ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION
Important Questions
UNIT – I
With a neat sketch explain the construction of PMMC instrument and expression for the
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deflecting torque and control torque.
What are the different types of instruments that are used as ammeters and voltmeters? What
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are the errors that occur in ammeters and voltmeters?
The spring constant of 3000V electrostatic voltmeter is 7.06x10−6 Nm/rad. The full scale
deflection of the instrument is 800.Assuming the rate of change of capacitance with angular
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deflection to be constant over the operating range, Calculate the total change of capacitance
from zero to full scale.
Give the basic principle of working of an electrostatic voltmeter. Explain how would you
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increase (i) the operating forces and (ii) voltage range of the voltmeter.
a) Derive the necessary torque equation of PMMC instruments and explain in brief the effect
5 of temperature changes in Ammeters.
b) Enumerate the advantages & disadvantages of PMMC instruments.
a) With a neat sketch explain the construction of MI instrument and expression for the
6 deflecting torque and control torque.
b) Enumerate the advantages & disadvantages of MI instruments.
UNIT – II
a) Explain the measurement of resistance with potentiometer.
1 b) i)What are the practical difficulties associate with Crompton dc potentiometer?
ii) What is the difference between Polar and Coordinate Potentiometers?
a) With a neat sketch explain the operation of a potentiometer what is standardization? How is
it achieved?
2 b) A simple slide wire is used for measurement of current in a circuit. The voltage drop across
a standard resistor of 0.1 Ω is balanced at 75 cm. Find the magnitude of the current if the
standard cell emf of 1.45 V is balanced at 50cm.
A CT with 5 primary turns has a secondary burden consisting of a resistance of 0.16 ohms and
3 an inductive resistance of 0.12 ohms. When the primary current is 200 A, the magnetizing
current is 1.5 A and the iron loss current is 0.4 A. Determine any expressions used, the number
of secondary turns needed to make the current ratio 100:1 and also the phase angle under these
Prepared by : Dr.M.Sudhakaran
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION
Important Questions
conditions.
Explain the procedure to measure power using instrument transformers with the help of phasor
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diagrams and correction factors
a) Explain about Gall-Tinsley AC potentiometer with necessary connection diagram.
b) In the measurement of power by a polar potentiometer, the following readings were
5 obtained: Voltage across a 0.2 _ standard resistance in series with the load=1.46 ˪32deg,
Voltage across a 200:1 potential divider across the line =1.37 ˪ 56 deg V. Estimate the current,
voltage, power and power factor of the load.
a) Draw a connection diagram of Crompton potentiometer and bring out its salient features.
How is it standardized?
b) Measurements for determination of the impedance of the coil are made on a coordinate type
6 of potentiometer. The results are: voltage across 1standard resistance in series with the coil
+0.952 V on in-phase dial and -0.340 V on quadrature dial; voltage across 10:1 potential
divider connected to the terminals of the coil: +1.35 V on in phase dial and +1.28 V on
quadrature dial. Calculate the resistance and reactance of the coil.
a) Explain the term standardization and describe the procedure of standardization for a DC
potentiometer.
b) A coordinate type potentiometer is used for the determination of a coil and the results
7 obtained are: Voltage across a 1.0_ resistor in series with the coil is +0.238V on in-phase dial
and -0.085V on quadratic dial. Voltage across a 10:1 potential divider used with the coil is
+0.3375V on in-phase dial and +0.232V on quadratic dial. Calculate the resistance and
reactance of the coil.
UNIT – III
Describe in brief the constructional details of an electrodynamometer type wattmeter. Derive
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the expression for torque when the instrument is used on a.c.
a) Describe the feature incorporated in an electro dynamometer wattmeter to make it a low
power factor type of wattmeter.
2 b) A dynamometer type of wattmeter is rated 10 A and 100 V with a full scale reading of 1000
W. The inductance of the voltage circuit is 5 mH and its resistance is 3000. If the voltage drop
across the current coil of the wattmeter is negligible, what is the error in the wattmeter at the
rated VA rating with zero power factor? Assume frequency is 50 Hz.
Prepared by : Dr.M.Sudhakaran
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION
Important Questions
The constant for a three phase, 3 element integrating wattmeter is 0.12 revolution of disc per
kWh. If the meter is normally used with a potential transformer of ratio 22000/110 V and a
3 current transformer of ratio 500/5 A; find the error expressed as a percentage of the correct
reading from the following test figures for the instrument only: Line voltage=100 V,
current=5.25 A, power factor=1, time to complete 40 revolutions=61 sec.
Describe the functions of the following in a single phase induction type energy meter
4 b) Shunt and series magnets ii) Moving Disc iii) Permanent magnet
iv) Registering Mechanism v) Shading bands vi) Holes on the Disc.
a) An energy meter is designed to make 100 revolutions of the disc for one unit of energy.
Calculate the no. of revolutions made by it when connected to a load carrying 20A at 230volts
at 0.8 pf for an hour. If it actually makes 360 revolutions, find the percentage error.
