Oscillatory Motion
Chapter 15
* Mass Attached to a Spring 15.1
Simple Harmonic Motion 15.2
* Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 15.3
* Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion 15.4
* The Simple Pendulum 15.5
* Damped Oscillations 15.6
* Forced Oscillations. Resonance. 15.7
Oscillatory Motion 1
Text: Chapter 15.1, 15.2
Examples
Another Example:
Molecular Vibrations
More examples
Electronic circuits
Musical Instruments
Pulsars
Stock market
Oscillatory Motion:
Simple Harmonic Motion
Periodic Motion
Radial engine
Hooke’s Law
Hooke’s Law :
Fs = – kx Fs is the
restoring force
It is always directed toward the
equilibrium position
Therefore, it is always
opposite the displacement
from equilibrium
k is the force (spring)
constant
x is the displacement
Acceleration
The force described by Hooke’s Law is the net
force in Newton’s Second Law
F H o ok e F N e w to n
kx m a x
k
ax x
m
15.2 Mathematical
Representation of SHM
Model the block as a particle
Choose x as the axis along which the
oscillation occurs
Acceleration d 2x k (15.3)
a 2
x
dt m
We let k (15.4)
2
2
m d x
Then a = –2x (15.5) 2
2
x 0
dt
Simple Harmonic Motion –
Graphical Representation
A solution is
x(t) = A cos (t +
A, are all constants-
A -Amplitude
Angular frequency
Phase
Simple Harmonic Motion –
Definitions
A is the amplitude of the motion
This is the maximum position of the particle in
either the positive or negative direction
is called the angular frequency
Units are rad/s
is the phase constant or the initial phase
angle
Period
The period, T, is the time interval required
for the particle to go through one full cycle of
its motion
The values of x and v for the particle at time t
equal the values of x and v at t + T
2
T
Frequency
The inverse of the period is called the
frequency
The frequency represents the number of
oscillations that the particle undergoes per
unit time interval
1
ƒ
T 2
Units are cycles per second = hertz (Hz)
Summary Equations – Period
and Frequency
The frequency and period equations can be
rewritten to solve for
2
2 ƒ
T
The period and frequency can also be
expressed as:
m 1 k
T 2 ƒ
k 2 m
If an object of mass m attached to a light spring is
replaced by one of mass 9m, the frequency of the
vibrating system changes by what factor?
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
1. 1/9
2. 1/3
3. 3.0
4. 9.0
5. 6.0
1 2 3. 4. 5.
A block on the end of a spring is pulled to position
x = A and released from rest. In one full cycle of its
motion, through what total distance does it travel?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. A/2
2. A
3. 2A
4. 4A
1 2 3 4
Figure 15.4 shows two curves representing objects
undergoing simple harmonic motion. The correct
description of these two motions is that the simple
harmonic motion of object B is:
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. of larger angular frequency
and larger amplitude than
that of object A.
2. of larger angular frequency
and smaller amplitude than
that of object A.
3. of smaller angular frequency
and larger amplitude than 1 2 3 4
that of object A.
4. of smaller angular frequency
and smaller amplitude than
Fig. 15.4
that of object A.
Motion Equations for Simple
Harmonic Motion
x(t ) A cos (t )
dx
v A sin( t )
dt
d 2x
a 2 2 A cos( t )
dt
Simple harmonic motion is one-dimensional and so
directions can be denoted by + or - sign
Remember, simple harmonic motion is not uniformly
accelerated motion
The position of an object moving with simple harmonic
motion is given by x = 4 cos (6πt), where x is in meters and
t is in seconds. What is the period of the oscillating
system?
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
1. 4s
2. 16 s
3. 1/3 s
4. 6π s
5. impossible to determine
from the information
1 2 3 4 5
given
Maximum Values of v and a
Because the sine and cosine functions
oscillate between 1, we can easily find the
maximum values of velocity and acceleration
for an object in SHM
k
v max A A
m
k
amax A
2
A
m
Graphs
The graphs show:
(a) displacement as a
function of time
(b) velocity as a function
of time
(c ) acceleration as a
function of time
The velocity is 90o out of
phase with the
displacement and the
acceleration is 180o out
of phase with the
displacement
Air Track with a Glider
m=1.00 kg
k=25.0 N/m
x(0)=-3 cm
T=? x(t) =?
vmax =? v(t) =?
amax =? at) =?
m=1.00 kg
k=25.0 N/m
x(0)=-3 cm
x(t) =?
v(t) =?
a(t) =?
m=1.00 kg
k=25.0 N/m
x(0)=-3 cm
vmax =?
amax =?
