Index
SL.NO. Contents Page NO.
1 Introduction 2
2 Importance of Drainage 3
3 Different types 0f Drainage
• Surface Drainage
• Subsurface Drainage
• Track Drainage
• Road Drainage 6
• House Drainage
• Downspout and gutter Drainage
• Slope Drainage
4 Construction and Maintenance 11
5 Conclusion 13
6 Reference 14
Page no.1
Different types of Drainage
Introduction
In geomorphology drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the
lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of
land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the
gradient of the land. Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as
part of drainage basins (and sub-basins). This is the topographic region from
which a stream receives runoff, throughflow, and its saturated
equivalent, groundwater flow. The number, size, and shape of the drainage
basins varies and the larger and more detailed the topographic map, the more
information is available.
Figure: Drainage System
Page no.2
Importance of Drainage:
1. Agriculture
Farmers are rarely expected to be experts in hydrology and drainage. However,
they need to at least learn the basics to keep their fields from flooding and to
control erosion around irrigation systems and farm roads. Drainage systems,
both surface and subsurface designs, are essential for carrying away irrigation
and fertigation water that is high in nutrients, chemicals, and other
contaminants. Proper slope and volume capacity creates a clear path for all
waste water to flow away from the fields and to holding ponds or other
processing areas. Agriculture draining systems play all of the following roles
and more on large scale commercial farms relying on irrigation or natural
rainfall.
2.Protecting Local Waterways
Agricultural runoff water is too high in many organic compounds and dissolved
minerals to safely blend into local waterways. Yet due to the need for a steady
water supply, many crop fields are located directly adjacent to creeks, rivers,
ponds, and other natural bodies of water. Drainage systems intercept this runoff
after it drains from the fields and before it can reach the nearest natural source
of water. Nitrogen in particular from crop fertilizers is damaging to local
waterways due to the encouragement of expansive algae blooms. The algae
Page no.3
absorbs all of the oxygen in the water, resulting in mass fish die-offs and
damage to the native plants holding the banks together.
3.Controlling Water Loss
Agricultural drainage systems also manage water loss in areas where every drop
is needed for irrigation. Water diverted from the fields into holding tanks or
ponds is easily recycled and applied to the fields. If the runoff is too high in salt
or fertilizer content, it’s easily diluted with a smaller amount of fresh water to
work around watering restrictions and high water costs. Liners are especially
important for this reason since they prevent water loss through seepage. Unlined
ditches and canals will lose much of their water to seepage as the runoff travels
time. High levels of seasonal rainfall go beyond supplying a crop’s needs and
saturate the across the soil. Of course, any holding ponds built for pumping the
water back to irrigation equipment will also need flexible liners for the same
reason.
4.Modulating Soil Moisture Levels
Subsurface drainage systems are significantly more complicated than surface
systems. However, they’re well worth the effort to lower the water table in an
area where the soil remains wet for months at a soil to the point of flooding.
Crops quickly die off when water stands for more than a day or two because the
roots can’t absorb oxygen from the gaps between the soil. Buried perforated
pipes, commonly known as drain tiles, soak up as much subsurface water as
possible and redirect it to lined ditches and canals to carry it away from fields
and roads where it’s not needed.
5.Allowing for Water Reuse
Page no.4
An advanced agricultural drainage system gives you complete control over
where the excess irrigation water ends up after each application. For most
farms, reusing the runoff directly is the best way to manage it. If more advanced
treatments and processing services are available, the leftover irrigation water
may become clean enough to use for watering livestock, washing harvested
crops, or producing secondary products. Only a liner drainage system will keep
the irrigation runoff clean enough for these kinds of reuse opportunities after
further processing.
6.Preventing Erosion
By directing excess rainfall and irrigation runoff into lined and stabilized
drainage ditches and canals, it’s possible to limited soil erosion as much as
possible. With conventionally plowed fields losing up to 1 mm of soil per year
due to the combination of wind and water erosion, it’s essential to limit this loss
as much as possible. Erosion does more than just remove valuable soil volume
from your fields. It also destabilizes roads, hillsides, and the banks of ponds and
irrigation canals. Designing and building a simple drainage system is the best
way to control erosion across your entire acreage.
7.Monitoring Water Quality
Lined drainage canals and pits give you a great opportunity for sampling runoff
water for testing. Many farmers test their field runoff to see how much of their
fertilizer is being absorbed and how much is wasted. Runoff water can also
reveal salinity problems in the soil and the presence of contaminants from
nearby manufacturing facilities or livestock operations. Since drainage systems
tend to mix and accumulate water from a wide range of fields, you may want to
add sampling pits higher up in the system to ensure you can pinpoint which
areas are contributing to a problem.
