BIG BANG THEORY
• The Big Bang theory has provided the most widely accepted
basis of our understanding of the universe since it was first
proposed by Georges Lemaitre in 1927.
• The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened
at the very beginning of our universe.
• Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after
that moment there was something: our universe.
• Our universe was born about 13.7 billion years ago in a
massive expansion that blew space up like a gigantic
balloon.
• The beginning of the universe is what we know as the BIG
BANG.
NUCLEONS
• a proton or neutron.
• In physics and
chemistry, a nucleon
is either a proton or a
neutron, considered in
its role as a
component of an
atomic nucleus.
• Also called subatomic
p
particles n
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
• Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic
nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons)
and nuclei. According to current theories, the first nuclei
were formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through
nuclear reactions in a process called Big Bang
nucleosynthesis or Big Bang Fusion.
• Nuclei the positively charged central core of an atom,
consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly
all its mass.
FIRST 3 MINUTES AFTER BIG BANG
• PROTON
A proton is a stable subatomic particle,
symbol p , H , or H with a positive electric
charge of +1e elementary charge.
p
+ n Proton location is inside the nucleus.
The number of protons (also known as
atomic number)in an atom determines what
element it is.
= • NEUTRON
The neutron is the particle in the atomic
nucleus with a mass = 1 and charge = 0.
n Neutrons are found together with protons in
the atomic nucleus.
p
The number of neutrons in an atom
determines its isotope.
FIRST 3 MINUTES AFTER BIG BANG
• First element in the universe:
HYDROGEN
p
+ n
• HYDROGEN was the first element
formed in the universe composed of a
PROTON (p) and NEUTRON (n).
=
• Therefore, Hydrogen element has 1
proton and 1 neutron.
• Since there are two subatomic particles
combined we called it DEUTERIUM
n
HYDROGEN.
p
FIRST 3 MINUTES AFTER BIG BANG
n
p
+ p
= n
n
n
• Since there are three subatomic particles
combined (1 proton and 2 neutron) we
called it TRITIUM HYDROGEN.
FIRST 3 MINUTES AFTER BIG BANG
n
p n p p
= = n
n
n n
p
DEUTERIUM HYDROGEN
TRITIUM HYDROGEN
• Deuterium Hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 neutron while
• Tritium Hydrogen has 1 proton and 2 neutron
• Deuterium Hydrogen and tritium Hydrogen are of the same kind and we
called it ISOTOPE
• Therefore, Deuterium and Tritium are isotopes of HYDROGEN ELEMENT.
• In physical sciences, a subatomic particle is a particle that composes an atom.
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter made up of Protons, Neutrons & Electrons.
• An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element.
• A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen.
THE FIRST THREE MINUTES OF THE BIG BANG
• Nuclear reactions began to form elements through the collision
of protons and neutrons.
First nuclear reaction:
n p
1
+ 1 2 Deuterium
0 1 1
H Hydrogen
Tritium
H + n
2 1 3
1 0 1
H Hydrogen
As the reaction proceeded…
H + p
2 1 3
1 1 2
He (3-He)
Third reaction took place:
H + p
1 4
He (4-He)
3
1 1 2
• The last reaction for the big bang took place when
Helium reacted to Tritium to form______.
LITHIUM
4
He +
3
H
7
2 1 3
Li (Lithium)
• After 3 minutes, the universe rapidly
expanded because of the extreme
temperature but also cooled off that the
nuclear reactions shut down, leaving the
universe not much time to make anymore
elements.
• Where did the other elements come from?
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
• -the second cosmological event in the big
bang, was about the fusion of particles to
form elements BEEYLLIUM (Be-4) and
IRON (Fe-26)
• The formation of other elements not
greater than element 26 (iron) took place
in the centre of the stars where the
temperature was about 15 million
degrees Celsius.
• Elements with even atomic numbers are
more abundant compared to others
because of 4
2
He
- The building block of every element (except
hydrogen)
ASSIGNMENT
What are the product of the following fusion?
1. 4
He +
12
2 6
C
2. 4
He +
16
2 8
O
3. 12
C
12
6
+ 6
C
4. 28
Si +
4
14 2
He
36
5.
Ar +
4
18 2
He