Chapter 15
Oscillatory Motion
Lecture 3
Energy of the SHM Oscillator
Assume a spring-mass system is moving on a
frictionless surface
This tells us the total energy is constant
The kinetic energy can be found by
K = ½ mv 2 = ½ m2 A2 sin2 (t + )
The elastic potential energy can be found by
U = ½ kx 2 = ½ kA2 cos2 (t + )
The total energy is E = K + U = ½ kA 2
Energy of the SHM Oscillator,
cont
The total mechanical
energy is constant
The total mechanical
energy is proportional to
the square of the
amplitude
Energy is continuously
being transferred
between potential energy
stored in the spring and
the kinetic energy of the
block
Energy of the SHM Oscillator,
cont
As the motion
continues, the
exchange of energy
also continues
Energy can be used to
find the velocity
k
v
m
A2 x 2
2 A2 x 2
Energy in SHM, summary
Which of the following statements is not true regarding a
mass–spring system that moves with simple harmonic
motion in the absence of friction?
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
1. The total energy of the system
remains constant.
2. The energy of the system is
continually transformed between
kinetic and potential energy.
3. The total energy of the system is
proportional to the square of the
amplitude.
4. The potential energy stored in
the system is greatest when the
mass passes through the
equilibrium position. 1 2 3 4 5
5. The velocity of the oscillating
mass has its maximum value
when the mass passes through
the equilibrium position.
A mass–spring system moves with simple harmonic motion
along the x axis between turning points at x1 = 20 cm and x2
= 60 cm. At which position does the particle have greatest
kinetic energy?
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
1. 20 cm
2. 30 cm
3. 40 cm
4. some other position
5. The greatest value
occurs at multiple points.
1 2 3 4 5
EXAMPLE 14.5 Using conservation of energy
QUESTION:
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
• A ± 3.5 cm
• B 1.5 cm
• C ± 15 cm
• D ± 10 cm
• E ± 5 cm
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
EXAMPLE 14.5 Using conservation of energy
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
15.62
15.62
Importance of Simple
Harmonic Oscillators
Simple harmonic oscillators
are good models of a wide
variety of physical
phenomena
Molecular example
If the atoms in the molecule
do not move too far, the
forces between them can
be modeled as if there were
springs between the atoms
The potential energy acts
similar to that of the SHM
oscillator
Large Hadron Collider
27 kilometres
(17 mi), at a depth
ranging from 50 to
175 meters
underground.
Total collision
energy of 14 TeV
(2.2 μJ)
Higgs Boson
Hypothetical
massive elementary
particle predicted to
exist by the
Standard Model of
particle physics.
Observation of it
would help to
explain the mass
Fig. 15-12b, p. 430
Problem 15.12
Consider the simplified single-piston engine
in Figure. If the wheel rotates with constant
angular speed, explain why the piston rod
oscillates in simple harmonic motion.
SHM and Circular Motion, 2
The circle is called a
reference circle
Line OP makes an
angle with the x axis
at t = 0
Take P at t = 0 as the
reference position
SHM and Circular Motion, 3
The particle moves
along the circle with
constant angular
velocity
OP makes an angle
with the x axis
At some time, the angle
between OP and the x
axis will be
t +
x (t) = A cos (t + )
Circular motion can be
considered a combination of
two simple harmonic motions
x (t) = A cos (t + )
y(t) = A sin (t + )
The two differ in phase
by 90o
Problem 15.12
Consider the simplified single-piston engine
in Figure. If the wheel rotates with constant
angular speed, explain why the piston rod
oscillates in simple harmonic motion.
Figure 15.15 shows the position of an object in uniform circular
motion at t = 0. A light shines from above and projects a shadow of
the object on a screen below the circular motion. What are the
correct values for the amplitude and phase constant (relative to an x
axis to the right) of the simple harmonic motion of the shadow?
25% 25% 25% 25%
1. 0.50 m and 0
2. 1.00 m and 0
3. 0.50 m and π
4. 1.00 m and π
1 2 3 4
Figure 15.15
Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum is a small
bob suspended by a light
string
The motion occurs in the
vertical plane and is driven by
gravitational force
The motion is very close to
that of the SHM oscillator if the
angle is <10o
Simple Pendulum vs Physical
Pendulum
Simple Pendulum, 3
The forces acting on
the bob are T and mg
T is the force exerted
on the bob by the string
mg is the gravitational
force
The tangential
component of the
gravitational force is a
restoring force
Simple Pendulum, 4
2
d s
Ft mg sin m 2
dt
If is small
sin Ft
and
s L d
2
g
2
dt L
Simple Pendulum, 5
The function can be written as
= max cos (t + )
The angular frequency is
g
L
The period is
2 L
T 2
g
Problem 15.28
A simple pendulum is 5.00 m long.