Page no.5
Agricultural drainage systems can vary in complexity from a simple set of
ditches to a complicated set of interconnected canals, ponds, and treatment
zones. No matter what kind of challenge. Turn to BTI liners for multi-layered
RPE liners that won’t react with fertilizers or chemical contaminants, even after
daily exposure.
Different types of Drainage:
1.Surface Drainage
Surface drainage is the removal of water that collects on the land surface. A
surface drainage system consists of shallow ditches and should include land
smoothing or land grading. This type of system is suitable for all slowly
permeable soils and for soils with fragipans or clay subsoils.
The rate at which water is removed by surface drainage depends on several
interrelated factors, including rainfall, soil properties, and cropping patterns. For
most row crops, a surface drainage system should remove excess water within
24 to 48 hours. More rapid removal may be necessary for higher value truck
crops.
Figure: Surface Drainage System
2.Subsurface Drainage
Page no.6
A subsurface drainage system consists of a surface or subsurface outlet and
subsurface main drains and laterals. Water is carried into the outlet by main
drains, which receive water from the laterals. Submains are sometimes used off
the main drain to collect water.
The system will function only as well as its outlet. When planning a subsurface
drainage system, make sure that a suitable surface or subsurface outlet is
available or can be constructed. Where a surface outlet channel is used, all
subsurface drains emptying into the outlet should be protected against erosion,
against damage that occurs during periods of submergence, against damage
caused by ice and floating debris, and against entry of rodents or other animals.
Figure: Subsurface Drainage System
3.Track Drainage System
A good track drainage system should essentially ensure that no water percolates
into the track at either the surface or the sub-surface levels, and the
arrangements for the drainage of sub-surface water should be good and effective
wherever required. Track drainage should be handled in two distinctive phases.
Page no.7
Surface drainage Surface water due to rain or snow, or from adjacent areas
should be drained off properly by designing well-planned and effective surface
drains.
Sub-surface drainage In case water percolates into the formation due to bad
soil or such other reasons, the formation gets adversely affected and this has a
bearing on the safety and stability of the track.
Figure: Track Surface Drainage
4.Road Drainage
The road drainage system is used to remove and dispose of surface and
subsurface water. It maintains the road’s stability and durability by keeping it as
dry as possible. Water becomes more prone to contamination the longer it
remains on a surface. Highway design and construction are not complete
without the installation of suitable surface and subsurface drainage systems.
Purpose of road drainage
● Road drainage keeps the road surface and foundation as dry as possible.
● It maintains the road’s durability and stability.
● To maintain highway transportation at a low cost, a good drainage system
is necessary.
Page no.8
Figure: Road Drainage
5.House Drainage System
A house drainage system typically consists of pipes, fixtures, and fittings
designed to remove wastewater and sewage from the house and transport it to the
municipal sewer system or septic tank. It includes components such as drainpipes,
traps, vents, and cleanouts to ensure efficient and odor- free operation. Proper
design, installation, and maintenance are essential for a functioning drainage
system to prevent issues like clogs, backups, and water damage.
Page no.9
Figure: House Drainage System
6.Downspout and Gutter System
This is first line of defense against stormwater oversaturation downspouts and
gutter systems. Pour the water down an aluminum pipe into a rain barrel or
another container. The goal is to divert water from the street or sidewalk and
send it to other drainage system. Gutter drains or underground drains may link
water to the underground sewer system.
Figure: Gutters Downspouts and Stormwater Management System
Page no.10
7.Slope Drainage System
A slope drain is installed to transport concentrated runoff from the top of a
slope to a sediment basin, ditch, or a channel, at the toe of the slope. Water is
collected above a disturbed slope (cut or fill) and directed to a collection point
at the inlet of the slope drain. The use of the slope drain prevents accumulated
runoff to flow over slopes that are at high risk of erosion or slope failure. The
discharge from the slope drain should be directed into a stabilized water course,
riprap, or sediment basin. Appropriate Applications Slope drains are used
primarily during construction whenever runoff needs to be diverted and
conveyed down a slope without causing erosion. Slope drains should be used
before the slope has been stabilized using a more permanent erosion and
sediment control BMP. Slope drain applications may include the following: On
cut or fill slopes before permanent stormwater drainage structures have been
installed. Where earth dikes, berms, channels, or ditches have been installed to
divert accumulated water from flowing on disturbed slopes. On any slope where
concentrated runoff crossing the face of the slope may cause gullies, rills,
channel erosion, or saturation of slide-prone soils. As an outlet for a natural
drainage.
