Environmental Science and Engineering

(24BEELY103)

MODULE 5
Latest Development in Environmental Pollution Mitigation Tools
(concepts and application)

Application of RS and GIS in pollution management—environment impact assessment—

5R‘s of Waste Management—Concept of Carbon Footprint—Carbon Credit and Carbon
trading. Sustainable habitat: Green buildings—Green materials—Energy efficiency—
Sustainable transports. Environmental management system—Environmental audit—ISO
14001 series—Environmental stewardship- NGO‘s.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 1

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

APPLICATION OF RS AND GIS IN POLLUTION MANAGEMENT

―Remote Sensing‖ is the science and art of acquiring information (spectral, spatial,
temporal) about material objects, area, or phenomenon, without coming into physical
contact with the objects, or area, or phenomenon under investigation. Without direct
contact, some means of transferring information through space must be utilized. In remote
sensing, information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
Remote sensing technology has many attributes that would be beneficial to detecting,
mapping, and monitoring invaders. Remote Sensing using space-borne sensors is a tool,
par excellence, for obtaining repetitive (with a range from minutes to days) and synoptic
(with local to regional coverage) observations on spectral behavior of various environments.
i.e., Land surface changes (degradation), water quality, soil and atmosphere etc. Integrated
GIS and remote sensing have already successfully been applied to map the distribution of
several plant and animal species, their ecosystems, landscapes, bio-climatic conditions and
factors facilitating invasions Remote sensing (satellite) imagery is available for most of the
world since 1972. The multidate nature of satellite imagery permits monitoring dynamic
features of landscape environments and thus provides a means to detect major land cover
changes and quantify the rates of change. The interpretation and analysis of Landsat TM
image since 1987, provided a comprehensive information of the area especially regarding
the various land uses and the associated environmental problems. The use of remote
sensing is becoming increasingly frequent in environmental studies. In the 1970s and 1980s
satellite images were mostly used in simple interpretations or as a map background.

Multispectral remote sensing

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 2

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

Multispectral remote sensing is generally based on acquisition of image data of Earth‘s

surface simultaneously in multiple wavelengths. Due to that, we can use the fact that
different types of surfaces reflect the light of different wavelengths with various intensity.
Different spectral behavior is leading to detailed classification of specific types of land
surfaces (depending on the spatial, spectral and radiometric resolution of the used sensor).
Multispectral remote sensing involves the acquisition of visible, near infrared, and short-
wave infrared images in several broad wavelength bands. Different materials reflect and
absorb differently at different wavelengths. As such, it is possible to differentiate among
materials by their spectral reflectance signatures as observed in these remotely sensed
images, whereas direct identification is usually not possible. NASA‘s Landsat, one of the
more common multispectral imagers, is widely used for monitoring a wide range of
landscape scale properties. Prior to the Hyperion and other airborne hyperspectral data,
mostly multispectral remote sensing data were used to map the feasibility of environmental
impacts in almost the world. Multispectral satellite data are highly useful for monitoring
temporal changes and continuous monitoring of environmental impacts due to mining
activities. Similarly Synthetic Aperture Radar images are useful in detecting land use
morphological changes due to mining activities.
Hyperspectral remote sensing
The hyperspectral data has significant advantages over the multispectral data, which has
hundreds of contiguous spectral bands with narrow spectrum. The high spectral resolution
and reflectance spectra allow direct identification of individual materials based upon the
reflectance characteristics. It allows measurements of materials spectra, making it possible
to identify an area specific mineral, rocks, soils and vegetation of the changes over time
with high resolution. Due to its unique capability to resolve mineral absorption features, it
has been successfully applied for the detection of the waste.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Geographic information systems (GIS) are used to collect, store, analyse, disseminate, and
manipulate information that can be referenced to a geographical location. GIS can be used
to representative application areas of foster effective short-and-long term decision making,
socioeconomic and environmental problems, transportation, local government and
business. Burrough and McDonnell (1998) have defined GIS is a powerful set of tools for
collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 3

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

a particular set of purposes. Application of GIS is revolutionizing planning and management

in the field of environment. The technology that has given vast scope to the applicability of
remote sensing and field-based analysis is ‗Geographic Information System (GIS). The field
and science of GIS have been transformed over the last two decades. Once considered a
Cinderella technology in selected disciplines and application domains, GIS has grown quite
rapidly to become a multi-billion industry and a major player in the broader field of the
ubiquitous information technology. Advancements in computer hardware and software,
availability of large volumes of digital data, the standardization of GIS formats and
languages, the increasing interoperability of software environments, the sophistication of
geoprocessing functions, and the increasing use of real-time analysis and mapping on the
Internet have increased the utility and demands for the GIS technology. Apart from that,
researchers, resource planners and policy makers are realizing the power of GIS and its
unique ability to enhance environmental issues. GIS can be a powerful tool for
understanding these processes and for managing potential impacts of human activities on
environment.

APPLICATIONS
In the present review, an approach has been made to review the applications of Remote
sensing and Geographic Information System applications to the mining environment, urban
environment management, coastal and marine environment, wasteland environment etc.
MINING ENVIRONMENT
The application of Remote sensing techniques in the mining environmental study has
unique advantages, because of its multispectral mode, synoptic view and repetitive
coverage. The advancement of high-resolution multispectral satellite data, imaging
spectrometry is an excellent tool to study the environmental impacts due to mining activities.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 4

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

To monitor the land use changes due to opencast strip mining, effect of underground mining
and subsidence, evolution of dumping of mine wastes, deforestation, and erosion due to
mining activities Remote sensing techniques have successfully applied. The impact due to
mining causes rapid and drastic environmental changes. Because of complex problems and
frequent changes in the landscape in the mining area, monitoring of these environmental
changes is becoming extremely difficult. Mining causes direct landscape changes and in
many cases it enables the emission of hazardous substances into the environment. The
extent of this change varies from minor to extreme events. Hyperspectral remote sensing
techniques could provide vital information on various environmental aspects such as land
use, land cover changes, vegetation condition, soil water quality and acid mine drainage
locations.
The field and laboratory based radiometric techniques have been successfully used to
predict certain properties of water bodies, grasslands, minerals and rocks, forests, crops
and several other surface features from their reflectance spectra. Environmental monitoring
data obtained from adjacent locations of mining area water quality, mineralogical and
geochemical studies. Mularz (1998) mapped the problem of environmental monitoring and
land-use/land cover changes over the lignite open-cast mine and power plant area was
investigated using airborne remote photography along with Landsat TM and SPOT
imageries in the central part of Poland to discriminate, assess and even to measure these
destructive phenomena. The degradation of land use due to coal mining using remote
sensing techniques at Jharia coal filed have been studied by Prakash and Gupta (1998).
The open cast mining activities like lignite and other materials lead to loss of fertile
agricultural land, elimination of surface water bodies and ground water depletion in deeper
aquifers. Oxidation process at surface of dumped mine waste may produce acid water
drainage, which can affect the surface and groundwater quality.
Multi-date infra-red Landsat images were utilized to study the environmental changes in
Sierra Leone, West Africa, especially to understand the impact on hydrogeomorphology. An
attempt has made to delineate the magnesite ore deposits in Salem using hyperspectral
remote sensing data, which reveals that potential of using narrow band hyperspectral data
for further mapping of impact mining on environment. The management and controlling
factors of environment affected due to mining to be adopted both during production and

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 5

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

after closure. Sufficient data collection and accurate processing should be done with
respect to place and time for control and planning the environmental management.

