HOW SOCIETY IS

ORGANIZED?
 SOCIETY
is a social system that is composed of people assigned
to perform a definite task and function in a social
system called social institution. People have a
tendency to form a group because of their societal
personality and maybe because they badly need it.
But maybe in some cases both.
As Joan Baez sang in "No Man Is an Island," man has a societal
personality; he cannot stand or live alone. He needs the company
of other people.

People need people to support their needs. A person has a

diversity of needs like:
social, spiritual, political, biological, economic.
 GROUP
A group could be very small, can be
very huge. It can also be very
intimate, or it can be formal.

A group is constituted by two or

more persons who interact together
and are together physically.
HERE ARE THREE REQUIREMENTS FOR A
GROUP:

•There must be two or more people.

•There must be interaction. Interaction occurs when the action of

one person causes another person or persons to act. Interaction
involves the use of symbols. Symbol can be a word, gesture, facial
expressions or other ways of transmitting an idea.

•The members of the group must be together physically.

The concept of group is one of the important concerns of
sociological inquiry. To study social behavior, one has to study
the most common and most familiar of social units which is the
group

The aggregate, the social category, and the collective are other
forms of human clusters that sociologists consider important.
AGGREGATES
Occasionally, we see a number of persons who
come together without interacting with each other,
like people waiting for a jeep or bus to come, people
inside a movie house, or people riding in an LRT/MRT
train. Basically they are unstructured. The people are
found in one place but they do not interact with each
other. This group is referred to as aggregate, the
important characteristic of which is the common
physical location.
SOCIAL CATEGORY

Social category is an agglomeration where

members possess common identifying status
characteristics but do not interact socially. We
are talking of the males and females in the
society, the infants, children, youth, adults and
the aged; the slum dwellers, the middle class,
the millionaires, and others.
COLLECTIVE
Crowds, masses, public and social movements are
temporary groups which also interest the sociologists.
Temporary groups are clusters of people interacting
with each other but the interactions are temporary or
short-lived. They are composed of clusters of people
who share some kind of belief which prepare them for
action, instinctively forming a temporary or short-lived
group.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROUPS

People who share common experiences and who

have common cultural interests and objectives
have a tendency to interact and form groups in
order to satisfy their affective or economic needs
and have a sense of belongingness and get
security, or to promote their political ambitions or
obtain recognition.
Crowds, masses, public and social movements are
temporary groups which also interest the sociologists.
Temporary groups are clusters of people interacting
with each other but the interactions are temporary or
short-lived. They are composed of clusters of people
who share some kind of belief which prepare them for
action, instinctively forming a temporary or short-lived
group.
MOTIVATIONAL BASE SHARED BY INDIVIDUALS

People find themselves together in a related social situation that

may have motivational implications for the development of
groups. People may form groups based on their needs, interests,
desires, noble activities, insecurities, or problems.

SIZE OF THE GROUP

The size of the group may range from two to a million members.
When it has two members, it is called dyad like in a friendship
group. The description of whether a group is small or large is
subjective
TYPE OF GROUP GOALS.

a. Old centralized bureaucratic structure with the national

government executives exercising control over the local
units.

b. The other structure is one where local units have

autonomy in some aspects of governance and just
coordinate in other matters with the national government.
A. Social Organization

Social organization is a concept that social scientists have

developed for the scientific study of society, culture, and
personality. The concept "organization" was used by
sociologists in two different ways.

First, to stand for a relationship among people, and

Second, as a type of a particular social system called
formal organization.
Social organization is a process of bringing order and
significance into human social life (Olsen 1986:2). It has
its roots in social interaction. For example, when a boy
and a girl get married, they communicate and interact
frequently with each other, adjust their activities with
each other, influence each other, and share common
ideas.
Social structure

refers to the independent network of roles and the

hierarchy of statues which define the reciprocal
exectations and the power arrangement of the
members which social unit guided by norms (Sheriff
and Sheriff 1969:39)
Role refers to the sum total of behavior or expectation
and activities associated with a social position which a
holder is supposed to carry out and position issupposed
to carry.
Social Fuction

Social organization has a component known as social

functiom. It refers to the results of action that occur in
relation to a particular structure and includes the result
of the activities of individuals occupying particular
statunes.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

Gemeinschaft (pronounced: guh-MINE-shaft)

"Community"

A type of group where people are close-knit and have

strong personal relationships.Think of families, villages,
or small towns where everyone knows each other.
People are connected by tradition, emotion, and
shared values.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

A type of group where people are close-knit and have

strong personal relationships.Think of families, villages,
or small towns where everyone knows each other.
People are connected by tradition, emotion, and
shared values.
 THE PRIMARY GROUP AND THE SECONDARY
GROUP

PRIMARY GROUP
In primary group relationship, the total personality of
the human being is taken into account. The
relationships are intimate and face to face.
Communication is profound and strong, and
personal satisfactions are of utmost important.
 CHARLES W. COOLEY INTRODUCED THE
IDEA OF "PRIMARY GROUP" (1957:23)
WHO DESCRIBED IT AS FOLLOWS:

. "Primary groups" are characterized by intimate

face to face association and cooperation.

Primary groups" consist of small face to face

structures such as the family and friendship groups
where personalities fuse into a common whole.
 CHARLES W. COOLEY INTRODUCED THE
IDEA OF "PRIMARY GROUP" (1957:23)
WHO DESCRIBED IT AS FOLLOWS:

Though there are relationships where a person gets to know

another intimately and becomes very friendly through indirect
contacts as may be found between pen-pals or phone-pals.
Primary groups are so-called because they are the initial
groups that a person joins and they provide him or her with
experiences in social nature "as these groups shape our
personality and develop our self-concept.
 SECONDARY GROUP RELATIONSHIP

Secondary group relationship. This relationship involves a

reaction to only a part of the individual's personality. The
person's importance to the group is the function that he or
she performs in the group.

Secondary group relationships tend to be casual, temporary

and limited in personal involvement. The individual can be
easily replaced by anyone who can carry out the same
function. For instance, a construction firm is in need of a
driver who can operate a back hoe.
 IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS

Groups may be classified as in-group and out-group when

taking into consideration the individual’s sense of
belongingness in a group. These two groups are not actually
groups but a variety of relationships that exist in a group.
These two groups use the pronouns “we” referring to the in-
group and “they” referring to the person who learns to use
the word “we” from themselves as forming a social unit. The
unit has boundaries. Those who belong consider the “they”
that sometimes we can hear these phrases, “we are in,”
“they are out.”
IN-GROUPS
The in-group is the group with which the individual identifies
and which gives him a sense of belonging, solidarity,
camaraderie, esprit de corps, and a protective attitude
toward the other members.

OUT-GROUPS
The out-group is generally viewed as the outsiders by the in-
group. Any member of the in-group has insufficient contact
with the members of the out-group.
 REFERENCE GROUPS
The reference group refers to the groups that are significant
to us as models even though we ourselves may not be a part
of the group. The opinion of “high society” may be important
to the social climber who has not yet made the social
register.

The reference group is one which an individual does not only

have a high regard for but one after which he or she patterns
his or her life.
 STEREOTYPES

Stereotypes. Out-groups are generally perceived in terms of

stereotypes. A stereotype is a group-shared image of another
group or category of people.
THANK YOU