Define basic concept of embedded system
Explain Characteristics of embedded system
Operating System (OS): Types of OS, Types of Mobile OS
Characteristics of Real Time OS
Compare different Operating Systems used for embedded system
designing.
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Definition 1:
An embedded system is a system that has software embedded into
computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an
application(s) or specific part of an application or product or part of a
larger system.
An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose software
embedded in a computer hardware.
Examples : Printers, Home appliances (camcorders, TVs, Washing
machines , Microwave Ovens etc. ), Audio Video devices ( Webcam, mic,
speakers etc.)
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Embedded system is a dedicated computer based system for an
application(s) or product. It may be an independent system or a
part of large system. Its software usually embeds into a ROM
(Read Only Memory) or flash.
An embedded system is a dedicated computer system, designed to
work for single or few specific functions often within a larger system.
Embedded Systems, therefore, are built to function with little or no
human intervention.
Specially designed keeping in consideration the tasks that need
completion in the most efficient way.
Most of our gadgets like washing machines, microwave ovens, ATMs
and mobile phones have embedded-system in them.
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Embedded System
Development
Hardware Software
Development Development
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Microcontroller is an IC chip that takes input, process data
according to program written in its memory and gives output as
control signal for controlling other machines and devices.
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a
small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a
processor core, memory, and programmable input/output
peripherals.
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Example of electronic devices using microcontrollers are :
Digital Watches, Washing Machines, Mobile Phones, Microwave
Ovens etc.
Electronic Mobile
Measurement Phones
Instruments.
uC Cameras
CD/DVD
Players
Security Microwa
Alarms ve Oven.
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Task Specific:
All Embedded systems are task
specific. They do the same task
repeatedly/continuously over their
lifetime.
Example: An mp3 player will
function only as an mp3 player.
Fig 1: Key characteristics of embedded
systems
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Time Specific
Embedded systems are created to perform the task within a certain time frame. It
must therefore perform the task fast enough.
Minimal User Interface
They have minimal or no user interface (UI). A fully automatic washing machine
works on its own after the programme is set and stops once the task is over.
High Efficiency, Low cost and consume less power
Embedded systems are built to achieve certain efficiency levels. They are small
sized, can work with less power and are not too expensive.
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High reliability and stability
Embedded systems cannot be changed or upgraded by the users.
Hence, they must rank high on reliability and stability. They are
expected to function for long durations without the user
experiencing any difficulties.
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Operating System (OS) is one of
the core software program that runs
on the hardware and makes it
usable for the user to interact with
the hardware so that they can send
commands (input) and receive
results (output).
It provides a consistent environment
for other software to execute
commands. It acts at the center
through which the system hardware,
other softwares, and the user
Fig 2: OS working as core part
communicate.
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OS is Interface between end
user and computer hardware.
An application like Chrome,
MS Word, Games, etc needs
some environment in which it
will run and perform its task.
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FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM
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Process management:- Process management helps OS
to create and delete processes. It also provides
mechanisms for synchronization and communication
among processes.
Memory management:- Memory management module
performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of
memory space to programs in need of this resources.
File management:- It manages all the file-related
activities such as organization storage, retrieval, naming,
sharing, and protection of files.
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Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all
devices. This module also responsible for this task is known as the
I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation and de-
allocation of the devices.
I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any
OS is to hide the peculiarities of that hardware devices from
the user.
Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by
various job and users.
Communication management: Coordination and
assignment of compilers, interpreters, and another software
resource of the various users of the computer systems.
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It collects the input data into batches and each batch
is processed as a unit.
Examples of the batch operating system:
transactions, payroll system, bank statements,
reporting, integration, etc.
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OS can work on more than one task at a time by switching between the tasks
very rapidly. Tasks may pertain to single user or multiple users.
A multitasking OS can save the current state of each user and task so that it
does not lose its place when it comes back to a task to resume its work.
Examples : open and operate web browser and MS word at same time.
The multitasking OS is of two types they are preemptive and cooperative.
Cooperative/ Non Preemptive: OS will not interrupt a process with a
context switch while the process is running but will instead wait for the
process to finish. (Multiprogrammed OS)
Preemptive: Preemption will automatically switch between processes at
defined intervals. This allocates resources evenly among all processes.
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3 Real-time Operating System (RTOS)
The real time operating system performs real-time applications i.e.
response to inputs immediately.
Task will be completed in specified time and RTOS responses in a
predictable way to unpredictable events.
RTOS is of two types :
Soft real time operating system
Hard real time operating system
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Soft RTOS:
It has certain deadlines, may be
missed and they will take action
at t=0+.
Does not constrained to extreme
rules.
Critical time of this OS is delayed
to some extent.
Examples of soft RTOS are Digital
camera, Mobile phones and
online data etc.
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Hard RTOS:
It is predicted by a deadline.
The predicted deadline will start at time t=0.
Examples of Hard RTOS are: Air bag control in cars, anti-lock brakes and
engine control system etc.
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It allows several multiple computers connected to a LAN (Local Area
Network).
There is two type of network OS they are:
Peer to Peer: allow users to share resources and files located on
their computers and to access shared resources found on other
computers. However, they do not have a file server or a centralized
management source.
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Client/Server:
There is a file server and a
directory server which is used to
manage user accounts and access
controls. Every user account is
created on the directory server and
then each computer, laptop and
other servers are joined to a
domain where authentication is
centralized for logins and resource
permissions.
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The distributed operating system is defined as a
collection of independent computers that are used
to perform a single task jointly.
Examples of distributed OS: intranets, the internet,
sensors networks, etc.
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Embedded Systems are a specially designed computer system
that essentially contains software and hardware for
performing specific tasks.
Mobile Phones, Laptops, Cameras, Washing Machines, ATMS,
and Hair Straightener etc are examples of Embedded System.
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A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an operating system that is
specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones,
PDAs, tablet computers and other handheld devices.
Types of Mobile OS:
Android OS (Google Inc.):
Google's open and free software .
includes an operating system, middleware and also key applications for use on
mobile devices, including smartphones.
Updates have been developed under "dessert- version names (Cupcake,
Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean, KitKat,
Lollipop, Marshmallow, Nougat, Oreo, Android 9 Pie, Android 10 (no dessert
name)) with each new version arriving in alphabetical order with new
enhancements and improvements.
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iPhone OS / iOS (Apple):
Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on
its iPhone devices.
Supported on a number of Apple devices including the iPhone, iPad,
iPad 2 and iPod Touch.
iOS mobile operating system is available only on Apple's own
manufactured devices as the company does not license the OS for
third-party hardware.
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Symbian OS (Nokia):
Symbian was Nokia s operating system, developed and sold by
Symbian Ltd.
Targeted at mobile phones that offers a high-level of integration with
communication and personal information management functionality.
Fast texting, taking pictures, voice control, quick dialing, some PDA
features and thousands of different apps.
Nokia does not maintain Symbian as an open source development
project.
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Palm OS:
Palm OS is the mobile operating system developed by Palm Inc. in 1996.
It was designed to make the touchscreen-based interface easier in usage.
It is one of the really simple mobile phone operating systems to master
but the platforms multitask inability may cause some users to refuse it.
Windows Mobile:
Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile operating system used in
smartphones and mobile devices with or without touchscreens.
Provides a lot of large text and a simple interface.
Web OS:
Also known as LG web OS and Open web OS
Web OS is a Linux-based operating system for smartphones.
Supports multitasking
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