URBAN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Floods cause damage to natural resources and environmental quality and indirectly
contribute to increasing poverty, which in turn further add to the vulnerability of both natural
and human systems mostly urban area compared to the rural areas. The environment and
flood linkage has been recognized, and many environmental programs such as
reforestation, forest protection, upland fixed cultivation and resettlement, could be
implemented through remote sensing and GIS.
GIS has been widely used in characterization and assessment studies which require a
watershed-based approach to manage the water level and waste management in the urban
locations. Basic physical characteristics of a watershed such as the drainage network and
flow paths can be derived from readily available Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). When
faced with challenges involving water quality and quantity due to natural as well as human-
induced hazards (e.g., droughts, hazard material spills, floods, and urbanization), planning
becomes extremely important so as to mitigate their impacts and ensure optimal utilization
of the available resources.
Remote sensing can provide an important source of data for urban land use/land cover
mapping and environmental monitoring. Numbers of significant studies were made for
environmental quality management. Uncontrolled urbanization has been responsible for
several problems, our cities facing today, resulting in substandard living environment, acute
problems of drinking water, noise and air pollution, disposal of waste, traffic congestion etc.
To minimize these environmental degradations in and around cities, the technological
development in related fields have to address to these problems caused by rapid
urbanization, only then the fruits of development will percolate to the most deprived ones.
The modern technology of remote sensing which includes both aerial as well as satellite-
based systems, allow us to collect physical data rather easily, with speed and on repetitive
basis, and together with GIS helps us to analyze the data spatially, offering possibilities of
generating various options (modeling), thereby optimizing the whole planning process. The
dynamic nature of urban environmental necessitates both macro and micro level analysis.
Therefore, it is necessary for policy makers to integrate remote sensing with urban planning

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 6

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

and management. The trend towards using remotely sensed data in urban studies began
with first-generation satellite sensors such as Landsat MSS and was given impetus by a
number of second-generation Satellites: Landsat TM, ETM+ and SPOT. The recent advent
of a third generation of very high spatial resolution (5m/pixel) satellite sensors is stimulating.
The high resolution PAN and LISS III merged data may be used together effectively for
urban applications. Data from IRS P-6 satellites with sensors on board especially LISS IV
Mono and Multispectral (MX) with 5.8 m/pixel spatial resolution is very useful for intensive
urban studies.
COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Coastal zones in India are constantly undergoing wide-ranging changes in shape and
environment due to natural as well as human development activities. Remote sensing
technology in recent years has proved to be of great importance in acquiring data for
effective resources management and hence could also be applied to coastal environment
monitoring and management. The high temporal resolution provided by the satellite data is
found to be a major improvement in studying the behavior of suspended sediments in the
coastal waters, which would help in understanding the movement of sediments and
pollutants.
GIS in addition to providing efficient data storage and retrieval facilities also offers a
cheaper option of monitoring forest conditions over time. Remote sensing and GIS are
increasingly used in mangrove forestry worldwide to assist in gathering and analyzing
images acquired from aircrafts, satellites and even balloons. The notable advantages of
using GIS include the ability to update the information rapidly, to undertake comparative
analytical work and making this information available as required. The area covered by
mangroves in the islands of Andaman was calculated using SPOT 1993 and IRS 1D LISS III
2003 imageries. The change in mangrove area within a span of ten years has presented in
the form of a table (IOM report, 2003). Twumasi and Merem (2006) assessed change within
a coastal environment in the Niger delta region of Nigeria using remotely sensed satellite
imagery and GIS modeling, quickened the analysis of the spatial distribution of
environmental change involving land use, land cover classification, forest and hydrology
and demographic issues facing the Niger Delta and successful implemented some of the
strategies could lead to effective management of the coastal environment in the Niger Delta
region. Satellite based remote sensing techniques have proved successful in providing a

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 7

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

comprehensive, reliable and up-to date information on land use/land cover in the offshore
areas of east coast of Andhra Pradesh in the most cost effective manner. Environmental
Sensitivity Index (ESI) and Reach Sensitivity Index (RSI) identified through modern
methods like Digital Image processing and GIS for preparedness in case of oil spill incidents
in offshore areas. The combination of remote sensing and GIS technologies provides an
ideal solution for understanding the spatial/temporal distribution of oil spills in the marine
environment and is considered as the core of the oil spill monitoring system. The
advantages of the remote sensing and GIS provides the ability to extract the oil pollution
parameters such as location and spill areas including spatial and temporal information
allows the users to establish the major cause and source of oil spills and then outline the
risk areas to save the marine environment. One of the major advantages of GIS is the ability
to extract oil pollution parameters such as location, size and spill areas. Spatial and
temporal information (oil spill distribution at sea and its evolution in time) allows the users to
establish the major cause and source of oil spills, and then outline the risk area. The
products derived from geospatial technologies support informed decision making with
respect to marine spatial planning and management.
WASTELAND ENVIRONMENT
Wetlands consist of 3 - 6% of the earth‘s land surface, while they make available supplies
and services such as: water quality maintenance, agricultural production, fisheries, and
recreation floodwater, retention, provision of wildlife habitat, and control of soil erosion.
Remotely sensed data have been utilized to measure the qualitative and quantitative
terrestrial land-cover changes. During last two decades a diversity of remotely sensed data
and change detection methods have been developed and assessed. Remote sensing (RS)
data and Geographic information systems (GIS) are appropriate tools for monitoring of the
wetland distribution area and spatial-temporal dynamic multiplicity. Satellite remote sensed
data have been widely utilized for inventorying and monitoring wetlands and can also
provide information on surrounding land use and their change over the time successfully
utilized the Multi-temporal remote sensing data and GIS for wetland mapping in the
southwest of Iran near to the Karkheh River using four Landsat images 1985 (Landsat
MSS), 1999 (Landsat ETM+), 2002 (Landsat ETM+) and 2011 (Landsat ETM+) and found
that, increase in agricultural activity, climate change and construction engineering projects
caused wetland surface area reduction. Satellite remote sensing has many advantages for

