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Atom Models

The document outlines the evolution of atomic models starting with John Dalton's Billiard Ball Model in 1803, which depicted atoms as indivisible solid balls. It then discusses J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model from 1904, which introduced the concept of electrons within a positively charged 'pudding'. Finally, it describes Ernest Rutherford's Nuclear Model from 1911, which identified a dense nucleus, and Niels Bohr's Planetary Model from 1913, which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific paths.

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13 views3 pages

Atom Models

The document outlines the evolution of atomic models starting with John Dalton's Billiard Ball Model in 1803, which depicted atoms as indivisible solid balls. It then discusses J.J. Thomson's Plum Pudding Model from 1904, which introduced the concept of electrons within a positively charged 'pudding'. Finally, it describes Ernest Rutherford's Nuclear Model from 1911, which identified a dense nucleus, and Niels Bohr's Planetary Model from 1913, which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific paths.

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krishiv345.chess
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John Dalton “Billiard Ball”

The Billiard Ball Model is one of the earliest atomic theories in history. This model was
introduced by John Dalton in 1803. He imagined atoms as tiny solid balls. He believed
that they were indivisible and indestructible. They couldn’t be split into smaller parts and
they couldn’t be broken. He also thought that they were all unique.

He also suggested that when atoms join together they form a compound. This was a
very important discovery, even though this is quite simple to what we know about atoms
today.

.
This is what John Dalton thought about atoms.

J.J. Thompson “Plum Pudding”


The evolution of the atomic model turned to the Plum Pudding Model. Joseph John
Thomson proposed this model in 1904.

In this model, he imagined an atom as a “pudding” of positive charge with negative


electrons scattered around the atom. This was a big change from earlier ideas because
he suggested that atoms weren’t just solid, indivisible spheres.

It’s called the Plum Pudding Model because it is just like a plum pudding, where the
positive charge is the pudding and the electrons are the plums. This model helped us
understand atoms better, even though there were more accurate representations of
atoms later on in time.
Ernest Rutherford “Nuclear”
The Nuclear Model was introduced in 1911 by a man called Ernest Rutherford. It
changed everyone’s understanding of atoms. He pictured an atom to have a tiny, dense
centre which is called the nucleus which is where most of the mass and all the positive
charge of atoms are concentrated.

He pictured the electrons to orbit around the nucleus like how planets orbit. This model
was very different from the last model which was the Plum Pudding model above.
Ernest Rutherford found this out by shooting positive charged particles at a gold foil. He
found out that most went through the thin foil. Some particles deflected. This is why he
thinks that there is a small nucleus.

Niels Bohr “Planetary”


The Niels Bohr Planetary Model was introduced in 1913, shortly after Ernest
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model was founded. This was a new way to visualise atoms like
the solar system. It has a dense nucleus just like the Nuclear Model by Rutherford. This
was different because it suggests that the electrons orbit the nucleus in specific paths,
which is like the planets. The idea that electrons can only orbit the nucleus in certain
distances was the difference.

Electrons jump between orbits and absorb or release energy. The Planetary Model
explained why atoms absorb light at specific wavelengths and played a vital role for us
to understand the structure of an atom and how it behaves.

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