Concept of Work as a Measure of Energy Transfer
Definition of Work
In physics, work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force.
Mathematically, Work = Force × Distance × cos(θ), where θ is the angle between the force and
displacement.
Energy and Work
Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. When work is done on an object, energy is transferred
to that object. Therefore, work is a measure of energy transfer. The amount of work done is equal to
the amount of energy transferred.
Units of Work and Energy
Work and energy are both measured in joules (J). 1 Joule (J) = 1 Newton × 1 Meter, or 1 J = 1 N·m.
Conditions for Work to Be Done
1. A force must be applied. 2. The object must be displaced. 3. The displacement must have a
component in the direction of the force. If any of these is missing, no work is done.
Types of Work
Positive Work: Force and displacement in same direction (e.g., pushing a wheelbarrow). Negative
Work: Force opposite to displacement (e.g., friction slowing down a car). Zero Work: No movement
or force perpendicular to displacement (e.g., holding a load without moving).
Examples of Work as Energy Transfer
1. Lifting an object: Energy transferred as potential energy. 2. Pushing a trolley: Energy transferred
as kinetic energy. 3. Stretching a spring: Energy stored as elastic potential energy. 4. Holding a
suitcase still: No displacement, so no energy transferred.
Work and Energy Relationship
When work is done on a body, its kinetic or potential energy increases. The change in energy
equals the work done: Work = ∆Energy.
Summary Points
• Work is done when force moves an object. • Work = Energy transferred. • Unit of work = Joule (J).
• No movement = No work = No energy transfer. • Energy can be transferred as kinetic, potential, or
other forms through work.