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 8

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

inventory and monitoring of wetlands and also provide information on surrounding landuse
and their changes over time. Landsat MSS, TM, and SPOT are common data type for
wetland classification and its spatial-temporal dynamic change.
Remote sensing has served as an efficient method of gathering data about glaciers since its
emergence. The recent advent of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global
Positioning Systems (GPS) has created an effective means by which the acquired data are
analyzed for the effective monitoring and mapping of temporal dynamics of glaciers. A large
number of researchers have taken advantage of remote sensing, GIS and GPS in their
studies of glaciers.
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
Definitions of EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment is defined as an activity designed to identify the impact
on the bio geophysical environment, on man and well-being of legislative proposals,
projects, policies, operational procedures and to interpret and communicate information.
EIA is a systematic process of identifying future consequences of a current or proposed
action.
Objective of EIA
 To identify, predict and evaluate the economic, environmental and social impact of
development activities.
 To provide information on the environmental consequences for decision making
 To promote environmentally sound and sustainable development through the
identification of appropriate alternatives and mitigation measures.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should contain the following
information’s/data:
 Description of proposed action (construction, operation and shut down phase) and
selection of alternatives to the proposed action.
 Nature and magnitude of the likely environmental effects.
 Possibility of earthquakes and cyclones.
 Possible effects on surface and ground water quality, soil and air quality.
 Effects on vegetation, wildlife and endangered species.
 Economic and demographic factors.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 9

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Identification of relevant human concerns.

 Noise pollution. Efficient use of inputs.
 Recycling and reduction of waste.
 Risk analysis and disaster management.
Importance of EIA:
 EIA is potentially a useful component of good environmental management.
 It is the Government policy that any industrial project has to obtain EIA clearance
from the Ministry of Environment before approval by the planning commission.
Environment Impact Assessment in India
The environmental impact assessment in India was started in 1976-77, when the planning
commission asked the Department of Science and Technology to examine the river valley
projects from environmental angel. This was subsequently extended to cover those
projects, which required approval of the Public Investment Board. Then the Govt. of India
enacted the Environment (Protection) Act on 23rd May 1986 to achieve the objective the
decision that was taken is to make environmental impact assessment statutory. After
following the legal procedure, a notification was issued on 27th Jan 94. 10th April 1997 and
27th Jan 2000, making environmental impact assessment statutory for 30 development
projects (Schedule I), the mandatory EIA clearance procedure started.
HOW TO IMPLEMENT THE 5 R’S OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
If you want to positively impact the outcome of your recycling program by reducing the
amount of waste your company produces, this is the process you really need to consider.
Always remember to treat recycling as a last resort and always try to follow the R pyramid in
order to ensure that you can be as efficient as possible with your business waste.
Step One: Refuse
The first step of the 5 R process. This can be a difficult one as you will have to practice
refusing waste production for your business, however it this will be the most effective way to
minimize waste. How? Well, by simply refusing to use single-use plastics or wasteful, non-
recyclable products, you can ultimately reduce the amount of waste your business produces
on the daily.
Ideally, you will want to talk to your procurement team to work out how you can approach
this step most effectively. When you work with vendors or suppliers try to avoid working with

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 10

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

unnecessary product packaging and attempt to opt for reusable or returnable packaging
and containers.
By making smarter buying decisions and setting efficient standards early on in the process,
this will make it much easier for organizations to ‗refuse‘ using waste that they don‘t
ultimately need or would turn out wasteful.
Step Two: Reduce
This is all about reducing your use of harmful, wasteful and non-recyclable materials to save
you money, help the environment and so on. By limiting your dependency on these types of
products, this leads to less waste materials ending up in landfill and prevents you from
creating negative impacts on the environment.
We would always advise using the minimal amount required to avoid excess waste as these
material and energy could then be used for future requirements. Once good example would
be when printing a document, print double-sided to slash your waste output in half. Other
methods involve reducing the number of single-use plastics, plastic packaging and organic
waste.
Step Three: Reuse
Single use plastics such as cups, straws, gloves and now masks have generated a ‗throw
away‘, ‗one won‘t hurt‘ culture. The rate that we all consume plastic products is drastically
becoming unimaginable, the plastic crisis has always been one of the world‘s biggest
environmental challenges.
In a race to reduce waste, businesses are prompted to reuse items in the workplace instead
of replacing them. All you need to do is start by focusing on a particular area within your
business at one time, for instance the work kitchen. Try to replace all the single use utensils
and equipment for compostable and reusable options. Once you successful master on
environment in your business, find ways to reuse other products such as protective
packaging, ink cartridges, food containers and even rechargeable batteries.
Step Four: Repurpose
If you can‘t refuse, reduce or reuse a particular item, try repurposing it instead. The ‗green‘
community often refers to this method as ‗upcycling‘. You will quite often be surprised to
learn how many everyday objects in the office can serve more than one purpose.
Sometimes, it will involve some imagination and creativity, but there are limitless
possibilities with upcycling common objects found in the workplace. Try using leftover

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 11

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

cardboard boxes for storage, leftover cups and mugs as stationary holders and even using
binder clips to hold together small wires.
You could even designate a small space to an ‗upcycling station‘ and here you can collect
and store items that you can reuse for convenient purposes later on. Also, encourage your
colleagues and visitors to leave behind their ‗unusable items‘ and see what you can come
up with to ensure they can still be effectively used.
Step Five: Recycle
Last, but not least at all, we have recycled! Once you‘ve ventured through all the other R‘s,
recycling is the most eco-friendly waste disposal method. If your business doesn‘t recycle
already, start by compiling cardboard, paper products, plastics, glass and organics. A lot of
companies when they start recycling are instantly surprised by the amount of waste they
reduce by implementing an effective recycling program.

Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle – that offers improvement to the environment.
Refuse:
 Refuse to buy or accept products that can harm you, your company and the
environment.
 Refuse chemical solvents and use alternatives that are water based.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 12

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Refuse to receive materials from your supplies with unnecessary packaging that you
will later have to pay for to dispose.
Reduce:
 Reduce the energy use and stick to the basic requirements.
 Limit the requirements to minimum to reduce the use of resources.
 Control the use of non-renewable natural resources.
Reuse:
 Slowly replace any single use items with reusable ones – like reusable water bottles
and mugs.
 Reuse packaging material (pallets, drums, bubble wrap or packaging peanuts).
 Reuse shipping containers (boxes, inserts, cartons).
 Reuse printer cartridges and have them refilled.
Repurpose:
 Repurpose is the process of taking something and using it for a separate purpose.
 Repurpose metal cans, buckets for creative plant containers.
 Repurpose wood crates into benches or shelves.
 Repurpose material shavings to help clean up spills.
 Repurpose HVAC condensate as a source for distilled water.
Recycle:
 All the materials that can be subjected to a chemical process to recycle them should
be used as they can be recycled back to the new form again.
 Recycle all the basics you can – paper, plastic, metal and glass.
 Recycle food wastes into compost or as a food for a local farm.
 Recycle all fabrics including ripped clothes.
 Recycle all electronics if possible.
CONCEPT OF CARBON FOOTPRINT
A carbon footprint measures the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused directly and
indirectly by an individual, organization, event, or product. It is typically measured in
equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂), the most prevalent GHG. The concept is crucial for
understanding and managing the impact of human activities on global climate change.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 13

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

Components of a Carbon Footprint

1. Direct Emissions:
 Energy Use: Emissions from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating, and
transportation.
 Industrial Processes: Emissions from manufacturing, construction, and other
industrial activities.
2. Indirect Emissions:
 Supply Chain: Emissions from the production and transport of goods and services
purchased.
 Waste: Emissions from the decomposition of waste in landfills or through waste
treatment processes.
 Land Use: Changes in land use, such as deforestation or reforestation, that affect
carbon storage.
3. Calculation of Carbon Footprint
1. Data Collection:
 Gather data on energy consumption, transportation, waste production, and other
relevant activities.
2. Emission Factors:
 Use standardized emission factors that convert activity data (e.g., liters of fuel used)
into GHG emissions (e.g., kilograms of CO₂e).

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 14

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

3. Summation:
 Sum the emissions from all activities to get the total carbon footprint.
4. Tools and Methods
 Carbon Calculators: Online tools that estimate carbon footprints based on user
inputs.
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): A detailed method that assesses the environmental
impacts of products throughout their lifecycle.
Reducing Carbon Footprint
1. Energy Efficiency:
 Use energy-efficient appliances and vehicles.
 Implement energy-saving practices in homes and workplaces.
2. Renewable Energy:
 Switch to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
3. Sustainable Transportation:
 Use public transportation, carpooling, biking, and walking.
 Invest in electric or hybrid vehicles.
4. Waste Reduction:
 Recycle and compost to minimize waste sent to landfills.
 Reduce, reuse, and repurpose materials.
5. Sustainable Consumption:
 Purchase locally-produced and sustainable products.
 Reduce meat consumption, particularly beef and lamb, which have higher carbon
footprints.
6. Carbon Offsetting:
 Invest in projects that reduce or remove GHGs from the atmosphere, such as
reforestation and renewable energy projects.
Importance of Managing Carbon Footprint
1. Climate Change Mitigation:
 Reducing carbon footprints helps mitigate the adverse effects of climate change,
such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and loss of biodiversity.
2. Environmental Responsibility:

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 15

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Encourages sustainable practices that preserve natural resources and ecosystems.

3. Economic Benefits:
 Energy efficiency and waste reduction can lead to significant cost savings.
 Promotes innovation and development of green technologies.
4. Regulatory Compliance:
 Helps businesses and organizations comply with environmental regulations and
standards.
5. Social Responsibility:
 Demonstrates commitment to global sustainability and can enhance reputation and
consumer trust.
By understanding and actively managing carbon footprints, individuals and organizations
can contribute significantly to the global effort to reduce GHG emissions and combat climate
change.
CARBON CREDIT AND CARBON TRADING
Carbon credits and carbon trading are mechanisms designed to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. They are part of international and national policies to combat climate change.
Here‘s a detailed explanation of each:
Carbon Credits
Definition:
A carbon credit is a permit that allows the holder to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide
or other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Typically, one carbon credit equals one ton of CO2 or
its equivalent in other GHGs.

Types of Carbon Credits:

1. Verified Emission Reductions (VERs): Generated by voluntary carbon offset projects
and verified by independent organizations.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 16

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

2. Certified Emission Reductions (CERs): Issued under the Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol.
Creation:
Carbon credits are created through various methods, including:
 Renewable energy projects (solar, wind, hydro)
 Reforestation and afforestation projects
 Energy efficiency improvements
 Methane capture from landfills
Purpose:
The main aim of carbon credits is to cap the overall level of GHG emissions and allow
industries and organizations that exceed their emission limits to purchase credits from those
that emit less than their allowance, thus providing a financial incentive for reducing
emissions.
Carbon Trading
Definition:
Carbon trading, also known as emissions trading, is a market-based approach to controlling
pollution by providing economic incentives for reducing the emissions of pollutants. It works
on the principle of cap and trade.

How it Works:

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 17

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

1. Cap: A limit is set on the total amount of certain GHGs that can be emitted by
companies or countries.
2. Allocation: Emission permits or allowances are distributed to entities, which can be
either given for free or auctioned.
3. Trading: Entities that need to increase their emission allowance must buy credits
from those who pollute less. This creates a financial motive to reduce emissions.
Markets:
 Compliance Markets: Established by mandatory national, regional, or international
carbon reduction regimes (e.g., EU Emissions Trading System, California Cap-and-
Trade Program).
 Voluntary Markets: Operate outside of the regulatory schemes, allowing companies
and individuals to voluntarily offset their emissions.
Benefits and Challenges
Benefits:
 Environmental Protection: Provides a mechanism to reduce GHG emissions
effectively.
 Economic Incentives: Encourages innovation in low-carbon technologies.
 Flexibility: Allows companies to choose the most cost-effective way to reduce
emissions.
Challenges:
 Market Volatility: Prices of carbon credits can be volatile.
 Measurement and Verification: Ensuring accurate measurement and verification of
emissions reductions can be complex.
 Market Manipulation: Potential for manipulation and fraud in carbon markets.
Example Systems
 EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS): The largest and first major carbon market,
which caps emissions from more than 11,000 heavy energy-using installations in
power generation and manufacturing industries.
 California Cap-and-Trade Program: A major program in the United States that sets a
cap on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by covered
entities.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 18

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

SUSTAINABLE HABITAT
GREEN BUILDINGS
Green buildings, also known as sustainable buildings, are designed to reduce the overall
impact on human health and the natural environment. They achieve this through efficient
use of energy, water, and other resources, protecting occupant health and improving
productivity, and reducing waste, pollution, and environmental degradation. Here‘s a
detailed overview of green buildings and their importance in creating sustainable habitats:

Key Features of Green Buildings

Energy Efficiency:
 Insulation: High-performance insulation reduces the need for heating and cooling.
 Renewable Energy Sources: Solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal systems
provide clean energy.
 Energy-efficient Lighting: Use of LED lighting and motion sensors to reduce energy
consumption.
Water Efficiency:
 Low-flow Fixtures: Faucets, toilets, and showers designed to reduce water usage.
 Rainwater Harvesting: Systems to collect and use rainwater for landscaping and
other non-potable uses.
 Greywater Recycling: Treating and reusing water from sinks, showers, and washing
machines for irrigation or flushing toilets.
Material Efficiency:
 Sustainable Materials: Use of recycled, reclaimed, or sustainably sourced materials.
 Low VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds): Materials that release fewer pollutants into
the indoor environment.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 19

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Durability and Longevity: Materials designed to last longer, reducing the need for
replacements.
Indoor Environmental Quality:
 Natural Ventilation: Design strategies to promote airflow and reduce reliance on
mechanical ventilation.
 Indoor Plants: Use of indoor plants to improve air quality and enhance the indoor
environment.
 Daylighting: Maximizing natural light to reduce the need for artificial lighting and
improve occupant well-being.
Waste Reduction:
 Construction Waste Management: Recycling and reusing materials during
construction to minimize waste.
 Composting: On-site composting facilities to reduce organic waste.
 Recycling Programs: Facilities to support recycling by building occupants.
Benefits of Green Buildings
1. Environmental Benefits:
 Reduced Carbon Footprint: Lower energy consumption and use of renewable energy
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
 Conservation of Natural Resources: Efficient use of water and materials conserves
natural resources.
 Waste Reduction: Minimized waste through recycling and reuse practices.
2. Economic Benefits:
 Lower Operating Costs: Reduced energy and water bills due to efficient systems and
renewable energy use.
 Increased Property Value: Higher resale value due to sustainability features and
reduced operating costs.
 Incentives and Rebates: Access to government incentives, rebates, and grants for
green building practices.
3. Health and Well-being:
 Improved Air Quality: Use of low-VOC materials and natural ventilation enhances
indoor air quality.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 20

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Enhanced Comfort: Better thermal comfort and natural lighting improve occupant
satisfaction.
 Increased Productivity: Healthier indoor environments can lead to higher productivity
and reduced absenteeism.
"GREEN MATERIALS" refers to materials that are environmentally friendly, sustainable,
and have a low impact on the environment throughout their lifecycle, from production to
disposal. The goal of using green materials is to reduce pollution, conserve resources, and
promote sustainability in various industries, particularly in construction, manufacturing, and
product design. Here are some key characteristics and examples of green materials:
Characteristics of Green Materials
1. Sustainability: Sourced from renewable resources or recycled materials.
2. Low Environmental Impact: Minimal pollution and energy consumption during
production.
3. Non-Toxicity: Free of harmful chemicals and safe for human health.
4. Durability: Long-lasting and resistant to wear, reducing the need for frequent
replacement.
5. Recyclability: Can be recycled or safely disposed of without harming the
environment.
Examples of Green Materials
1. Bamboo: A fast-growing, renewable resource often used in flooring, furniture, and
construction.
2. Recycled Steel: Steel made from recycled scrap metal, reducing the need for raw
material extraction.
3. Cork: Harvested from the bark of cork oak trees without harming the tree, used in
flooring and insulation.
4. Recycled Plastic: Used in various products, from clothing to building materials.
5. Hemp: Used in textiles, bioplastics, and construction materials like hempcrete.
6. Linoleum: Made from natural materials like linseed oil, wood flour, and cork dust,
used in flooring.
7. Rammed Earth: A natural building material made from compacted earth, providing
thermal mass and insulation.
8. Straw Bales: Used as a building material with good insulation properties.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 21

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

9. Reclaimed Wood: Wood salvaged from old structures and repurposed for new
projects.
10. Natural Fiber Insulation: Insulation made from materials like sheep's wool, cotton,
and cellulose.
Benefits of Using Green Materials
 Environmental Protection: Reduced pollution and resource depletion.
 Health Benefits: Improved indoor air quality and reduced exposure to toxic
substances.
 Energy Efficiency: Often better insulation properties, leading to energy savings.
 Economic Savings: Long-term cost savings from durability and energy efficiency.
Applications of Green Materials
 Construction: Building homes, offices, and other structures with sustainable
materials.
 Interior Design: Using eco-friendly materials for furniture, flooring, and finishes.
 Manufacturing: Producing goods with recycled or sustainable inputs.
 Packaging: Using biodegradable or recyclable packaging materials.
By prioritizing green materials, industries and individuals can contribute to a more
sustainable and environmentally friendly future.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy efficiency refers to using less energy to perform the same task or produce the same
outcome. It encompasses various practices, technologies, and strategies aimed at reducing
energy consumption while maintaining or improving performance.

Key Aspects of Energy Efficiency

1. Building Design and Insulation:

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 22

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Insulation: Proper insulation of walls, roofs, and floors to reduce heat loss in winter
and heat gain in summer.
 Windows and Doors: Using energy-efficient windows and doors to minimize thermal
transfer.
 Lighting: Implementing LED lighting and smart lighting systems that adjust based on
occupancy and daylight availability.
2. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC):
 Efficient HVAC Systems: Using high-efficiency HVAC systems that consume less
energy.
 Programmable Thermostats: Installing smart thermostats to optimize heating and
cooling schedules.
 Regular Maintenance: Ensuring regular maintenance of HVAC systems to maintain
peak efficiency.
3. Appliances and Equipment:
 Energy-Efficient Appliances: Using appliances that have high energy efficiency
ratings (e.g., ENERGY STAR certified).
 Smart Appliances: Utilizing smart appliances that can adjust their operation based
on usage patterns.
4. Industrial Processes:
 Process Optimization: Streamlining industrial processes to minimize energy waste.
 Energy Recovery: Implementing systems to recover and reuse waste energy.
 Efficient Motors and Drives: Using energy-efficient motors and variable speed drives.
5. Transportation:
 Fuel-Efficient Vehicles: Using vehicles that have high fuel efficiency or are powered
by alternative energy sources (e.g., electric vehicles).
 Public Transportation: Promoting the use of public transportation and carpooling to
reduce individual energy consumption.
 Active Transportation: Encouraging walking and cycling as alternatives to motorized
transport.
6. Renewable Energy Integration:
 Solar Panels: Installing solar panels to generate electricity from renewable sources.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 23

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Wind Turbines: Using wind turbines to produce clean energy.