(a) What is the period of small oscillations for
this pendulum if it is located in an elevator
accelerating upward at 5.00 m/s2?
(b) What is its period if the elevator is
accelerating downward at 5.00 m/s2?
(c) What is the period of this pendulum if it is
placed in a truck that is accelerating
horizontally at 5.00 m/s2?
A simple pendulum has a period of 2.5 s. What is
its period if its length is made four times larger?
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
1. 1.25 s
2. 1.77 s
3. 2.5 s
4. 3.54 s
5. 5s
1 2 3 4 5
A simple pendulum has a period of 2.5 s. What is its period
if the length is held constant at its initial value and the mass
of the suspended bob is made four times larger?
20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
1. 1.25 s
2. 1.77 s
3. 2.5 s
4. 3.54 s
5. 5s
1 2 3 4 5
EXAMPLE 14.9 The maximum angle of a
pendulum
QUESTION:
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
• A 1.7°
• B 3.6°
• C 4.7°
• D 15°
• E 8.3°
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
EXAMPLE 14.9 The maximum angle of a
pendulum
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
EXAMPLE 14.9 The maximum angle of a
pendulum
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
a=5m/s2
a=5m/s2
a=5m/s2
a=5m/s2
Damped Oscillations
In many real systems, non-conservative
forces are present.
This is no longer an ideal system (the type we
have dealt with so far).
Friction and air resistance are common non-
conservative forces.
Inthis case, the mechanical energy of the
system diminishes in time, the motion is said to
be damped.
Section 15.6
Damped Oscillation, Example
One example of damped motion
occurs when an object is attached to
a spring and submerged in a viscous
liquid.
The retarding force can be
expressed as
R bv
b is a constant
b is called the damping
coefficient
Section 15.6
Damped Oscillations, Graph
A graph for a damped oscillation.
The amplitude decreases with time.
The blue dashed lines represent the
envelope of the motion.
Use the active figure to vary the
mass and the damping constant and
observe the effect on the damped
motion.
The restoring force is – kx.
Section 15.6
Damped Oscillations,
Equations
From Newton’s Second Law
Fx = -k x – bvx = max
When the retarding force is small compared to the maximum
restoring force we can determine the expression for x.
This occurs when b is small.
The position can be described by x Ae
b
2m t cos(t )
2
The angular frequency will be k b
m 2m
Section 15.6
Damped Oscillations, Natural
Frequency
When the retarding force is small, the oscillatory character of the
motion is preserved, but the amplitude decreases exponentially with
time.
The motion ultimately ceases.
Another form for the angular frequency:
2
b
2
o k
m
0
2m
where 0 is the angular frequency in the absence of the retarding force
and is called the natural frequency of the system.
Section 15.6
Types of Damping
If the restoring force is such that b/2m < o,
the system is said to be underdamped.
When b reaches a critical value bc such that bc
/ 2 m = 0 , the system will not oscillate.
The system is said to be critically damped.
Ifthe restoring force is such that b/2m > o,
the system is said to be overdamped.
Section 15.6
Types of Damping, cont
Graphs of position versus time for
An underdamped oscillator –
b/2m < o, blue
A critically damped oscillator –
red
b/2m = o,
An overdamped oscillator –
black
b/2m = o,
For critically damped and
overdamped there is no angular
frequency. Section 15.6
Forced Oscillations
It is possible to compensate for the loss of
energy in a damped system by applying a
periodic external force.
The amplitude of the motion remains constant
if the energy input per cycle exactly equals the
decrease in mechanical energy in each cycle
that results from resistive forces.
After a driving force on an initially stationary
object begins to act, the amplitude of the
oscillation will increase.
Section 15.7
Forced Oscillations, cont.
The amplitude of a driven oscillation is
F0
A m
2
b
2
2
02
m
0 is the natural frequency of the undamped
oscillator.
Section 15.7
Resonance
When the frequency of the driving force is
near the natural frequency () an increase
in amplitude occurs.
This dramatic increase in the amplitude is
called resonance.
The natural frequency is also called the
resonance frequency of the system.
At resonance, the applied force is in phase
with the velocity and the power transferred to
the oscillator is a maximum.
Section 15.7
Resonance, cont.
Resonance (maximum peak) occurs
when driving frequency equals the
natural frequency.
The amplitude increases with
decreased damping.
The curve broadens as the damping
increases.
The shape of the resonance curve
depends on b.
Section 15.7
