged or worn – energy.
out cell parts
- Important in digestion and Thylakoids
cleansing the cell from any wastes - Sacs that are in the chloroplasts
- Break down large molecules into membrane
smaller pieces that the cell can use - It contains chlorophyll, a light –
- There is fewer lysosomes in the absorbing molecule that gives
plant cell than the animal cell plants their green color and plays a
Peroxisomes role in photosynthesis.

- Small vesicles around the cell Granum

- Contains digestive enzymes for - These structures are organized into
breaking down toxic materials a stack
- Helps in breaking down alcohol in
the body Stroma
- A liquid portion of the chloroplast

ENERGY – PROCESSING
ORGANELLES Centrosomes and Centrioles
Mitochondria Centrosomes
- Powerhouse of the cell - A small dense region of cytoplasm
- Supply energy to the cell that serves as the main microtubule
- Inner membrane – Increase its organizing center.
surface area - Main microtubule organizing
 Series of chemical reactions center (MTOC)
converts molecules from the - Microtubules are organized and
food you eat into usable energy. assembled
- ATP – source of energy for use or - In animal cell division, the
storage at the cellular level centrosome doubles and more to
- Package the energy of food into opposite end of the cell
ATP molecules
- Every type of cells has different Centrioles
amount of mitochondria depending - These are only used in animal cell
on the amount of energy that is division
being used - Barrel – like structures
- Have their own ribosomes and
DNA
 - Cylinder – shaped organelles made 3. Microfilaments – thinnest among
of a triplet of short microtubules the cytoskeletons. Important in cell
arranged in a ring movement allow muscles to
- Before animal cell divides, contact and relax.
centrioles doubles (also known as actin filaments)
- Organize microtubules to form
cilia and flagella
Cell Surfaces and Junctions
- Found only in animal cell and help
to make cytoskeleton  Cells do not live and usually
- They come into action during cell work as a part of a larger goal –
division, where they organize and forming tissues.
more chromosomes  In plants, adjacent cells
function in a coordinated way
Cilia and Flagella
by communicating through
- Two locomotory projections in numerous channels called
eukaryotes plasmodesmata.
 To make this group of cells,
Cilia
tissue cells secrete a layer mix
- Look like little hairs with much of proteins and polysaccharides
shorter length (glycoproteins), called
extracellular matrix.
Flagella
- Look like a whip or a tail
Cytoskeletons
- Flexible network of framework
- Forming long threads or fibers
- Help the cell to organize its
contents and to direct cells
movement in response to the cell’s
changing needs and signals from its
extended environment

3 TYPES OF FIBERS
1. Microtubules – lengthy and
thickest among the filaments. Acts
to give cell shape and as an
storage.
(tracks the movement of vesicles)
2. Intermediate Filaments – smaller
than microtubules and ropelike in
appearance. It ensures the strength
of claws, hairs, and feathers of
animals.
(give tensile strength to the cell)