 Energy Storage Systems: Implementing battery storage systems to store excess
energy for later use.
Benefits of Energy Efficiency
1. Cost Savings:
 Reduced energy bills due to lower energy consumption.
 Lower operational costs for businesses and industries.
2. Environmental Impact:
 Decreased greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to the fight against climate
change.
 Reduced air and water pollution.
3. Resource Conservation:
 Lower demand for finite energy resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
 Enhanced sustainability of energy resources.
4. Energy Security:
 Reduced dependence on imported energy, enhancing national energy security.
 Increased resilience against energy price fluctuations and supply disruptions.
5. Improved Comfort and Health:
 Better indoor air quality and thermal comfort in buildings.
 Enhanced quality of life due to a cleaner environment and reduced pollution.
6. Economic Growth:
 Creation of jobs in the energy efficiency sector (e.g., manufacturing, installation,
maintenance).
 Stimulating innovation and development of new technologies.
Strategies for Implementing Energy Efficiency
1. Energy Audits:
 Conducting energy audits to identify areas where energy efficiency can be improved.
 Implementing recommended measures from energy audits.
2. Incentives and Policies:
 Government incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and grants for energy-efficient
upgrades.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 24

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Regulations and standards that promote energy efficiency in various sectors.

3. Education and Awareness:
 Raising awareness about the benefits and practices of energy efficiency.
 Providing training and resources to individuals and businesses on how to improve
energy efficiency.
4. Technology and Innovation:
 Investing in research and development of new energy-efficient technologies.
 Encouraging the adoption of innovative solutions and practices.
Energy efficiency is a crucial component in the global effort to reduce energy consumption,
lower emissions, and achieve a sustainable future. By implementing energy-efficient
practices and technologies, individuals, businesses, and governments can contribute to a
more efficient and environmentally friendly energy landscape.

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
Sustainable transport refers to the systems, vehicles, and practices that minimize
environmental impact, promote energy efficiency, and ensure social and economic benefits.
The goal is to create transportation solutions that meet current mobility needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own.

Key Elements of Sustainable Transport:

1. Reduction of Emissions:

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 25

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Electric Vehicles (EVs): Use electric motors powered by batteries, reducing

greenhouse gas emissions.
 Hybrid Vehicles: Combine internal combustion engines with electric propulsion to
improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
 Biofuels: Derived from organic materials, they can be used in place of conventional
fuels to reduce carbon footprint.
2. Energy Efficiency:
 Public Transportation: Buses, trams, and trains can move large numbers of people
more efficiently than individual cars.
 Cycling and Walking: Non-motorized transport modes that require no fuel and
produce no emissions.
 Carpooling and Ride-Sharing: Reduces the number of vehicles on the road, leading
to less traffic congestion and lower emissions.
3. Infrastructure and Urban Planning:
 Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Urban development designed to maximize
access to public transport.
 Complete Streets: Streets designed for safe and accessible use by all modes of
transport, including pedestrians, cyclists, and public transit.
 Bike Lanes and Bike Sharing Programs: Encourage cycling by providing safe and
convenient infrastructure and shared bicycles.
4. Innovative Technologies:
 Autonomous Vehicles: Potential to reduce traffic congestion and improve fuel
efficiency through optimized driving patterns.
 Smart Grids and Charging Infrastructure: Support for EVs through widespread,
efficient, and renewable energy-powered charging stations.
 Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data: Improve traffic management and reduce
congestion through real-time data collection and analysis.
Examples of Sustainable Transport Initiatives:
1. Electric and Hybrid Buses: Many cities are replacing diesel buses with electric or
hybrid buses to reduce urban air pollution.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 26

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

2. Bike Sharing Programs: Cities like Copenhagen, Amsterdam, and New York have
implemented extensive bike-sharing programs.
3. High-Speed Rail: Countries like Japan, France, and China have developed high-
speed rail networks as a more sustainable alternative to air travel for short to
medium distances.
4. Car-Free Zones: Some cities, such as Madrid and Oslo, have designated areas
where cars are banned to reduce emissions and promote pedestrian-friendly
environments.
5. Congestion Pricing: Cities like London and Singapore have implemented congestion
pricing to reduce traffic in city centers and encourage the use of public transport.

Benefits of Sustainable Transport:

1. Environmental:
 Reduced greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants.
 Lower energy consumption and dependence on fossil fuels.
 Preservation of natural habitats and reduction in noise pollution.
2. Economic:
 Lower transportation costs for individuals and governments.
 Job creation in green transport industries.
 Increased property values in areas with good public transport.
3. Social:
 Improved public health through reduced air pollution and increased physical activity.
 Enhanced accessibility and mobility for all societal groups.
 Better quality of life through reduced traffic congestion and improved urban spaces.
Challenges to Implementing Sustainable Transport:
1. Initial Costs: High upfront investments required for infrastructure development and
new technologies.
2. Public Acceptance: Resistance to change and adaptation of new transport modes by
the public.
3. Policy and Regulation: Need for supportive policies, regulations, and incentives to
promote sustainable transport.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 27

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

4. Integration: Ensuring seamless integration of various transport modes for efficient

and convenient mobility.
Sustainable transport is essential for creating a more livable, efficient, and environmentally
friendly future. By investing in and prioritizing these systems and practices, cities and
countries can work towards achieving long-term sustainability goals.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)
An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a framework that helps an organization
achieve its environmental goals through consistent control of its operations. The assumption
is that this increased control will improve the environmental performance of the company.
The most widely used framework for an EMS is the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 14001 standard.
Key Components of an EMS
1. Environmental Policy: A statement by the organization of its intentions and principles
in relation to its overall environmental performance which provides a framework for
action and for setting its environmental objectives and targets.
2. Planning: This involves identifying environmental aspects and impacts, legal and
other requirements, and setting environmental objectives and targets.
 Environmental Aspects: Elements of an organization's activities, products, or
services that can interact with the environment.
 Environmental Impacts: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or
beneficial, wholly, or partially resulting from an organization's activities, products, or
services.
 Legal and Other Requirements: Identifying relevant environmental legislation and
other requirements to which the organization subscribes.
3. Implementation and Operation: Establishing roles and responsibilities, training,
communication, documentation, control of documents, operational control, and
emergency preparedness and response.
4. Checking and Corrective Action: Monitoring and measurement, evaluating
compliance, non-conformance and corrective and preventive action, control of
records, and internal EMS audits.
5. Management Review: Periodic review by top management to ensure the EMS is
suitable, adequate, and effective.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 28