Figure: Slope Drainage System
Page no.11
Construction and Maintenance:
Most subsurface drains are constructed by excavating a trench, installing a tile,
and backfilling the trench. Control of the machines to assure proper slope of the
drain had been a major problem, but developments in excavation technology,
including the use of laser beams for grade control, have helped to solve it.
Traditionally, clay or concrete tile has been the principal material used, but
many types of perforated plastic tubes are now employed. An advantage is the
reduction in weight in the material handled.
With proper maintenance, drainage systems have a relatively long life. Selected
herbicides are often applied to keep woody growth and water weeds out of the
channels. Grates are usually installed over outlets to prevent rodents and
burrowing animals from building nests. Surface drainage systems need almost
yearly maintenance to assure the slope and cross section of the channels and the
slope of the graded areas, because the slopes are so flat that small changes in the
ground surface can make marked changes in the ability of a system to function.
Surface system need periodic inspection but usually require little servicing. The
outlet of the system and infrequent structural failure of the material are the usual
points for service.
Page no.12
Figure: Drainage System Construction
Conclusion
The drainage system is the system used to remove waste or extra water. There
are four types of drainage systems. The open and closed drainage system is also
there. Closed drainage systems are better than open drainage systems. Drain
systems are an important necessity in human civilization to maintain hygienic
conditions.
Reference
1.N.J. Tucci, C.H. Gammons Influence of copper recovery on the water quality
of the acidic Berkeley Pit Lake, Montana, USA Environ Sci Technol, 49 (2015),
pp. 4081-4088 2.T.E. Duaime Butte Mine Flooding Monthly Report,
September 2014 Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology (2014), p. 59 3.S.
Kean Eco-alchemy in Alberta Science, 326 (2009), pp. 1052-1055 4.Babenzien
H.D. (1996) Microbiological studies of an acidic lake. Deutsche Gesellschaft
fur limnologie, Schwedt/Oder. Eigenverlag der DGL, Krefeld (in German)
Page no.13
5.Benndorf J. (1994) Remediation measures in inland waters: effects on the
trophic structure. Limnologica 24:121-135 (in German). 6. Benner S.G., Gould
W.D., and Blowes D.W. (2000) Microbial populations associated with the
generation and treatment of acid mine drainage. Chemical Geology 169:435-
448. 7.Benner, S.G., Blowes D.W., and Gould W.D., Herbert R.B. and Ptachek
C.J. (1999) Geochemistry of a permeable reactive wall barrier for metals and
acid mine drainage. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:2793-2799). 8. Annual Report
2004-05&2018-19.MinistryofMines, Govt. of India. 9. Nriagu, J.O and Pacyna
J.M. 1988. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water
and soils by trace metals. Nature, 333: 134-139. 10. Agarwal.S.K, 2005, Noise
Pollution, ABH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi-002 11. Bennyjoseph,
2006, Environmental studies, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Campaigns;
kudremukhb etrayed: The KIDCL, Mining Saga, Karnataka,08-2010. 12.
Journal & Daily News Papers. 13. Trivedi .R.N,2001, A text book of
Environmental Science, Anmol Publishers, New Delhi. 14. Campaigns:
Kudremukhbetrayed: The KIDCL, Mining Saga, Karnataka,August.2000. 15.
The Environment(Protection) Act, 1986, Ministryof Environment &Forests. 16.
NationalMineralPolicy2019 17. Wikipedia 18. Pullaiah. T, 2006, Biodiversity in
India, Vol-IV Regency Publication, New Delhi 19. Environmental law in India
by vinay vaish 20. L.c.kaku,2016,Mine management, legislation and general
safety. 21. Chen, J., Cooke, M. W., & Mercier, J.-F. (2018). A review of natural
radionuclides in Canadian drinking water (1975-16). Radiation 22. Dahlgren,
G., & Whitehead, M. (1991). Policies and strategies to promote social equity in
health. Stockholm: Institute for Future Studies. 23. Donoghue, A. M. (2004).
Occupational health hazards in mining: An overview. Occupational Medicine
(London), 54(5), 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh072. 24.Elliot
(2018). Elliot and mining museum.
http://www.cityofelliotlake.com/en/recleisure/museum.asp.
Page no.14
Page no.15
