■ Complete Programming Languages
Encyclopedia (2025)
1. General Purpose Languages
• C → System programming, OS, embedded.
• C++ → Games, performance apps, browsers.
• C# → Microsoft .NET, desktop, Unity games.
• Java → Android, enterprise apps.
• Python → AI, ML, web, scripting, automation.
• Go (Golang) → Cloud, networking, scalable apps.
• Rust → Safe + fast system programming.
• Swift → iOS/macOS apps.
• Kotlin → Android dev, JVM apps.
• D → System + performance apps.
• Nim → Python-like syntax + C-level speed.
• V (Vlang) → Simple, safe, compiled.
• Zig → C replacement, system programming.
• Carbon (experimental) → Future C++ replacement (Google).
2. Web Development Languages
• JavaScript → Frontend + backend.
• TypeScript → JS + static typing.
• PHP → Web backend (WordPress, etc).
• Ruby → Web frameworks (Rails).
• Dart → Flutter cross-platform apps.
• Hack (Meta) → PHP replacement (Facebook).
• Elm → Functional frontend dev.
• Haxe → Web, game scripting.
3. Data Science / AI / Stats Languages
• R → Statistics, ML, Data Science.
• Julia → High-performance scientific computing.
• MATLAB / Octave → Numerical computing, simulations.
• SAS → Data analytics.
• SPSS (syntax lang) → Social science data.
• Mojo → (New, AI + speed).
• Wolfram Language → Symbolic math, data science.
4. Functional Programming Languages
• Haskell → Pure functional, research, finance.
• Erlang → Telecom, concurrent systems.
• Elixir → Scalable apps (built on Erlang VM).
• F# → Functional on .NET.
• OCaml → Research, finance, compilers.
• Gleam → BEAM ecosystem, typed FP.
• Scala → JVM functional + OO.
5. System / Low-Level Languages
• Assembly Language (x86, ARM, etc.) → Direct hardware control.
• Ada → Defense, aerospace.
• Fortran → Scientific computing (still alive!).
• COBOL → Banking systems (legacy).
• Pascal / Object Pascal (Delphi) → Education, legacy systems.
• PL/I → IBM systems.
• ALGOL → Historical but influential.
• Modula-2 / Oberon → Educational, embedded.
6. Database Query & Big Data Languages
• SQL → Databases.
• PL/SQL (Oracle) → Procedural SQL.
• T-SQL (MS SQL) → SQL + extensions.
• NoSQL Query Languages → MongoDB, Cassandra, etc.
• Pig Latin → Hadoop.
• HiveQL → Big data queries.
7. Scripting / Automation Languages
• Shell (Bash, Zsh, PowerShell) → System automation.
• Perl → Text processing, legacy scripting.
• Lua → Game scripting, embedded.
• Groovy → JVM scripting, Gradle build tool.
• Tcl → Scripting, embedded.
• Raku (Perl 6) → Modern Perl successor.
• Awk & Sed → Text processing.
8. Domain Specific Languages (DSLs)
• Verilog / VHDL → Hardware design.
• RPG (IBM) → Legacy business apps.
• ABAP (SAP) → ERP programming.
• LabVIEW → Engineering, simulations.
• Ladder Logic → PLC programming.
• LaTeX (TeX) → Document programming.
• Logo → Educational turtle graphics.
• Scratch / Blockly → Kids, beginners.
9. Experimental / New-Gen Languages
• Mojo → AI + Python replacement vibes.
• MoonBit → WebAssembly optimized.
• Gleam → FP + BEAM.
• ArkTS → Huawei HarmonyOS language.
• Ballerina → Cloud-native APIs.
• Crystal → Ruby-like syntax + C speed.
• Pony → Actor-model concurrency.
• Chapel → Parallel programming.
• Red → Cross-platform scripting.
• ReScript → Type-safe JS replacement.
