STRUCTURE OF
COMPUTER
Computer structure refers to the organization and interaction
of hardware components within a computer system. It plays a
critical role in determining the system's performance,
influencing how instructions are executed, and forming the
backbone of computer architecture.
SOHAM SAWANT SYIT2-01
AAGAM SHAH SYIT2-02
VRUNDA SHAH SYIT2-03
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURE
OF COMPUTER
Computer Structure: Organization and interaction of hardware components (CPU, memory,
storage, I/O devices).
Importance: Drives system performance, instruction execution, and forms the backbone of
computer architecture.
Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures or instructions designed for computers to solve
problems efficiently.
Purpose: Explore how computer structure and algorithms work together to enable efficient
task execution.
Significance: Understanding these concepts reveals the foundation of modern computing
functionality.
WHAT IS A CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is essentially the brain of
the computer, responsible for processing instructions and
performing calculations.
It fetches commands from memory, decodes them, and then
executes them to run your operating system and
applications.
Inside the CPU, two main components do the heavy lifting:
the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) handles all mathematical and
logical operations, while the Control Unit (CU) directs the
flow of data, acting like a traffic cop for the entire system.
The speed of a CPU, measured in gigahertz (GHz), determines
how many instructions it can handle per second, directly
influencing your computer's overall performance
BASIC COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION
Input Unit: The input unit captures user data via devices
like keyboards and mice, converting it into digital signals
for the computer to process.
Output Unit: The output unit displays results through
monitors or printers, transforming binary data into user-
friendly visuals or documents.
Memory Unit: The memory unit stores data in RAM
(temporary) and ROM (permanent), ensuring quick access
for efficient computing.
Control Unit: The control unit directs all computer
operations, managing data flow and instruction execution
for seamless processing.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs
calculations and logical tasks, processing data to support
problem-solving and decisions.
MEMORY
ORGANIZATION
Memory Hierarchy: The memory hierarchy organizes
memory types for speed and capacity. Primary memory
(RAM, Cache) is fast but volatile, storing active data.
Secondary memory (HDDs, SSDs) offers permanent,
high-capacity storage. Cache memory speeds up CPU
access by holding frequently used data.
Addressing Techniques: Addressing techniques enable
the CPU to locate memory data. Direct addressing
targets specific locations, indirect addressing uses
pointers for flexibility, and indexed addressing supports
array access by combining base addresses with offsets.
INSTRUCTION
CYCLE
The CPU’s main job is to process instructions from
programs. It does this through a process called the Fetch-
Decode-Execute-Store cycle:
This cycle happens billions of times a second, letting the
CPU handle tons of tasks super fast
1.Fetch: the first CPU gets the instruction. That means
binary numbers that are passed from RAM to CPU.
2.Decode: When the instruction is entered into the CPU, it
needs to decode the instructions. with the help of
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit), the process of decoding
begins.
3.Execute: After the decode step the instructions are
ready to execute.
4.Store: After the execute step the instructions are ready
to store in the memory.
comes within a set timeframe.
TYPES OF
COMPUTERS
Desktop Computers
Desktop computers are the most commonly used systems in homes,
schools, and offices. They consist of a CPU for processing, storage
units, a monitor for output, and input devices like a keyboard and
mouse.
Notebook Computers (Laptops)
Laptops are compact and portable versions of personal computers.
They combine processing, storage, display, and input devices in a
single unit, making them easy to carry anywhere.
Workstations
Workstations are high-performance computers designed for
technical tasks. They provide more computational power than PCs
and are used in areas like design, engineering, and research.
Enterprise Systems (Mainframes)
Mainframes are powerful systems used for large-scale business data
processing. They offer huge storage and computational capacity,
ranging from servers at the low end to supercomputers at the high
end.
Servers
Servers are specialized computers that store large databases and
process requests from other systems. They are widely used in
organizations like banks, schools, and universities to support multiple
users at once.
Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the fastest machines designed for highly
complex calculations. They play a vital role in weather forecasting,
aircraft design, scientific research, and military applications.
THANK YOU