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

Benefits of an EMS
 Improved Environmental Performance: Through systematic control and management
of environmental aspects.
 Compliance: Helps ensure compliance with legal and other requirements.
 Prevention of Pollution: Encourages proactive measures to prevent pollution.
 Resource Conservation: Promotes efficient use of resources which can lead to cost
savings.
 Enhanced Corporate Image and Market Share: Demonstrates commitment to the
environment which can improve relationships with customers, regulators, and the
community.
Steps to Implement an EMS
1. Commitment and Policy: Obtain commitment from top management and develop an
environmental policy.
2. Planning: Identify legal requirements and environmental aspects, establish
objectives and targets, and develop programs to achieve these objectives and
targets.
3. Implementation: Develop the capabilities and support mechanisms necessary to
achieve the EMS policy, objectives, and targets.
4. Evaluation: Monitor and measure progress against the environmental policy,
objectives, and targets; identify areas for improvement.
5. Review and Improve: Review the system and its performance, and make
improvements where necessary.
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT
Environmental audit was firstly initiated in the US in the 1970. European countries and
Asian countries have started auditing in the 1980 and 1990 respectively. Compared to the
history of the environmental movement, environmental audit is still at the developing stage.
There is no universal format and definition. Different people have different interpretations of
environmental audit. However definitely/ audit is different from environmental impact
assessment, and it is essential and important assessment assesses the potential
environment effects of a proposed facility based primarily on professional judgement while
auditing is a systematic monitoring of environmental performance of a company's existing
operations and practices by data collection and with evidence in support.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 29

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

Although there is no fixed definition, there is a broad definition of environmental auditing by

the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) which is widely adopted. According to the
ICC definition in its 1989 Position Paper on Environmental Auditing:
''Environmental audit is a management tool comprising a systematic, documented, periodic
and objective evaluation of how well environmental organization, management/ and
equipment are performing with the aim of helping to safeguard the environment by:
 facilitating management control of environmental practices
 assessing compliance with company policies, which would include meetingregulatory
requirements."

Scope of Environmental Audit

Environmental audit is a voluntary program set by a company to measure the company's
environmental performance. The scope of an audit could vary from one company to anther
or from site to site depending on the nature of the business and the expectation of the
organization. Auditing can only be beneficial to a company while an appropriate and
carefully planned audit is employed. Otherwise environmental audit will involve a lot of
resources but yield only an unmanageable mass of data which recording non-compliance
and does not assist in the management decision.
The scope of environmental audit covers a wide range, from a whole company and all its
activities to just a short and small audit on the performance of a piece of equipment. Audits
can involve evaluation of the organization's past, current and planned activities, or products
and services as well. The scope of environmental audit can be broadly classified into four
streams:
 Geographical
 Functional
 Divisional
 Compliance.
1. Geographical
It is difficult for any company to initiate an audit program on all of their plants or divisions
where too little is known on auditing approach. The scope of an initial environmental audit
can be confined to a single site for a world-wide company or a multi-functional company. An

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 30

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

audit can be firstly implemented in a developed country where the resources and support
for carrying out an audit are more available.
Usually there would be more pressure for better environmental performance from either
government or the public and because of stringent regulations. The benefits of having
positive environmental attitudes will be greater. The audit can be considered as a trial for
the whole organization. A prototype framework based on the currently implemented
environmental audit on the site can be developed which would then be suitable for
implementation to other sites within the company.
2. Functional
A company may opt to audit on a selective basis so that audit can be concentrated on
particular activities and operations. Environmental impacts of manufacturing sectors and
industrial activities are of especial concern to the public. Environmental audit can be
focused on discharging of pollutants into environmental media, namely air, water, and land.
The environmental audit can be confined to the examination of the discharges of
contaminants into the atmosphere, (for example S02, NOx, C02, dust, artificial chemicals
like CFCs into air or discharge of nutrients into river) or concentrated on monitoring either a
particular site or for the whole company. The organizational activities and their impacts to
the environment should therefore be identified at an early stage for designing the scope of
an audit. The selection of a functional group or plant for audit also depends on the plant
age, size, location, number of past non-compliance problems and type of processes
involved, possible expansion of the operation and possible sale.
3. Divisional
The nature of the company will govern the scope of an environmental audit. The prior
commitment of the management group in the company could increase the extent of auditing
area, for example from an office to a plant For an international company' the operation and
activities may not be the same type or in the same geographic area, or in the same country.
The auditing could start at one division and then apply the environmental audit with
amendment to other divisions.
4. Compliance
Obviously, a company doing environmental audit does not aim at environmental protection
in the first place. Under the requirements of all the statutory standards and legislation, the
environmental performance of the company has to be reasonably good to ensure

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 31

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

compliance so as to avoid the legal liabilities and penalties. Compliance with regulations
could be an initial step in a company's long-term environmental program. Auditing can be
applied on reviewing compliance to particular regulations instead of all of the identified
requirements due to the limited resources of the company and based on the urgency and
importance of particular process. There could be more immediate benefits for ensuring
compliance of one standard than another.
The development of environmental program within the company can go beyond the
legislation compliance to having their own standards and objectives for compliance. The
auditing could be developed to be a review of compliance of the company's policy and
objectives which could be more stringent for assurance of environmental management.
Objectives of Environmental Audit
 Increase attention and knowledge of an organization's operation
All industrial, commercial and domestic activities involve consumption of natural resources.
People always forget the cost of natural resources, especially naturally occurring resources
which have great value but are of little financial cost to the business. Some natural
resources are public goods for example, fresh air, clean water streams and land. They have
no agreed and defined values. The value of such abundant resources will be ignored or
sometimes, as there are subsidies by the government, the cost of resources cannot reflect
their true value. Through the audit of the site activities are identified and by the collection of
factual data, the consumption of resources related to any processes or activities of
company could be known and more effective control of consumption can be implemented.
 To assist management and improve environmental performance
After increasing the understanding of the organisation's operation, the next objective of
audit is to assist a management group and its facility or production manager in improving
the environmental performance of the organization with the help of the collected
information. Weaknesses identified in the environmental audit are corrected and
recommendations in the audit report have to be implemented.
 To reduce cost and optimize resources
Close monitoring and auditing of litigation and non-compliance will facilitate immediate
remediation and therefore save the company from prosecution and fines. Moreover, dose
monitoring of the production efficiency, i.e. amount of input resources per products, will
enhance optimization of resources.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 32

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 To demonstrate commitment of management to environmental performance

Auditing involves reporting the results showing the commitment of the company to
environmental issues to a variety of groups: shareholders, investors and the general public.
Different groups could have the prescription of the extent of environmental work being done
and the achievements.
 To educate and motivate the workforce.
Staff involved in internal auditing either being the auditors or the ones being audited, will
increase environmental awareness among the company. Reporting the achievements in
newsletters will also increase the support for environmental programs.

