KCL-1: Node with Three Branches

Find the node voltage V and the current in each branch. Branches: to 10 V via 2 k , to
ground via 5 k , to 5 V via 10 k . Take currents leaving the node as positive.
+ +
R1=2 k Node V R3=10 k
10 V 5V

R2=5 k

Solution:
Let node voltage be V (with respect to ground).
KCL:Ground
(V 10)/2000 + V/5000 + (V ( 5))/10000 = 0 0.000800·V = 0.004500
V = 5.625 V.
Branch currents (leaving node): I1=(V 10)/2k = -2.188 mA, I2=V/5k = 1.125 mA,
I3=(V+5)/10k = 1.062 mA.
Check KCL: I1 + I2 + I3 = -0.000000 mA 0 mA.
 +
12 V
KCL-2: Four-Branch Node
A node V connects to: 12 V via 4 k (up), 6 V via 3 k (left), 3 V via 6 k (right), and
ground via 5 k (down). Compute V and4 k all branch currents (leaving positive).
Node V
3k 6k
+ 6V + 3V

5k

Solution:
KCL: (V Vi)/Ri=0 V· (1/Ri)= (Vi/Ri).
V =Ground
4.737 V.
Branch currents (leaving node): I_up=-1.816 mA, I_left=-0.421 mA, I_right=1.289 mA,
I_down=0.947 mA. Sum 0 mA.
KCL-3: Node with Current Sources
At node V: a 2 mA current source injects current from the left; a 1 mA current source
draws current to the right; and a 4 k resistor goes from the node to ground. Find V
and the resistor current.
2 mA Node V 1 mA

4k
Solution:
KCL: Sum(in)=Sum(out). Out through resistor = V/4k ; other out = 1 mA; in = 2 mA.
V/4kGround
+ 1 mA = 2 mA V = (1 mA)×4 k = 4.000 V.
Resistor current = V/4k = 11.000 mA.
KCL-4: Mixed Sources at a Node
A node V connects to 5 V via 2 k (left) and to ground via 3 k (down). A 1 mA current
source leaves the node to the right. Determine V and the currents in the resistors.
+
2k Node V 1 mA (out)
5V

3k
Solution:
KCL (leaving positive): (V 5)/2k + V/3k + 1 mA = 0 V = 1.800 V.
I(2 k ) = -1.600 mA, I(3 k ) = 0.600 mA. Sum of leaving currents = 0.000 mA 0.
KVL-1: Simple Series Loop
A 12 V source drives a series of 2 k and 4 k . Find the loop current and the voltage
across each resistor.
+ 2k
12 V
4k

Solution:
KVL: +12 I(2k) I(4k) = 0, with series I same.
I = 12/(2k+4k) = 2.000 mA.
V_2k = 4.000 V, V_4k = 8.000 V (sum = 12 V).
KVL-2: Opposing Sources
A 10 V and a 4 V source oppose each other with a 3 k resistor between them in a
single loop. Find the loop current and drop across the resistor.
+
10 V
3k

+
4V
Solution:
KVL around loop with opposing sources: I·3k = 10 4 I = 2.000 mA.
Voltage drop across 3k = 6.000 V.
KVL-3: Three Series Resistors
A 9 V source is in series with 1 k , 2 k , and 3 k . Compute the current and the node
voltages after each resistor (top referenced to source + terminal).
1k
+
2k
9V
3k

Solution:
Series current I = 9/(1k+2k+3k) = 1.500 mA.
Node after 1k: V = 9 I·1k = 7.500 V; after 2k more: 4.500 V; end goes to 0 V.
KVL-4: Two-Loop Mesh Circuit
Two meshes share a 2 k resistor. Left mesh has a 10 V source and a 1 k ; right mesh
has a 5 V source and a 5 k . Find mesh currents I1 and I2 and the voltage across the
shared resistor.
+
2 k (shared) 5k
10 V

1k +
5V
Solution:
Mesh: (1k+2k)I1 2k I2 = 10; 2k I1 + (5k+2k)I2 = 5.
I1 = 4.706 mA, I2 = 2.059 mA. Shared 2k drop = (I1 I2)·2k = 5.294 V.
Thevenin-1: Divider with Load
Find Vth and Rth seen at node A (to ground) of a 12 V source feeding 2 k (top) and 4
k (bottom). Then connect RL=3 k from A to ground and find the load voltage and
current.
+ 2k
A(+)
12 V
4k RL=3 k
Ground ( )

Solution:
Open-circuit V at A: Vth = 12×4/(2+4) = 8.000 V.
Rth = (2k 4k) = 1.333 k .
With RL=3k: I = Vth/(Rth+RL) = 1.846 mA V_RL = 5.538 V.
Thevenin-2: Series + Parallel Network
A 10 V source with series 1 k feeds a parallel of 2 k and 3 k to ground. Find Vth
and Rth seen at the top of the parallel (node A to ground).
+ 1k
A (+)
10 V
2k 3k
Ground ( )

Solution:
At A (open-circuit): parallel block R_p= (2k 3k) = 1.200 k .
Vth = 10 × R_p/(1k+R_p) = 5.455 V.
Kill source (10 V short): Rth = 1k R_p = 0.545 k .
Thevenin-3: Looking into a Series/To-Ground Network
For an 8 V source in series with 1 k to node A, and 3 k from A to ground, find Vth
and Rth at A. With RL=2 k at A-to-ground, find I and V_RL.
+ 1k
8V
A (+)
3k RL=2 k

Solution:
Vth = 8×3/(1+3) = 6.000 V.
Kill source Rth = 1k 3k = 0.750 k .
With RL=2k: I = 2.182 mA, V_RL = 4.364 V.
Thevenin-4: Max Power Transfer
A 5 V source with equal 2 k resistors in series forms a Thevenin seen at the far end.
Find Vth, Rth, and the RL that gives maximum
A (+)power. Compute the maximum power.
2k
+
RL=?
5V 2k
B( )

Solution:
Between A and B, Vth = 5×2/(2+2) = 2.500 V.
Rth = 2k 2k = 1.000 k .
For maximum power, RL = Rth = 1.000 k ; P_max = Vth²/(4Rth) = 1.562 mW.
Superposition-1: Two Sources into a Node
Node V connects to 10 V via 2 k , to 5 V via 3 k , and to ground via 6 k . Find V using
superposition.
+ +
2k Node V 3k
10 V 5V

6k
Solution:
By superposition (or node): V·(1/2k+1/3k+1/6k) = 10/2k + 5/3k V = 6.667 V.
Superposition-2: Split Network with Two Sources
A 12 V source connects through 1 k to node M, which connects through 2 k to the
top of a 6 V source; all negatives are common ground. Find node M and the current
through 2 k using superposition.
+ 1k
12 V
M
2k
+
6V

Solution:
At node M: (V 12)/1k + (V 6)/2k = 0 V = 10.000 V.
Current through 2k (top to bottom) = (V 6)/2k = 2.000 mA.
Same result if you sum contributions from each source independently.
Superposition-3: Dual-Source Bridge
Left vertical source is 9 V, right vertical source is 3 V sharing a common ground
bottom rail. A 3 k connects the top rails. A load RL=6 k goes from the right top rail
to ground. Find current through RL and through the 3 k by superposition.
+ 3k RL=6 k +( )
9V 3V

Solution:
Right source fixes its top node at 3 V (ground at bottom). Thus I_RL = 3/6k = 0.500
mA.
Current through the 3k between top rails = (9 3)/3k = 2.000 mA from left to right.