5 b) A single phase induction type energy meter is adjusted to read correctly at unity pf. It is
observed that 1/4 full load current at 0.5 lagging p.f the effective voltage magnet flux lags
behind the current magnet flux by 270, Will it introduce any error in the measurement? If so,
calculate the percentage error introduced.
Draw the possible methods of connections of the pressure coil of a wattmeter and compare the
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errors.
A 230 V, 50 Hz single phase energy meter has a constant of 200 revolutions per kWh. While
7 supplying a non-inductive load of 4.4 A at normal voltage, the meter takes 3 minutes for 10
revolutions. Calculate the percentage error of the instrument.
Describe the feature incorporated in an electro dynamometer wattmeter to make it a unity
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power factor type of wattmeter.
9 Explain measurement of active and reactive powers in balanced and unbalanced systems.
10 Explain phantom loading testing using R.S.S meter.
11 Describe the three phase induction type energy meter with neat sketch.
12 Explain Tri-vector meter and Maximum demand meter with neat sketch.
UNIT – IV
a) Mention the different methods used for measurement of medium resistance and explain the
1
ammeter –voltmeter method in detail.
Prepared by : Dr.M.Sudhakaran
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION
Important Questions
b) Describe the working of a Carey- Foster slide-wire bridge.
a) Describe how relative permittivity of a specimen of insulating material can be determined
using a schering bridge.
b) A bridge consists of arm ab, a choke coil having a resistance R1 and inductance L1. arm bc
2 a non-inductive resistance R3. When this bridge is fed from a source of 500Hz, balance is
obtained under following conditions: R2=2410 Ω, R3=750 Ω, C4=0.35μF, R4=64.5 Ω. The
series resistance of capacitance is =0.4 Ω. Calculate the resistance and inductance of the choke
coil. The supply is connected between a and c and the detector is between b and d.
a) For Anderson’s bridge, derive the relation for unknown impedance. What are the
advantages and limitations of this bridge?
b) The four arms of a Wheatstone bridge are as follows: AB=100 ; BC=1000 ; CD=4000; and
3 DA=400. The galvanometer has a resistance of 100 , a sensitivity of 100 mm/μA and is
connected across AC. A source of 4 V d.c is connected across BD. Calculate the current
through the galvanometer and its deflection if the resistance of arm DA is changed from 400 _
to 401.
a) Describe the working of hay’s bridge for measurement of inductance. Derive the equations
for balance condition
b) What are the difficulties encountered in the measurement of High resistances
c) The four arms of a bridge are:
4 arm ab: an imperfect capacitor C1 with an equivalent series resistor of r1.
arm bc: a non-inductive resistance R3.
arm cd: a non-inductive resistance R4.
arm da: an imperfect capacitor C2 with an equivalent series resistance of r2 series
with a resistance R2.A supply of 450 Hz is given between terminals a and c and the detector is
connected between b and d. At balance: R2=4.8, R3=2000, R4=2850 and C2=0.5μF and
r2=0.4. Calculate the value of C1 and r1 and also the dissipating factor for this capacitor.
Explain Wheatstone Bridge for measurement of low resistance and What are the advantages
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and limitations of this bridge?
Explain Kelvin’s Double Bridge for measurement of low resistance and What are the
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advantages and limitations of this bridge?
Explain Maxwell’s Bridge for measurement of inductance and What are the advantages and
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limitations of this bridge?
Prepared by : Dr.M.Sudhakaran
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION
Important Questions
Explain Owen’s Bridge for measurement of inductance and What are the advantages and
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limitations of this bridge?
Explain Desaunty’s Bridge for measurement of capacitance and What are the advantages and
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limitations of this bridge?
Explain Wein’s Bridge for measurement of capacitance and What are the advantages and
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limitations of this bridge?
UNIT – V
1 What is transducer? Classify and explain
2 Explain the principle of operation of strain gauges.
3 Explain Thermistor and Thermocouple transducers?
4 With neat sketches explain LVDT Operation and its applications.
5 With neat sketches explain piezoelectric transducers.
6 Explain Photovoltaic, Photoconductive cells and Photodiodes
7 Explain Digital Multi-meter with neat sketch. Digital Storage Oscilloscope
8 Explain True RMS meters with neat sketch.
9 Explain Clamp-on meters with neat sketch.
10 Explain Digital Storage Oscilloscope with neat sketch.
OUTLINE:
UNIT-1 : PMMC, MI & ES voltmeter
UNIT-2 : AC potentiometer & DC potentiometer
UNIT-3 : Electrodynamometer type wattmeter-LPF, UPF,
Single phase & three induction type energy meter
R.S.S meter, Tri-vector meter and Maximum demand meter
UNIT-4 : Bridges for measurement – Resistance, Inductance & Capacitance
UNIT-5 : LVDT, Types of Transducer operation, Digital meters, DSO.
Prepared by : Dr.M.Sudhakaran