ISO14000
ISO 14000 is a set of standards created to help companies around the world reduce their
adverse impact on the environment. It‘s a framework for improved and more
environmentally conscious quality management systems by organizations large and small.
The ISO 14000 series of standards was introduced in 1996 by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) and most recently revised in 2015. (ISO is not an
acronym. The short form of the organization's name is derived from the ancient Greek
word ísos, meaning equal or equivalent.)
Adopting the standards is strictly optional. Companies can get ISO 14000 certified. More
than 400,000 organizations around the world have obtained certification, according to the
latest ISO survey.
Understanding ISO 14000
ISO 14000 is meant to be a step-by-step guide for establishing and then achieving
environmentally friendly objectives for business practices and products. The purpose is to
help companies manage processes efficiently while minimizing environmental effects.
A separate set of standards, called ISO 9000, introduced in 1987, focuses on the best
management practices for quality assurance. The two systems can be implemented
concurrently.
ISO 14000 includes standards that cover aspects of management practices inside facilities,
in the immediate environment around the facilities, and during the life cycle of the actual

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 33

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

product. This includes understanding the impact of the raw materials used to create the
product as well as the impact of its eventual disposal.
ISO 14000 Standards
The core of the ISO 14000 standards is contained in ISO 14001, which lays out the
guidelines for putting an environmental management system (EMS) in place. Then there‘s
ISO 14004, which offers additional insight and specialized standards for implementing an
EMS.
Obtaining certification is a process that can take several years. Safety Culture, a software
company that specializes in improving workplace safety & risk management, suggests
companies conduct an internal audit to evaluate their compliance before undergoing the
formal accreditation process.
Here are the key standards included in ISO 14000:
 ISO 14001 and ISO 14002: Specification of Environmental Management Systems
 ISO 14004: Guideline Standard
 ISO 14015, ISO 14016, and ISO 14017: Environmental Auditing and Related
Activities
 ISO 14020, ISO 14021, and ISO 14024: Ecoabeling
 ISO 14030 and ISO 14031: Environmental Performance Evaluation
 ISO 14040 – ISO 14043: Life Cycle Assessment
Benefits of ISO 14000
Obtaining ISO 14000 certification can be considered a sign of a commitment to the
environment, which can be used as a marketing tool for companies. It may also help
companies meet environmental regulations that are imposed by governments in which they
do business.
ISO 14000 certification can open the doors to new business. Some companies prefer to use
suppliers that are ISO 14000–certified suppliers.
Their customers may also pay more for products that are environmentally friendly.
On the cost side, meeting the ISO 14000 standards can help reduce costs, as it stresses
the efficient use of resources, limiting waste, recycling, and even finding new uses for
previously disposed of byproducts.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 34

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

Following the guidelines in ISO 14000 does not guarantee that an organization is meeting
all of the regulations that may be imposed by the government under whose jurisdiction it
operates.
In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency and some state agencies participated in
the creation of ISO 14001, the core piece of ISO 14000. It includes information about
environmental management systems in general, and ISO 14000 in particular, on its website.
What Is the Difference Between ISO 9000 and ISO 14000?
ISO has created a number of manuals for the implementation of sound business practices
that are acceptable globally. Each of these manuals is updated regularly and sector-specific
versions are available for industries with challenges.
The organization describes ISO 9000 as a family of standards for quality management
systems. It can be seen as an overall guide to ethical management and leadership. ISO
14000, of which ISO 14001 is a key piece, was created as a handbook for organizations
that seek to minimize environmental impact of their actions.
ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP-NGO’S
Environmental stewardship refers to the responsible use and protection of the natural
environment through conservation and sustainable practices. It involves a variety of
actions and strategies aimed at preserving the earth's resources, ecosystems, and
biodiversity for future generations. Here are some key aspects of environmental
stewardship:
Key Aspects of Environmental Stewardship
1. Conservation of Natural Resources:
 Reducing the consumption of non-renewable resources (like fossil fuels).
 Promoting the use of renewable resources (such as solar and wind energy).
 Implementing water conservation techniques to preserve freshwater supplies.
2. Sustainable Practices:
 Encouraging sustainable agriculture and forestry practices.
 Supporting sustainable fisheries and marine conservation.
 Promoting sustainable urban development and green building practices.
3. Pollution Prevention and Waste Management:
 Reducing air, water, and soil pollution through regulation and innovation.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 35

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

 Implementing waste reduction strategies like recycling and composting.

 Managing hazardous waste responsibly to prevent environmental contamination.
4. Habitat and Biodiversity Protection:
 Preserving natural habitats and protecting endangered species.
 Restoring damaged ecosystems and rehabilitating wildlife populations.
 Supporting biodiversity through conservation programs and protected areas.
5. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation:
 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through clean energy initiatives.
 Enhancing carbon sequestration through reforestation and soil management.
 Developing strategies to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea
levels and extreme weather events.
6. Environmental Education and Advocacy:
 Raising awareness about environmental issues through education and outreach.
 Advocating for environmental policies and regulations at local, national, and global
levels.
 Engaging communities in environmental stewardship activities and initiatives.
7. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):
 Encouraging businesses to adopt environmentally friendly practices.
 Promoting corporate transparency and accountability regarding environmental
impacts.
 Supporting corporate initiatives that contribute to sustainability and environmental
protection.
Examples of Environmental Stewardship Initiatives
1. Community Clean-up Programs:
 Organizing local clean-up events to remove litter and pollutants from natural areas.
 Partnering with schools and community organizations to educate and involve
residents in environmental activities.
2. Tree Planting Campaigns:
 Conducting reforestation and afforestation projects to increase green cover.
 Engaging volunteers in planting trees in urban and rural areas to enhance
biodiversity and reduce carbon dioxide levels.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 36

 Environmental Science and Engineering
(24BEELY103)

3. Energy Efficiency Projects:

 Implementing energy-saving measures in homes, offices, and industries.
 Encouraging the use of energy-efficient appliances and renewable energy sources.
4. Sustainable Agriculture Practices:
 Promoting organic farming and the use of eco-friendly agricultural techniques.
 Supporting local food systems and reducing the carbon footprint of food production
and transportation.

School of Engineering and Technology, SNPSU Page 37